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53-580: The goal is to enable the server vendor ecosystem to build its own customized server, networking, and storage hardware for future data centers and cloud computing . The governing body around the Power ISA instruction set is now the OpenPOWER Foundation: IBM allows its patents to be royalty-free for Compliant implementations. Processors based on IBM's IP can now be fabricated on any foundry and mixed with other hardware products of

106-423: A Bell Atlantic line is cut, we can transfer them to ... to minimize the time of outage." The term cloud data centers (CDCs) has been used. Data centers typically cost a lot to build and maintain. Increasingly, the division of these terms has almost disappeared and they are being integrated into the term data center . The global data center market saw steady growth in the 2010s, with a notable acceleration in

159-505: A chip FPGAs based upon a hard ARM Cortex-A53 quad-core processor system. The Agilex 5 SoC product family are system on a chip FPGAs based upon a hard ARM Cortex-A76 / A55 quad-core processor system. Altera offers the Nios V embedded soft processor cores based on the RISC-V instruction set architecture. Previously Altera had offered their own proprietary Nios II embedded soft processor,

212-510: A chip. These SoCs are targeted for use in wireless communications, industrial, video surveillance, automotive and medical equipment markets. With these SoCs devices, users were able to create custom field-programmable SoC variants for power, board space, performance and cost optimization. Cyclone V SoC, Arria V SoC and Arria 10 SoC product families are system on a chip FPGAs based upon a hard ARM Cortex-A9 dual-core processor system. Stratix 10 SoC and Agilex 7 SoC product families are system on

265-468: A company focused on development of Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology and system on a chip FPGAs. The company was founded in 1983 by semiconductor veterans Rodney Smith, Robert Hartmann, James Sansbury, and Paul Newhagen with $ 500,000 in seed money . The name of the company was a play on "alterable", the type of chips the company created. In 1988, Altera became a public company via an initial public offering (IPO). On December 28, 2015,

318-520: A data center may reach as high as 92-96 dB(A). Residents living near data centers have described the sound as "a high-pitched whirring noise 24/7", saying “It’s like being on a tarmac with an airplane engine running constantly ... Except that the airplane keeps idling and never leaves.” External sources of noise include HVAC equipment and energy generators. The field of data center design has been growing for decades in various directions, including new construction big and small along with

371-454: A data center to grow and change over time. Data center modules are pre-engineered, standardized building blocks that can be easily configured and moved as needed. A modular data center may consist of data center equipment contained within shipping containers or similar portable containers. Components of the data center can be prefabricated and standardized which facilitates moving if needed. Temperature and humidity are controlled via: It

424-493: A data center. In 2020, data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. Although some of this electricity was low carbon, the IEA called for more "government and industry efforts on energy efficiency, renewables procurement and RD&D", as some data centers still use electricity generated by fossil fuels. They also said that lifecycle emissions should be considered, that

477-1369: A future possibility. Altera announced support for OpenPOWER in November 2013 with their FPGA offerings and OpenCL software. On January 19, 2014, the Suzhou PowerCore Technology Company and the Research Institute of Jiangsu Industrial Technology announced that they will join the OpenPOWER Foundation and license POWER8 technologies to promote and help build systems around and design custom made processors for use in big data and cloud computing applications. On February 12, 2014, Samsung Electronics joined. As of March 2014, additional members are Altera , Fusion-io , Hynix , Micron , Servergy, and Xilinx . As of April 2014, Canonical , Chuanghe Mobile, Emulex , Hitachi , Inspur , Jülich Research Centre , Oregon State University , Teamsun, Unisource Technology Inc, and ZTE are listed as members at various levels. As of December 2014, Rackspace , Avnet , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Sandia National Laboratories , Tsinghua University , Nallatech , Bull , QLogic , and Bloombase have joined, totaling about 80 members. At

530-443: A group of buildings used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems . Since IT operations are crucial for business continuity , it generally includes redundant or backup components and infrastructure for power supply , data communication connections, environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning , fire suppression), and various security devices. A large data center

583-459: A range of underfloor panels can create efficient cold air pathways directed to the raised-floor vented tiles. Either the cold aisle or the hot aisle can be contained. Another option is fitting cabinets with vertical exhaust duct chimneys . Hot exhaust pipes/vents/ducts can direct the air into a Plenum space above a Dropped ceiling and back to the cooling units or to outside vents. With this configuration, traditional hot/cold aisle configuration

