Misplaced Pages

#866133

106-658: The Olympus Pen E-P1 announced on 16 June 2009 is Olympus Corporation 's first camera that adheres to the Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system design standard. The first camera to use the Micro Four Thirds mount was Panasonic's G-1 camera. The design of the camera is reminiscent of the Olympus Pen half frame film cameras and is marketed as the Olympus digital PEN. The model presented on 16 June 2009

212-617: A corporate corruption investigation with multiple arrests. In 2016, it paid US$ 646   million (equivalent to $ 804   million in 2023) in fines associated with its illegal, long running, kickback scheme. In 1936, Olympus introduced its first camera, the Semi-Olympus I, fitted with the first Zuiko -branded lens. The Olympus Chrome Six was a series of folding cameras made by Takachiho, and later Olympus, from 1948 to 1956, for 6×4.5 cm or 6×6 cm exposures on 120 film. The first innovative camera series from Olympus

318-528: A 100% live preview of the image as seen by the sensor. Olympus did offer an optional accessory hotshoe mounted optical viewfinder, the VF-1, that provided for a 17 mm lens angle of view The E-P1 auto focuses using contrast-detection . Other features include 720P30 video recording with the ability to process the video in camera with different effects. In an interview, Mr Akira Watanabe, SLR Planning Department Manager for Olympus Imaging, said that for

424-400: A 50 billion yen capital injection from Sony. On 22 February 2013, Sony became the largest shareholder (11.46%) of Olympus, later cutting that stake in half during one of its own restructurings, only to sell its entire remaining stake in Olympus, totaling 5% of the company, after a request by activist investor Daniel S. Loeb to do so, in 2019. According to its 2011 Annual Report, Olympus

530-416: A 70 percent share of the global endoscope market, estimated to be worth approximately US$ 2.5 billion. It was formerly also a maker of cameras , camera lenses and dictaphones , until it divested this part to OM Digital Solutions in 2020. In 2011, Olympus attracted worldwide media scrutiny when it fired its CEO Michael Christopher Woodford for whistleblowing , and the matter snowballed into

636-722: A British manufacturer was purchased. With a comprehensive product range, Olympus accounts for a large share of the world market in gastrointestinal endoscopes. It has roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated valued at US$ 2.5 billion. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture—Sony Olympus Medical Solutions Inc—to develop new surgical endoscopes with 4K resolution (or higher) and 3D capability. On 16 September 2015, Sony Olympus Medical Solutions Inc announced that their jointly developed 4K surgical endoscopy system would be commercialized and made available for purchase in early October 2015, and would be sold by Olympus under

742-402: A beam of light from the eye could instantaneously light up the stars every time someone blinked. Euclid stated the principle of shortest trajectory of light, and considered multiple reflections on flat and spherical mirrors. Ptolemy , in his treatise Optics , held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays (or flux) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and

848-430: A broad band, or extremely low reflectivity at a single wavelength. Constructive interference in thin films can create a strong reflection of light in a range of wavelengths, which can be narrow or broad depending on the design of the coating. These films are used to make dielectric mirrors , interference filters , heat reflectors , and filters for colour separation in colour television cameras. This interference effect

954-619: A changing index of refraction; this principle allows for lenses and the focusing of light. The simplest case of refraction occurs when there is an interface between a uniform medium with index of refraction n 1 and another medium with index of refraction n 2 . In such situations, Snell's Law describes the resulting deflection of the light ray: n 1 sin ⁡ θ 1 = n 2 sin ⁡ θ 2 {\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}} where θ 1 and θ 2 are

1060-428: A collection of rays that travel in straight lines and bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a more comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as diffraction and interference that cannot be accounted for in geometric optics. Historically, the ray-based model of light was developed first, followed by the wave model of light. Progress in electromagnetic theory in

1166-799: A complete range of microscopes, which covers applications from education and routine studies up to state of the art research imaging systems, both in life science and materials science. Olympus Scientific Solutions Americas Corporation is a Waltham, Massachusetts -based manufacturer, and is a subsidiary of Olympus Corporation. One of its companies, for example, is Olympus Imaging and Measuring Systems, specializing in imaging instruments for testing and measurement during industrial inspections. Olympus manufactures and sells industrial scanners, flaw detectors , probes and transducers, thickness gages, digital cameras, image analysis software, industrial videoscopes, fiberscopes , light sources, XRF and XRD analyzers, and high-speed video cameras. Shareholding in Olympus

SECTION 10

#1732781077867

1272-399: A converging lens has positive focal length, while a diverging lens has negative focal length. Smaller focal length indicates that the lens has a stronger converging or diverging effect. The focal length of a simple lens in air is given by the lensmaker's equation . Ray tracing can be used to show how images are formed by a lens. For a thin lens in air, the location of the image is given by

