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26-547: When Norse Vikings from modern day Scandinavia arrived in Neustria , in the western part of the then Kingdom of the Franks , and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these North-Germanic –speaking people came to live among a local Gallo-Romance –speaking population. In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Norsemen were largely assimilated by

52-409: A change in pronunciation relative to a segment that is adjacent to the affected segment or at a distance, and may involve a change relative to a preceding or a following segment. As with assimilation, anticipatory dissimilation is much more common than lag dissimilation, but unlike assimilation, most dissimilation is triggered by non-contiguous segments. Also, while many kinds of assimilation have

78-552: A grammatical paradigm start to conflate in a way that is not easily remedied through re-wording , the forms may dissimilate. For example, in modern Korean the vowels /e/ and /ɛ/ are merging for many people in the capital Seoul, and concurrently the second-person pronoun 네 /ne/ ' your ' is shifting to 니 /ni/ to avoid confusion with the first-person pronoun 내 /nɛ/ ' my ' . Similarly, it appears that English she , historically heo , may have acquired its modern sh form through dissimilation from he , though it

104-464: A long time in bonds of captivity to the heathens". In modern scholarship, Vikings is a common term for attacking Norsemen, especially in connection with raids and monastic plundering by Norsemen in the British Isles , but it was not used in this sense at the time. In Old Norse and Old English, the word simply meant 'pirate'. The Norse were also known as Ascomanni , ashmen , by

130-545: A relatively old case of phonetic dissimilation has been artificially undone in the spelling is English colonel , whose standard pronunciation is [ˈkɝnəl] (with the r sound) in North-American English, or [ˈkɜːnəl] in RP . It was formerly spelt coronel and is a borrowing from French co r onne l , which arose as a result of dissimilation from Italian co l onne ll o . There are several hypotheses on

156-550: A single effect, breathy voiced vowels, and attribute it to one rather than both of the consonants, as they assume the breathiness on the other syllable to be a long-distance coarticulatory effect, thus replicating the historical change in the Greek word. If Ohala is correct, one might expect to find dissimilation in other languages with other sounds that frequently cause long-distance effects, such as nasalization and pharyngealization . Dissimilation, like assimilation , may involve

182-471: The Faroe Islands . Dissimilation In phonology , particularly within historical linguistics , dissimilation is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar or elided. In English , dissimilation is particularly common with liquid consonants such as /r/ and /l/ when they occur in a sequence. The phenomenon is often credited to horror aequi ,

208-836: The Old Norse language . The language belongs to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages and is the predecessor of the modern Germanic languages of Scandinavia . During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age . In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings . Historians of Anglo-Saxon England distinguish between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway, who mainly invaded and occupied

234-586: The Varangian Guard . Modern Scandinavian languages have a common word for Norsemen: the word nordbo ( Swedish : nordborna , Danish : nordboerne , Norwegian : nordboerne , or nordbuane in the definite plural ) is used for both ancient and modern people living in the Nordic countries and speaking one of the North Germanic languages . The British conception of the Vikings' origins

260-695: The 844 raiders on Seville not only as Rūs but also al-lawdh’āna . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , written in Old English , distinguishes between the pagan Norwegian Norsemen ( Norðmenn ) of Dublin and the Christian Danes ( Dene ) of the Danelaw . In 942, it records the victory of King Edmund I over the Norse kings of York: "The Danes were previously subjected by force under the Norsemen, for

286-493: The Danish–German border. The southernmost living Vikings lived no further north than Newcastle upon Tyne , and travelled to Britain more from the east than from the north. The Norse Scandinavians established polities and settlements in what are now Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales), Ireland, Iceland, Russia, Belarus, France, Sicily , Belgium, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Greenland , Canada, and

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312-628: The Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech but still contributing some elements from Old Norse language and Norse culture. Old Norman contained Old Norse loanwords unknown in other Old French dialects at that time. Old Norman would be brought to England by William the Conqueror and his followers in what became known as the Norman Conquest , forming the ruling class of Anglo-Normans . Over time, their language evolved from

338-675: The Germans, Lochlanach (Norse) by the Gaels and Dene (Danes) by the Anglo-Saxons. The Gaelic terms Finn-Gall (Norwegian Viking or Norwegian), Dubh-Gall (Danish Viking or Danish) and Gall Goidel (foreign Gaelic) were used for the people of Norse descent in Ireland and Scotland, who assimilated into the Gaelic culture. Dubliners called them Ostmen, or East-people, and

