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20-565: Its north-western portion belonged orographically and geologically to the Finland region; it is thickly dotted with hills reaching 1,000 ft. in altitude, and diversified by numberless smaller ridges and hollows running from northwest to south-east. The rest of the governorate was a flat plateau sloping towards the marshy lowlands of the south. The geological structure was very varied. Granites , syenites , and diorites , covered with Laurentian metamorphic slates , occurred extensively in

40-963: A former connection with the Arctic Ocean . The south-eastern part of Lake Ladoga falls also within the government of Olonets. The rivers drain to the Baltic Sea and White Sea basins. To the former system belong Lakes Ladoga and Onega, which are connected by the Svir River and receive numerous streams; of these the Vytegra , which communicates with the Mariinsk canal-system, and the Oyat , an affluent of Lake Ladoga, are important for navigation. Large quantities of timber, firewood, stone, metal and flour were annually shipped on waters belonging to this governorate. The Onega River , which has its source in

60-602: Is a major factor for meteorologists to consider when they forecast the local weather. Orography can play a major role in determining the type, amount, intensity, and duration of precipitation events. Researchers have discovered that barrier width, slope steepness, and updraft speed are major contributors when it comes to achieving the optimal amount and intensity of orographic precipitation. Computer models simulating these factors have shown that narrow barriers and steeper slopes produce stronger updraft speeds, which in turn increase orographic precipitation. Orographic precipitation

80-423: Is being lifted expands and cools adiabatically. This adiabatic cooling of a rising moist air parcel may lower its temperature to its dew point , thus allowing for condensation of the water vapor contained within it, and hence the formation of a cloud . If enough water vapor condenses into cloud droplets, these droplets may become large enough to fall to the ground as precipitation. Terrain-induced precipitation

100-663: Is known to occur on oceanic islands , such as the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand ; much of the rainfall received on such islands is on the windward side, and the leeward side tends to be quite dry, almost desert -like. This phenomenon results in substantial local gradients in the amount of average rainfall, with coastal areas receiving on the order of 20 to 30 inches (510 to 760 mm) per year, and interior uplands receiving over 100 inches (2,500 mm) per year. Leeward coastal areas are especially dry—less than 20 in (510 mm) per year at Waikiki —and

120-486: Is the study of the topographic relief of mountains , and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as oreography , orology, or oreology ) falls within the broader discipline of geomorphology . The term orography comes from the Greek : όρος , hill, γράφω , to write. Mountain ranges and elevated land masses have a major impact on global climate. For instance,

140-702: The Grand Duchy of Moscow , the Tsardom of Russia , the Russian Empire , the Russian SFSR , and the early Soviet Union , which was in use from the 13th century. For most of Russian history, uezds were a second-level administrative division . By sense, but not by etymology, uezd approximately corresponds to the English " county ". Originally describing groups of several volosts , they formed around

160-628: The USSR administrative reform of 1923–1929, most of the uezds were transformed into raions (districts). In UkSSR , uezds were reformed into forty okruhas which were the primary-level of administrative division from 1925 to 1930. In the Baltic governorates the type of division was known as Kreis. The uezds of Bessarabia Governorate were called Ținut or Județ in Romanian , which would translate as "county". The Ukrainian word for uezd

180-472: The elevated areas of East Africa substantially determine the strength of the Indian monsoon . In scientific models, such as general circulation models , orography defines the lower boundary of the model over land. When a river's tributaries or settlements by the river are listed in 'orographic sequence', they are in order from the highest (nearest the source of the river) to the lowest or mainstem (nearest

200-585: The entire male population left their homes every year in search of temporary employment. Olonets Governorate was divided into seven uyezds , of which the chief towns were Petrozavodsk , Kargopol , Lodeynoye Pole , Olonets , Povenets , Pudozh , and Vytegra . It included the Olonets mining district, a territory belonging to the Crown, which covered 432 m and extended into the Serdobol district of Finland;