1378-471: A jointly developed Endoscopic Ultrasound System (EUS) that takes advantage of both companies’ experience in endoscopy and sonography. Since the beginning, the company has been a manufacturer of microscopes and optics for specialised needs, such as medical use. The first microscope manufactured at Olympus was called the Asahi. Currently, Olympus is a worldwide renowned manufacturer of microscopes. Olympus offers

1484-537: A new trend towards more compact cameras and lenses, being much smaller than its competitors and presenting innovative design features such as off-the-film (OTF) metering and OTF flash automation. Eventually the system included 14 different bodies, approximately 60 Zuiko -branded lenses, and numerous camera accessories. In 1983, Olympus, along with Canon, branded a range of video recording equipment manufactured by JVC , and called it "Olympus Video Photography", even employing renowned photographer Terance Donovan to promote

1590-534: A number of reasons Micro Four Thirds was developed to meet the demands of those who wanted a DSLR, but without the size problems that come with one. The 17 mm f/2.8 pancake lens or the 14–42 mm f/3.5–5.6 zoom lens are of the Micro Four Thirds lens mount which means they are smaller than Four Thirds lenses which require an adapter to fit the Micro Four Thirds body. Several third-party manufacturers offer adapters for lenses of virtually all single-lens reflex and rangefinder systems, plus some cinema lenses. At

1696-477: A single scalar quantity to represent the electric field of the light wave, rather than using a vector model with orthogonal electric and magnetic vectors. The Huygens–Fresnel equation is one such model. This was derived empirically by Fresnel in 1815, based on Huygens' hypothesis that each point on a wavefront generates a secondary spherical wavefront, which Fresnel combined with the principle of superposition of waves. The Kirchhoff diffraction equation , which

1802-522: A single point on the image, while chromatic aberration occurs because the index of refraction of the lens varies with the wavelength of the light. In physical optics, light is considered to propagate as waves. This model predicts phenomena such as interference and diffraction, which are not explained by geometric optics. The speed of light waves in air is approximately 3.0×10  m/s (exactly 299,792,458 m/s in vacuum ). The wavelength of visible light waves varies between 400 and 700 nm, but

1908-514: A smaller grip and a much tighter button layout. It has non-conventional controlling methods, like the mode dial, which is sunk in the top panel and controlled through the back, or one of the back dials, which is placed where usually the thumb is rested during the use of the camera. The E-P1 has a premium aluminium construction, the G1 is made out of plastic. In terms of features, the E-P1 offers more, which

2014-437: A spectrum. The discovery of this phenomenon when passing light through a prism is famously attributed to Isaac Newton. Some media have an index of refraction which varies gradually with position and, therefore, light rays in the medium are curved. This effect is responsible for mirages seen on hot days: a change in index of refraction air with height causes light rays to bend, creating the appearance of specular reflections in

2120-465: A thickness of one-fourth the wavelength of incident light. The reflected wave from the top of the film and the reflected wave from the film/material interface are then exactly 180° out of phase, causing destructive interference. The waves are only exactly out of phase for one wavelength, which would typically be chosen to be near the centre of the visible spectrum, around 550 nm. More complex designs using multiple layers can achieve low reflectivity over

2226-427: Is a simple paraxial physical optics model for the propagation of coherent radiation such as laser beams. This technique partially accounts for diffraction, allowing accurate calculations of the rate at which a laser beam expands with distance, and the minimum size to which the beam can be focused. Gaussian beam propagation thus bridges the gap between geometric and physical optics. In the absence of nonlinear effects,

SECTION 20

#1732781077867

2332-411: Is a wave-like property not predicted by Newton's corpuscle theory. This work led to a theory of diffraction for light and opened an entire area of study in physical optics. Wave optics was successfully unified with electromagnetic theory by James Clerk Maxwell in the 1860s. The next development in optical theory came in 1899 when Max Planck correctly modelled blackbody radiation by assuming that

2438-486: Is considered to travel in straight lines, while in physical optics, light is considered as an electromagnetic wave. Geometrical optics can be viewed as an approximation of physical optics that applies when the wavelength of the light used is much smaller than the size of the optical elements in the system being modelled. Geometrical optics , or ray optics , describes the propagation of light in terms of "rays" which travel in straight lines, and whose paths are governed by

2544-491: Is derived using Maxwell's equations, puts the Huygens-Fresnel equation on a firmer physical foundation. Examples of the application of Huygens–Fresnel principle can be found in the articles on diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction . More rigorous models, involving the modelling of both electric and magnetic fields of the light wave, are required when dealing with materials whose electric and magnetic properties affect

2650-502: Is dispersed, and the company's key institutional investors are largely passive. As of 31 March 2011, investors included Nippon Life Insurance (8.4%), Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi (4.98%), and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking (3.13%), and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (2.55%). Foreign institutions and individuals spoke for 27.71% of Olympus shares. On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that Olympus would receive