364-777: The Northmen who visited the Eastern Slavic lands originated. Archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the East Slavic lands formed the names of the countries of Russia and Belarus . The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians ( Old Norse : Væringjar , meaning "sworn men"), and the Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as

390-435: The cause of dissimilation. According to John Ohala , listeners are confused by sounds with long-distance acoustic effects. In the case of English /r/ , rhoticization spreads across much of the word: in rapid speech, many of the vowels may sound as if they had an r . It may be difficult to tell whether a word has one source of rhoticity or two. When there are two, a listener might wrongly interpret one as an acoustic effect of

416-420: The character of a sound law , few dissimilations do; most are in the nature of accidents that befall a particular lexical item. Anticipatory dissimilation at a distance (by far the most common): Anticipatory dissimilation from a contiguous segment (very rare): Lag dissimilation at a distance (fairly common): Lag dissimilation from a contiguous segment (very rare): When, through sound change , elements of

442-546: The continental Old Norman to a dialect of Old Norman called Anglo-Norman. Writings of the Jersey -born poet Wace are among the few records of Old Norman that remain. This article about Romance languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Norsemen The Norsemen (or Norse people ) were a North Germanic linguistic group of the Early Middle Ages , during which they spoke

468-610: The early 19th century: the earliest attestation given in the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary is from Walter Scott 's 1817 Harold the Dauntless . The word was coined using the adjective norse , which was borrowed into English from Dutch during the 16th century with the sense 'Norwegian', and which by Scott's time had acquired the sense "of or relating to Scandinavia or its language, esp[ecially] in ancient or medieval times". As with modern use of

494-545: The first n . In English, r -deletion occurs when a syllable is unstressed and /r/ may drop out altogether, as in "deteriate" for deteriorate and "tempature" for temperature, a process called haplology . When the /r/ is found in /bru/ , it may change to /j/ . ( e.g. , Febyuary → February, which has been explained by phonotactic factors or alternatively by morphological analogy with more common sequences such as January . Cf. nucular , which may have arisen through an analogous process) An example where

520-516: The islands north and north-west of Britain, as well as Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain. Modern descendants of Norsemen include the Danes , Icelanders , Faroe Islanders , Norwegians , and Swedes , who are now generally referred to as " Scandinavians " rather than Norsemen. The word Norseman first appears in English during

546-571: The name Oxmanstown (an area in central Dublin; the name is still current) comes from one of their settlements; they were also known as Lochlannaigh , or Lake-people. The Slavs , the Arabs and the Byzantines knew them as the Rus' or Rhōs ( Ῥῶς ), probably derived from various uses of rōþs- , i.e. "related to rowing", or from the area of Roslagen in east-central Sweden, where most of

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572-487: The name of the Normans and of Normandy , which was settled by Norsemen in the tenth century. The same word entered Hispanic languages and local varieties of Latin with forms beginning not only in n- , but in l- , such as lordomanni (apparently reflecting nasal dissimilation in local Romance languages). This form may in turn have been borrowed into Arabic: the prominent early Arabic source al-Mas‘ūdī identified

598-404: The other, and so mentally filter it out. This factoring out of coarticulatory effects has been experimentally replicated. For example, Greek pakhu- ( παχυ- ) ' thick ' derives from an earlier * phakhu- . When test subjects are asked to say the * phakhu- form in casual speech, the aspiration from both consonants pervades both syllables, making the vowels breathy . Listeners hear

624-490: The principle that language users avoid repetition of identical linguistic structures. When an /r/ sound occurs before another in the middle of a word in rhotic dialects of English, the first tends to drop out, as in "beserk" for berserk, "suprise" for surprise, "paticular" for particular , and "govenor" for governor – this does not affect the pronunciation of government, which has only one /r/ , but English government tends to be pronounced "goverment", dropping out

650-561: The word viking , therefore, the word norseman has no particular basis in medieval usage. The term Norseman does echo terms meaning 'Northman', applied to Norse-speakers by the peoples they encountered during the Middle Ages. The Old Frankish word Nortmann ("Northman") was Latinised as Normannus and was widely used in Latin texts. The Latin word Normannus then entered Old French as Normands . From this word came

676-565: Was inaccurate. Those who plundered Britain lived in what is today Denmark, Scania , the western coast of Sweden and Norway (up to almost the 70th parallel ) and along the Swedish Baltic coast up to around the 60th latitude and Lake Mälaren . They also came from the island of Gotland , Sweden. The border between the Norsemen and more southerly Germanic tribes, the Danevirke , today is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of

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