220-499: The ironworks were begun by Peter the Great in 1701–1714. Olonets was colonized by Novgorod in the 11th century, and though it suffered much from Swedish invasion its towns soon became wealthy trading centres. Ivan III of Russia annexed it to Muscovy in the second half of the 15th century. 61°47′00″N 34°21′00″E  /  61.7833°N 34.3500°E  / 61.7833; 34.3500 Orography Orography

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240-401: The most important cities. Uezds were ruled by the appointees ( namestniki ) of a knyaz and, starting from the 17th century, by voyevodas . In 1708, an administrative reform was carried out by Peter the Great , dividing Russia into governorates . The subdivision into uyezds was abolished at that time but was reinstated in 1727, as a result of Catherine I 's administrative reform . By

260-476: The mouth). This method of listing tributaries is similar to the Strahler Stream Order , where the headwater tributaries are listed as category 1. Orographic precipitation, also known as relief precipitation, is precipitation generated by a forced upward movement of air upon encountering a physiographic upland (see anabatic wind ). This lifting can be caused by: Upon ascent, the air that

280-402: The north-west. Near Lake Onega they were overlain with Devonian sandstones and limestones , yielding marble and sandstone for building; to the south of that lake carboniferous limestones and clays made their appearance. The whole was sheeted with boulder-clay, the bottom moraine of the great ice-sheet of the last glacial period . The entire region bears traces of glaciation , either in

300-416: The principal crops, and some flax , barley , and turnips were grown, but the total cultivated area did not exceed 2 1/2% of the whole governorate. The chief source of wealth was timber , next to which come fishing and hunting. Mushrooms and berries were exported to St. Petersburg. There were quarries and iron-mines, saw-mills, tanneries, iron-works, distilleries, and flour-mills. More than one-fifth of

320-485: The shape of scratchings and elongated grooves on the rocks, or of eskers (asar, selgas) running parallel to the glacial striations. Many lakes occupied the depressions, while a great many more had left evidences of their existence in the extensive marshes. Lake Onega covers 3,764 m, and reaches a depth of 400 ft (120 m). Lakes Zeg , Vygozero , Lacha , Loksha , Tulos , and Vodlozero cover from 140 to 480 m each, and their crustacean fauna indicates

340-640: The south-east of the governorate and flows into the White Sea, is of minor importance. Sixty-three percent of the area of Olonets was occupied by forests; those of the Crown, maintained for shipbuilding purposes, extended to more than 800,000 acres (3,000 km). The climate is harsh and moist, the average yearly temperature at Petrozavodsk (61 8' N.) being 33.6 °F (1 °C). 12.0 °F (−11 °C) in January, 57.4 °F (14 °C) in July; but

360-650: The thermometer rarely falls below 30 °F (−1 °C). The population, which numbered 321,250 in 1881, reached 367,902 in 1897, and 401,100 (estimate) in 1906. They were principally Russians , Karelians , Vepsians and Finns . At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, 78.2% spoke Russian , 16.3% Karelian , 4.4% Veps , 0.7% Finnish , 0.1% Yiddish and 0.1% Polish as their first language. 98.3% were Russian Orthodox (including Edinovertsy ), 0.8% Old Believers , 0.7% Lutheran , 0.1% Jewish and 0.1% Roman Catholic . Rye and oats were

380-510: The tops of moderately high uplands are especially wet—about 475 in (12,100 mm) per year at Wai'ale'ale on Kaua'i . Another area in which orographic precipitation is known to occur is the Pennines in the north of England : the west side of the Pennines receives more rain than the east because the clouds are forced up and over the hills and cause the rain to tend to fall on

400-430: The western slopes. This is particularly noticeable between Manchester (to the west) and Leeds (to the east); Leeds receives less rain due to a rain shadow of 12 miles (19 km) from the Pennines. Uyezd An uezd (also spelled uyezd ; Russian: уе́зд ( pre-1918 : уѣздъ) , IPA: [ʊˈjest] ), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( Ukrainian : повіт ) was a type of administrative subdivision of

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