2756-537: Is not surprising, considering it started on $ 899 instead of $ 699. The E-P1 has a built-in 3 axis sensor stabilization system and video recording capabilities, 6400 maximum ISO, the G1 does not have any of these. However, the G1 has an adjustable angle display, an electronic viewfinder and a built-in flash. The E-P1 was replaced by the Olympus PEN E-P2 which was announced in November 2009 and complemented by

2862-433: Is relevant to and studied in many related disciplines including astronomy , various engineering fields, photography , and medicine (particularly ophthalmology and optometry , in which it is called physiological optics). Practical applications of optics are found in a variety of technologies and everyday objects, including mirrors , lenses , telescopes , microscopes , lasers , and fibre optics . Optics began with

2968-676: Is the designer of the Four Thirds system standard for digital single-lens reflex cameras . Olympus's Four Thirds system flagship DSLR camera was the E-5 , released in 2010. Olympus is also the largest manufacturer of Four Thirds lenses, under the Zuiko Digital brand. After the introduction of the Micro Four Thirds system , and the general market growth of the Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Cameras ,

3074-409: Is to the lens, the further the image is from the lens. With diverging lenses, incoming parallel rays diverge after going through the lens, in such a way that they seem to have originated at a spot one focal length in front of the lens. This is the lens's front focal point. Rays from an object at a finite distance are associated with a virtual image that is closer to the lens than the focal point, and on

3180-483: Is yet to be charged criminally. Preceding executive Yasuo Takeuchi was assigned the new CEO. Share prices dropped by 6% following the news. Optics Most optical phenomena can be accounted for by using the classical electromagnetic description of light, however complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics , treats light as

3286-606: The MILC cameras made Olympus introduce a new series in their lineup, which was the modern, digital implementation of the legendary OM series , the OM-D . It maintained the Micro Four Thirds system , but added a built-in electronic viewfinder , a more ergonomic button layout packaged in a retro style chassis. The first model in this family was the E-M5 , released in 2012. Since then, Olympus has developed their two lines ( PEN and OM-D ) and

Olympus PEN E-P1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3392-487: The Micro Four Thirds system , still alongside Panasonic . The latest Olympus camera is the Olympus OM-D E-M10 Mark IV as of 20 August 2020. At one time, Olympus cameras used only the proprietary xD-Picture Card for storage media. This storage solution is less popular than more common formats, and recent cameras can use SD and CompactFlash cards. The most recent development is Olympus's focus on

3498-544: The Micro Four Thirds system . Olympus has also been using special proprietary USB cables, such as the CB-USB8, instead of following standards. Olympus first introduced the Microcassette . The Olympus Pearlcorder L400, released in the 1980s, was the smallest and lightest microcassette voice recorder ever offered for sale, 2.9 (L) × 0.8 (H) × 2.0 in. (W) / 73 (L) × 20 (H) × 52 (W) 3.2 oz (91 g). In 2012,

3604-595: The Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl wrote the treatise "On burning mirrors and lenses", correctly describing a law of refraction equivalent to Snell's law. He used this law to compute optimum shapes for lenses and curved mirrors . In the early 11th century, Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment. He rejected

3710-405: The cover-up , was reportedly awarded £10 million ($ 16 million) in damages for defamation and wrongful dismissal . In the wake of this turmoil, Olympus announced plans to shed 2,700 jobs (seven percent of its workforce) and shut 40 percent of its 30 manufacturing plants by 2015. On 1 April 2011, Michael Christopher Woodford , 51, was named president and chief operating officer –

3816-486: The local culture , the matter quickly snowballed into a corporate corruption scandal concerning alleged concealment of more than ¥117.7 billion ($ 1.5 billion) in investment losses , kickbacks , and covert payments to criminal organizations dating back as far as the 1980s. One of the longest-lasting accounting scandals in Japanese corporate history, the incident wiped out over three-quarters of

3922-456: The parity reversal of mirrors in Timaeus . Some hundred years later, Euclid (4th–3rd century BC) wrote a treatise entitled Optics where he linked vision to geometry , creating geometrical optics . He based his work on Plato's emission theory wherein he described the mathematical rules of perspective and described the effects of refraction qualitatively, although he questioned that

4028-523: The retina as the actual organ that recorded images, finally being able to scientifically quantify the effects of different types of lenses that spectacle makers had been observing over the previous 300 years. After the invention of the telescope, Kepler set out the theoretical basis on how they worked and described an improved version, known as the Keplerian telescope , using two convex lenses to produce higher magnification. Optical theory progressed in

4134-466: The surface normal , a line perpendicular to the surface at the point where the ray hits. The incident and reflected rays and the normal lie in a single plane, and the angle between the reflected ray and the surface normal is the same as that between the incident ray and the normal. This is known as the Law of Reflection . For flat mirrors , the law of reflection implies that images of objects are upright and

