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48-638: In 1952, in order to fulfill the tremendous electrical needs of an atomic enrichment plant the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was building in Piketon, Ohio , several investor-owned electrical utilities jointly formed two new energy companies—the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC) and the Indiana-Kentucky Electrical Company (IKEC). Each new company built a coal-fired electrical generating plant,

96-533: A regional transmission organization (RTO) to provide additional electricity capacity and integrate its transmission lines. The current shareholders of OVEC are: AEP is by far the largest stockholder. Piketon, Ohio Piketon is a village in Pike County in the U.S. state of Ohio , along the Scioto River . The village is best known for the uranium enrichment plant located there, which

144-507: A combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation. The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data

192-533: A person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the American Anthropological Association and members of US Commission on Civil Rights . In 1997,

240-524: A race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American. The supplemental American Indian questionnaire

288-675: A separate question. The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with

336-534: Is from the Indian subcontinent ) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person's origin or descent? Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central American Other Spanish No, none of these This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again,

384-607: Is needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act ). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of

432-462: Is one of only three such plants in the United States. The population was 2,111 at the 2020 U.S. census . Originally called Jefferson, Piketon was the county seat of Pike County from 1815 to 1845, when James Emmitt, a wealthy local entrepreneur, influenced the transfer of the county seat to Waverly , due to its closer proximity to the then-new Ohio & Erie Canal. Piketon is the location of

480-699: The Garnet A. Wilson Public Library . According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 2.55 square miles (6.60 km ), of which 2.50 square miles (6.47 km ) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km ) is water. The initial operation of the lead cascade of the American Centrifuge Demonstration Facility in Piketon, Ohio, in 2005 by Centrus Energy Corp. comprised

528-688: The Kyger Creek Power Plant near Gallipolis, Ohio , and the Clifty Creek Power Plant near Madison, Indiana . The Clifty Creek Plant had a generating capacity of 1,303,560 kilowatts, and the Kyger Creek Plant had a generating capacity of 1,086,300 kilowatts. The plants were also connected to the electrical transmission network (the "grid") providing for sales of excess and the purchase of additional power. Both plants began producing electricity in 1955. As

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576-760: The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant located in Piketon, killing everyone on board. White (U.S. Census) In the United States census , the US Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) define a set of self-identified categories of race and ethnicity chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of Hispanic or Latino origin in

624-859: The Secretary of State , directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the Southwest Territory . The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President George Washington and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted. The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. No microdata from

672-476: The US Constitution and applicable laws. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the president . The US Marshals were also responsible for governing

720-496: The census of 2000, there were 1,907 people, 693 households, and 469 families residing in the village. The population density was 955.6 inhabitants per square mile (369.0/km ). There were 745 housing units at an average density of 373.3 per square mile (144.1/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 96.22% White , 1.10% African American , 0.16% Native American , 0.26% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , and 2.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.26% of

768-417: The "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white." The 1910 census

816-532: The 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System . However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in

864-414: The 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the 1990 census : The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while

912-510: The Department of Energy halted the project. Ohio Senator Rob Portman said, "This news is a major blow to the Piketon community and southeast Ohio". As of the census of 2010, there were 2,181 people, 820 households, and 517 families residing in the village. The population density was 872.4 inhabitants per square mile (336.8/km ). There were 908 housing units at an average density of 363.2 per square mile (140.2/km ). The racial makeup of

960-467: The OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a Middle Eastern or North African (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question. In March 2024, the Office of Management and Budget published revisions to Statistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included

1008-405: The OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the federal government ". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among

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1056-641: The Pike County Fairgrounds and is served by the Scioto Valley School District. Perhaps the best-known historic resident of Piketon was Robert Lucas , the twelfth governor of Ohio and first territorial governor of Iowa. Around 1824, Lucas built a large brick house two miles east of Piketon, named Friendly Grove, which became a center of local political activity. Piketon is served by the Western and Piketon branches of

1104-669: The Piketon Jasper United Methodist Church, including the Pike County Historical Society, the Pike County Quilters, Appalachian Kitchen, and artworks by local students. Piketon is briefly shown in the 2013 American action film , White House Down , directed by Roland Emmerich . Towards the climax of the film, there is a scene in which terrorists hack into NORAD and launch a missile at Air Force One from

1152-409: The average family size was 2.93. In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.1 males. The median income for a household in the village

1200-418: The census form. In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves". The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized"

1248-418: The census. About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Vermont , and Virginia . However, the census was proven factual and

1296-483: The changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races. As of 2023,

1344-657: The decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the League of United Latin American Citizens in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness. The 1940 census

1392-536: The design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as Japanese and Chinese , due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", " Quadroon ", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or " Indian ". During 1900,

1440-456: The existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census. Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves . Thomas Jefferson , then

1488-459: The first publicly visible component of next-generation uranium enrichment technology in the United States that employed a gas centrifuge process rather than gaseous diffusion to produce enriched uranium . Piketon was expected to exhibit a growth economy during the early 21st century with the establishment of a full-size commercial uranium enrichment plant by 2012. However, in September 2015,

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1536-487: The free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were mulatto . Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto. For 1890, the Census Office changed

1584-475: The need for electrical power for the atomic plant declined, electrical output from these plants was diverted to domestic use and, in 2003, the affiliation with the United States Department of Energy (DOE) was terminated. The two "sister companies" have merged, with IKEC becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of OVEC, now headquartered in Piketon, Ohio. In 2018, OVEC joined PJM Interconnection ,

1632-618: The population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Service Act ; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act ). The 1790 United States census was the first census in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of

1680-407: The population. There were 693 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 21.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and

1728-451: The race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the " one-drop rule "). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry

1776-511: The racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices. The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed. This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry

1824-427: The term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? No, not Spanish/Hispanic Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic The racial categories in this year are as they appear in

1872-558: The village was 97.3% White , 0.9% African American , 0.1% Native American , 0.2% Asian , and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population. There were 820 households, of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 19.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.0% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who

1920-625: The village. Piketon has a public library, a branch of the Garnet A. Wilson Public Library of Pike County. The Pike County Dogwood Festival is hosted annually in Piketon on the last full weekend in April. The festival was started in 1971, and features local foods, crafts, live bluegrass music and a parade, including a performance by the Piketon High School marching band. Several other exhibits from various local groups are also hosted in

1968-406: Was $ 21,290, and the median income for a family was $ 23,846. Males had a median income of $ 31,618 versus $ 21,602 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 11,599. About 28.5% of families and 30.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 24.1% of those age 65 or over. Scioto Valley Local School District operates Piketon High School in

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2016-402: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age in the village was 38.2 years. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 23.5% were from 45 to 64; and 18.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.7% male and 53.3% female. As of

2064-443: Was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry. President Franklin D. Roosevelt promoted a Good Neighbor policy that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent

2112-423: Was included. In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included. The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on

2160-421: Was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively. The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting

2208-538: Was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage. The 1920 census questionnaire

2256-415: Was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires. The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population. 1940 census data was used for Japanese American internment . The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007. The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from

2304-410: Was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race. People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father. For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as

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