4240-517: The yakuza . The company responded on 19 October that "major differences had arisen between Mr. Woodford and other management regarding the direction and conduct of the company’s business". On the Gyrus acquisition, it also declared the Audit Board's view that "no dishonesty or illegality is found in the transaction itself, nor any breach of obligation to good management or any systematic errors by

4346-529: The "emission theory" of Ptolemaic optics with its rays being emitted by the eye, and instead put forward the idea that light reflected in all directions in straight lines from all points of the objects being viewed and then entered the eye, although he was unable to correctly explain how the eye captured the rays. Alhazen's work was largely ignored in the Arabic world but it was anonymously translated into Latin around 1200 A.D. and further summarised and expanded on by

Olympus PEN E-P1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4452-465: The 19th century led to the discovery that light waves were in fact electromagnetic radiation. Some phenomena depend on light having both wave-like and particle-like properties . Explanation of these effects requires quantum mechanics . When considering light's particle-like properties, the light is modelled as a collection of particles called " photons ". Quantum optics deals with the application of quantum mechanics to optical systems. Optical science

4558-400: The G1, it houses the electronic viewfinder . the E-P1 does not have one, so it is almost flat, which makes it a rangefinder -style mirrorless camera. It is not only the styling though, the G1's ergonomics and handling are more like a DSLR camera. It has a much larger grip and dials and switches on the top, on the grip and a lot of buttons on the back and the top laid out loosely. The E-P1 has

4664-548: The Huygens–Fresnel principle states that every point of a wavefront is associated with the production of a new disturbance, it is possible for a wavefront to interfere with itself constructively or destructively at different locations producing bright and dark fringes in regular and predictable patterns. Interferometry is the science of measuring these patterns, usually as a means of making precise determinations of distances or angular resolutions . The Michelson interferometer

4770-523: The Polish monk Witelo making it a standard text on optics in Europe for the next 400 years. In the 13th century in medieval Europe, English bishop Robert Grosseteste wrote on a wide range of scientific topics, and discussed light from four different perspectives: an epistemology of light, a metaphysics or cosmogony of light, an etiology or physics of light, and a theology of light, basing it on

4876-542: The Woodford revelations, and asked for "prompt action". Following his dismissal, Woodford passed on information to the British Serious Fraud Office , and requested police protection. He said the payments may have been linked to "forces behind" the Olympus board. Japanese newspaper Sankei suggested that a total of US$ 1.5 billion in acquisition-related advisory payments could be linked to

4982-557: The acquisition of a technology company ITX were also under examination. Woodford noted that an article in Japanese financial magazine Facta in July prompted his suspicion of the transactions. Reports also said the company acquired three other Japanese companies outside its core business, and recognised that the assets were worth US$ 721 million less than their acquisition value 12 months previously. Shareholders expressed concern after Olympus's share price nearly halved in value following

5088-484: The amplitude of the wave, which for light is associated with a brightening of the waveform in that location. Alternatively, if the two waves of the same wavelength and frequency are out of phase, then the wave crests will align with wave troughs and vice versa. This results in destructive interference and a decrease in the amplitude of the wave, which for light is associated with a dimming of the waveform at that location. See below for an illustration of this effect. Since

5194-435: The angles between the normal (to the interface) and the incident and refracted waves, respectively. The index of refraction of a medium is related to the speed, v , of light in that medium by n = c / v , {\displaystyle n=c/v,} where c is the speed of light in vacuum . Snell's Law can be used to predict the deflection of light rays as they pass through linear media as long as

5300-455: The base defining the visual field. The rays were sensitive, and conveyed information back to the observer's intellect about the distance and orientation of surfaces. He summarized much of Euclid and went on to describe a way to measure the angle of refraction , though he failed to notice the empirical relationship between it and the angle of incidence. Plutarch (1st–2nd century AD) described multiple reflections on spherical mirrors and discussed

5406-738: The biggest and longest-running loss-hiding arrangements in Japanese corporate history", according to the Wall Street Journal . The company laid the blame for the inappropriate accounting on ex-president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, auditor Hideo Yamada, and executive VP Hisashi Mori. On 21 December 2011, Japanese authorities, including the Tokyo prosecutor's office, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police and the Japanese Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission, raided

SECTION 50

#1732781077867

5512-630: The bladder neck to provide symptom relief. On 14 September 2022, Sony Olympus Medical Solutions Inc announced that they developed a new model of their 4K surgical endoscopy system, which also allows for Infared imaging and Narrow Band imaging. This new model was made available for purchase in September 2022 by Olympus in Europe, Middle East, Africa, and parts of Asia, Oceania and Japan under the brand name "VISERA ELITE III". On 15 January 2024, Canon Medical Systems Corporation and Olympus Corporation announced that they reached an agreement to collaborate on

5618-412: The board hide significant losses. On 25 September 2012, the company and Kikukawa, Yamada, and Mori pleaded guilty to collusion to submit false financial reports. On 1 March 2016, Olympus agreed to pay $ 646 million of fines to US authorities. On October 28, 2024, CEO Stefan Kaufmann was forced to resign by the Olympus board of directors after allegations of purchasing illegal narcotics. Kaufmann

5724-584: The brand name "VISERA 4K UHD". Olympus has acquired the Israeli medical device company Medi-Tate, a move aimed at enhancing its portfolio in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The acquisition, finalized in February 2021, strengthens Olympus' position in the urological devices market. Medi-Tate specializes in the research, development, manufacturing, and sale of devices designed for minimally invasive treatment of BPH. Its flagship product,

5830-638: The camera body to be a lot smaller than that of a DSLR , while maintaining its image quality and the interchangeability of the lenses. The first product in the Micro Four Thirds system was the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 , released in 2008. The first Olympus-branded MFT camera was the Olympus PEN E-P1 . Because it was very expensive, they made a cheaper option, called the Olympus PEN Lite E-PL1 . The market growth of

5936-426: The company announced that Sony and Fujifilm had offered forming a capital alliance and the company would focus on Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILC). In 2020, Olympus announced that the camera department would be sold to Japan Industrial Partners at the end of the year. In October 2020, Olympus transferred its Imaging division to the newly established OM Digital Solutions . On 1 January 2021, 95% of

6042-643: The company's valuation and led much of the board to resign in disgrace . Investigations were launched across Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, culminating in the arrests of numerous corporate directors , senior managers, auditors , and bankers and raising significant concerns over prevailing standards of corporate governance and transparency , as well as the state of Japanese financial markets . Woodford himself, who stated he had received death threats for his role in exposing

6148-521: The company's offices in Tokyo. In February 2012, seven Olympus executives were arrested by Japanese police and prosecutors. Former president Tsuyoshi Kikukawa , former executive vice president Hisashi Mori , and former auditor Hideo Yamada were taken into custody on suspicion of violating the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law , along with former bankers Akio Nakagawa and Nobumasa Yokoo and two others, suspected of having helped

6254-576: The creation of magnified and reduced images, both real and imaginary, including the case of chirality of the images. During the Middle Ages , Greek ideas about optics were resurrected and extended by writers in the Muslim world . One of the earliest of these was Al-Kindi ( c.  801 –873) who wrote on the merits of Aristotelian and Euclidean ideas of optics, favouring the emission theory since it could better quantify optical phenomena. In 984,

6360-459: The day-to-day operations. In 2011, the company attracted worldwide media scrutiny when it fired its newly appointed English chief executive (CEO) Michael Christopher Woodford , a 30-year Olympus veteran, for probing into financial irregularities and unexplained payments totaling hundreds of millions of US dollars. Although the board initially dismissed Woodford's concerns via mass media as "disruptive" and Woodford himself as failing to grasp

6466-518: The development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians . The earliest known lenses, made from polished crystal , often quartz , date from as early as 2000 BC from Crete (Archaeological Museum of Heraclion, Greece). Lenses from Rhodes date around 700 BC, as do Assyrian lenses such as the Nimrud lens . The ancient Romans and Greeks filled glass spheres with water to make lenses. These practical developments were followed by

SECTION 60

#1732781077867

6572-602: The development of theories of light and vision by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers, and the development of geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world . The word optics comes from the ancient Greek word ὀπτική , optikē ' appearance, look ' . Greek philosophy on optics broke down into two opposing theories on how vision worked, the intromission theory and the emission theory . The intromission approach saw vision as coming from objects casting off copies of themselves (called eidola) that were captured by

6678-428: The directors recognised." On 26 October, the company announced that to assuage shareholders' concerns, Kikukawa resigned as chairman; he was replaced by Shuichi Takayama. Olympus shares rebounded 23 percent. On 8 November 2011, the company admitted that the money had been used to cover losses on investments dating to the 1990s and that company's accounting practice was "not appropriate", thus coming clean on "one of

6784-449: The distance (as if on the surface of a pool of water). Optical materials with varying indexes of refraction are called gradient-index (GRIN) materials. Such materials are used to make gradient-index optics . For light rays travelling from a material with a high index of refraction to a material with a low index of refraction, Snell's law predicts that there is no θ 2 when θ 1 is large. In this case, no transmission occurs; all

6890-403: The early 17th century, Johannes Kepler expanded on geometric optics in his writings, covering lenses, reflection by flat and curved mirrors, the principles of pinhole cameras , inverse-square law governing the intensity of light, and the optical explanations of astronomical phenomena such as lunar and solar eclipses and astronomical parallax . He was also able to correctly deduce the role of

6996-426: The exchange of energy between light and matter only occurred in discrete amounts he called quanta . In 1905, Albert Einstein published the theory of the photoelectric effect that firmly established the quantization of light itself. In 1913, Niels Bohr showed that atoms could only emit discrete amounts of energy, thus explaining the discrete lines seen in emission and absorption spectra . The understanding of

7102-406: The eye. With many propagators including Democritus , Epicurus , Aristotle and their followers, this theory seems to have some contact with modern theories of what vision really is, but it remained only speculation lacking any experimental foundation. Plato first articulated the emission theory , the idea that visual perception is accomplished by rays emitted by the eyes. He also commented on

7208-421: The first ever foreigner to hold the position – replacing Kikukawa, who became chairman. Woodford, an Olympus veteran of 30 years, was previously executive managing director of Olympus Medical Systems Europa. Olympus appointed Woodford its CEO six months later, but the board suddenly removed him as chief executive two weeks into the job, while allowing him to retain his board seat. Woodford alleged that his removal

7314-474: The focus to be smeared out in space. In particular, spherical mirrors exhibit spherical aberration . Curved mirrors can form images with a magnification greater than or less than one, and the magnification can be negative, indicating that the image is inverted. An upright image formed by reflection in a mirror is always virtual, while an inverted image is real and can be projected onto a screen. Refraction occurs when light travels through an area of space that has

7420-411: The gloss of surfaces such as mirrors, which reflect light in a simple, predictable way. This allows for the production of reflected images that can be associated with an actual ( real ) or extrapolated ( virtual ) location in space. Diffuse reflection describes non-glossy materials, such as paper or rock. The reflections from these surfaces can only be described statistically, with the exact distribution of

7526-421: The iTind, is a temporarily implanted nitinol device that alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with BPH. The iTind procedure can be performed by a urologist in various settings, including outpatient hospital facilities, ambulatory surgery centers, or a doctor’s office. The device works by gradually expanding and applying gentle pressure at three specific points, reshaping the prostatic urethra and

7632-416: The incident rays came. This is called retroreflection . Mirrors with curved surfaces can be modelled by ray tracing and using the law of reflection at each point on the surface. For mirrors with parabolic surfaces , parallel rays incident on the mirror produce reflected rays that converge at a common focus . Other curved surfaces may also focus light, but with aberrations due to the diverging shape causing

7738-418: The indexes of refraction and the geometry of the media are known. For example, the propagation of light through a prism results in the light ray being deflected depending on the shape and orientation of the prism. In most materials, the index of refraction varies with the frequency of the light, known as dispersion . Taking this into account, Snell's Law can be used to predict how a prism will disperse light into

7844-436: The interaction between light and matter that followed from these developments not only formed the basis of quantum optics but also was crucial for the development of quantum mechanics as a whole. The ultimate culmination, the theory of quantum electrodynamics , explains all optics and electromagnetic processes in general as the result of the exchange of real and virtual photons. Quantum optics gained practical importance with

7950-426: The interaction of light with the material. For instance, the behaviour of a light wave interacting with a metal surface is quite different from what happens when it interacts with a dielectric material. A vector model must also be used to model polarised light. Numerical modeling techniques such as the finite element method , the boundary element method and the transmission-line matrix method can be used to model

8056-491: The inventions of the maser in 1953 and of the laser in 1960. Following the work of Paul Dirac in quantum field theory , George Sudarshan , Roy J. Glauber , and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic field in the 1950s and 1960s to gain a more detailed understanding of photodetection and the statistics of light. Classical optics is divided into two main branches: geometrical (or ray) optics and physical (or wave) optics. In geometrical optics, light

8162-504: The laws of reflection and refraction at interfaces between different media. These laws were discovered empirically as far back as 984 AD and have been used in the design of optical components and instruments from then until the present day. They can be summarised as follows: When a ray of light hits the boundary between two transparent materials, it is divided into a reflected and a refracted ray. The laws of reflection and refraction can be derived from Fermat's principle which states that

8268-422: The light is reflected. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection and allows for fibre optics technology. As light travels down an optical fibre, it undergoes total internal reflection allowing for essentially no light to be lost over the length of the cable. A device that produces converging or diverging light rays due to refraction is known as a lens . Lenses are characterized by their focal length :

8374-610: The low-end Olympus PEN E-PL1 . [REDACTED] Media related to Olympus E-P1 at Wikimedia Commons No Video | Weather Sealed | All the Rest Olympus Corporation Olympus Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of optics and reprography products, headquartered in Hachioji , Tokyo. Olympus was established in 1919, initially specializing in microscopes and thermometers , and later in imaging . Olympus holds roughly

8480-449: The market in high-resolution photographic products. As a result of his efforts, Olympus released an 810,000-pixel digital camera for the mass market in 1996, when the resolution of rivals' offerings was less than half. The next year, Olympus hit the market with a 1.41 million pixel camera. By 2001, the company's annual turnover from digital photography was in excess of ¥100 billion. Olympus manufactures compact digital cameras and

8586-446: The mid-17th century with treatises written by philosopher René Descartes , which explained a variety of optical phenomena including reflection and refraction by assuming that light was emitted by objects which produced it. This differed substantively from the ancient Greek emission theory. In the late 1660s and early 1670s, Isaac Newton expanded Descartes's ideas into a corpuscle theory of light , famously determining that white light

8692-405: The object and image distances are positive if the object and image are on opposite sides of the lens. Incoming parallel rays are focused by a converging lens onto a spot one focal length from the lens, on the far side of the lens. This is called the rear focal point of the lens. Rays from an object at a finite distance are focused further from the lens than the focal distance; the closer the object

8798-676: The path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time. Geometric optics is often simplified by making the paraxial approximation , or "small angle approximation". The mathematical behaviour then becomes linear, allowing optical components and systems to be described by simple matrices. This leads to the techniques of Gaussian optics and paraxial ray tracing , which are used to find basic properties of optical systems, such as approximate image and object positions and magnifications . Reflections can be divided into two types: specular reflection and diffuse reflection . Specular reflection describes

8904-511: The propagation of light in systems which cannot be solved analytically. Such models are computationally demanding and are normally only used to solve small-scale problems that require accuracy beyond that which can be achieved with analytical solutions. All of the results from geometrical optics can be recovered using the techniques of Fourier optics which apply many of the same mathematical and analytical techniques used in acoustic engineering and signal processing . Gaussian beam propagation

9010-408: The range. A second version of the system was available the year after, but this was Olympus's last foray into the world of consumer video equipment until digital cameras became popular. Tsuyoshi Kikukawa, who was later to become president of Olympus, foresaw the demand for the digital SLR, and is credited with the company's strategy in digital photography. He fought for commitment by Olympus to enter

9116-423: The reflected light depending on the microscopic structure of the material. Many diffuse reflectors are described or can be approximated by Lambert's cosine law , which describes surfaces that have equal luminance when viewed from any angle. Glossy surfaces can give both specular and diffuse reflection. In specular reflection, the direction of the reflected ray is determined by the angle the incident ray makes with

9222-515: The regular Four Thirds system became neglected. Then, in 2017, after three years without a new lens, and seven years without a new body, Olympus officially discontinued the Four Thirds system Olympus and Panasonic started a new development together, called the Micro Four Thirds system . It is an interchangeable lens system, with the Four Thirds sensor size, and no mirrors ( Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Camera ). The lack of mirrors allowed

9328-464: The rudimentary optical theory of the day (theory which for the most part could not even adequately explain how spectacles worked). This practical development, mastery, and experimentation with lenses led directly to the invention of the compound optical microscope around 1595, and the refracting telescope in 1608, both of which appeared in the spectacle making centres in the Netherlands. In

9434-415: The same distance behind the mirror as the objects are in front of the mirror. The image size is the same as the object size. The law also implies that mirror images are parity inverted, which we perceive as a left-right inversion. Images formed from reflection in two (or any even number of) mirrors are not parity inverted. Corner reflectors produce reflected rays that travel back in the direction from which

9540-407: The same side of the lens as the object. The closer the object is to the lens, the closer the virtual image is to the lens. As with mirrors, upright images produced by a single lens are virtual, while inverted images are real. Lenses suffer from aberrations that distort images. Monochromatic aberrations occur because the geometry of the lens does not perfectly direct rays from each object point to

9646-527: The shares in OM Digital Solutions were transferred to OJ Holdings, Ltd, a specially established subsidiary of Japan Industrial Partners. Olympus retained ownership of the remaining 5%. Olympus manufactures endoscopic, ultrasound, electrocautery, endotherapy, and cleaning and disinfection equipment. The first flexible endoscope in the world was co-developed and manufactured by Olympus in Tokyo. In 1987, KeyMed Medical & Industrial Equipment,

9752-405: The simple equation 1 S 1 + 1 S 2 = 1 f , {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}={\frac {1}{f}},} where S 1 is the distance from the object to the lens, θ 2 is the distance from the lens to the image, and f is the focal length of the lens. In the sign convention used here,

9858-444: The superposition principle can be used to predict the shape of interacting waveforms through the simple addition of the disturbances. This interaction of waves to produce a resulting pattern is generally termed "interference" and can result in a variety of outcomes. If two waves of the same wavelength and frequency are in phase , both the wave crests and wave troughs align. This results in constructive interference and an increase in

9964-440: The term "light" is also often applied to infrared (0.7–300 μm) and ultraviolet radiation (10–400 nm). The wave model can be used to make predictions about how an optical system will behave without requiring an explanation of what is "waving" in what medium. Until the middle of the 19th century, most physicists believed in an "ethereal" medium in which the light disturbance propagated. The existence of electromagnetic waves

10070-524: The time of the announcement of the Olympus E-P1, there was one other Micro Four Thirds camera on the market, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 . The two cameras materialize two very different concept, but both are built around a Four Thirds sized sensor and the Micro Four Thirds lens mount. The Panasonic G1's body is SLR -style, with the bump on the top of the camera, where the pentaprism is placed in SLR's, in

10176-401: The use of Four Thirds lenses, or OM Zuiko lenses originally manufactured for use on the classic OM series of film SLR cameras that Olympus was famed for years ago. The E-P1 does not have a built-in optical or electronic viewfinder, but instead uses the large 3-inch (76 mm) inch color "HyperCrystal" LCD on the back of the camera. The fixed LCD panel with anti-reflective coating presents

10282-641: The works of Aristotle and Platonism. Grosseteste's most famous disciple, Roger Bacon , wrote works citing a wide range of recently translated optical and philosophical works, including those of Alhazen, Aristotle, Avicenna , Averroes , Euclid, al-Kindi, Ptolemy, Tideus, and Constantine the African . Bacon was able to use parts of glass spheres as magnifying glasses to demonstrate that light reflects from objects rather than being released from them. The first wearable eyeglasses were invented in Italy around 1286. This

10388-400: Was a famous instrument which used interference effects to accurately measure the speed of light. The appearance of thin films and coatings is directly affected by interference effects. Antireflective coatings use destructive interference to reduce the reflectivity of the surfaces they coat, and can be used to minimise glare and unwanted reflections. The simplest case is a single layer with

10494-447: Was a mix of colours that can be separated into its component parts with a prism . In 1690, Christiaan Huygens proposed a wave theory for light based on suggestions that had been made by Robert Hooke in 1664. Hooke himself publicly criticised Newton's theories of light and the feud between the two lasted until Hooke's death. In 1704, Newton published Opticks and, at the time, partly because of his success in other areas of physics, he

10600-403: Was generally considered to be the victor in the debate over the nature of light. Newtonian optics was generally accepted until the early 19th century when Thomas Young and Augustin-Jean Fresnel conducted experiments on the interference of light that firmly established light's wave nature. Young's famous double slit experiment showed that light followed the superposition principle , which

10706-540: Was governed by a 15-person board of directors, with Tsuyoshi Kikukawa its President and CEO, and Michael C. Woodford as President and chief operating officer. Mr Kikukawa resigned in the following year and was arrested by Tokyo police for alleged criminal offenses during and before his term as president and CEO. The corporation in 2011 had three "outside directors". It had a four-member 'Board of Auditors' which supervises and audits directors' performance. The company's executive committee consisted of 28 members, responsible for

10812-541: Was linked to several prior acquisitions he questioned, particularly the US$ 2.2 billion deal in 2008 to acquire British medical equipment maker Gyrus Group. Thomson Reuters reported that US$ 687 million was paid to a middle-man as a success fee – a sum equal to 31% of the purchase price, and which ranks as the highest ever M&A fee. According to the Daily Telegraph , some of the sums paid out relating to

10918-467: Was predicted in 1865 by Maxwell's equations . These waves propagate at the speed of light and have varying electric and magnetic fields which are orthogonal to one another, and also to the direction of propagation of the waves. Light waves are now generally treated as electromagnetic waves except when quantum mechanical effects have to be considered. Many simplified approximations are available for analysing and designing optical systems. Most of these use

11024-521: Was the Pen , launched in 1959. It used a half-frame format , taking 72 18×24 mm photographs on a standard 36-exposure 35mm film cassette , which made Pen cameras compact and portable for their time. The Pen system design team, led by Yoshihisa Maitani , later created the OM system , a full-frame professional 35mm SLR system designed to compete with Nikon and Canon's bestsellers. The OM system introduced

11130-463: Was the start of the optical industry of grinding and polishing lenses for these "spectacles", first in Venice and Florence in the thirteenth century, and later in the spectacle making centres in both the Netherlands and Germany. Spectacle makers created improved types of lenses for the correction of vision based more on empirical knowledge gained from observing the effects of the lenses rather than using

11236-538: Was very similar in looks to the Olympus Pen F . Initially, two micro 4/3 lenses were available from Olympus, one 14–42 mm f/3.5–5.6 zoom and a 17 mm f/2.8 pancake prime lens. Remarkably, with the exception of the optical viewfinder, the E-P1 seemed to fit most of the features found on the Olympus E-620 , a larger Four Thirds system DSLR , into the small, compact MFT form factor. In addition to Micro Four Thirds lenses, Olympus offers adapters allowing

#866133