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636-407: A traditional method of data center upgrades that takes a serial and siloed approach. The typical projects within a data center transformation initiative include standardization/consolidation, virtualization , automation and security. A raised floor standards guide named GR-2930 was developed by Telcordia Technologies , a subsidiary of Ericsson . Although the first raised floor computer room

689-531: Is also a concern, and for this reason, a data center has to offer a secure environment that minimizes the chances of a security breach. A data center must, therefore, keep high standards for assuring the integrity and functionality of its hosted computer environment. Industry research company International Data Corporation (IDC) puts the average age of a data center at nine years old. Gartner , another research company, says data centers older than seven years are obsolete. The growth in data (163 zettabytes by 2025 )

742-946: Is an industrial-scale operation using as much electricity as a medium town. Estimated global data center electricity consumption in 2022 was 240–340  TWh , or roughly 1–1.3% of global electricity demand. This excludes energy used for cryptocurrency mining, which was estimated to be around 110 TWh in 2022, or another 0.4% of global electricity demand. The IEA projects that data center electric use could double between 2022 and 2026. High demand for electricity from data centers, including by cryptomining and artificial intelligence , has also increased strain on local electric grids and increased electricity prices in some markets. Data centers can vary widely in terms of size, power requirements, redundancy, and overall structure. Four common categories used to segment types of data centers are onsite data centers, colocation facilities, hyperscale data centers, and edge data centers. Data centers have their roots in

795-473: Is delivered as a part of Nextcloud Enterprise which specialises in sharing files, writing emails, conducting chats and video conferences. Google , Tyan , Nvidia , and Mellanox are founding members of the OpenPOWER Foundation. Nvidia is looking to merge its graphics cores and Mellanox to integrate its high performance interconnects with Power cores. Tyan is said to be working on servers using POWER8 and Google sees using Power processors in its data centers as

848-559: Is important that computers do not get humid or overheat, as high humidity can lead to dust clogging the fans, which leads to overheat, or can cause components to malfunction, ruining the board and running a fire hazard. Overheat can cause components, usually the silicon or copper of the wires or circuits to melt, causing connections to loosen, causing fire hazards. Backup power consists of one or more uninterruptible power supplies , battery banks, and/or diesel / gas turbine generators. To prevent single points of failure , all elements of

901-451: Is including embodied emissions, such as in buildings. Data centers are estimated to have been responsible for 0.5% of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. Some Chinese companies, such as Tencent , have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030, while others such as Alibaba have been criticized by Greenpeace for not committing to become carbon neutral. Google and Microsoft now each consume more power than some fairly big countries, surpassing

954-458: Is not a requirement. Data centers feature fire protection systems, including passive and Active Design elements, as well as implementation of fire prevention programs in operations. Smoke detectors are usually installed to provide early warning of a fire at its incipient stage. Although the main room usually does not allow Wet Pipe-based Systems due to the fragile nature of Circuit-boards , there still exist systems that can be used in

1007-495: Is one factor driving the need for data centers to modernize. Focus on modernization is not new: concern about obsolete equipment was decried in 2007, and in 2011 Uptime Institute was concerned about the age of the equipment therein. By 2018 concern had shifted once again, this time to the age of the staff: "data center staff are aging faster than the equipment." The Telecommunications Industry Association 's Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers specifies

1060-418: Is similar to how large-scale food companies refrigerate and store their products. Computer cabinets/ Server farms are often organized for containment of hot/cold aisles. Proper air duct placement prevents the cold and hot air from mixing. Rows of cabinets are paired to face each other so that the cool and hot air intakes and exhausts don't mix air, which would severely reduce cooling efficiency. Alternatively,

1113-580: The POWER8 chip technology and other future iterations under the OpenPOWER initiative but they are also making previous designs available for licensing. Partners are required to contribute intellectual property to the OpenPOWER Foundation to be able to gain high level status. The POWER8 processor architecture incorporates facilities to integrate it more easily into custom designs. The generic memory controllers are designed to evolve with future technologies, and

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1166-457: The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000. Companies needed fast Internet connectivity and non-stop operation to deploy systems and to establish a presence on the Internet. Installing such equipment was not viable for many smaller companies. Many companies started building very large facilities, called internet data centers (IDCs), which provide enhanced capabilities, such as crossover backup: "If

1219-655: The Altera name and branding. The main product lines from Altera are the Agilex FPGA product lines, and their predecessors: the high-end Stratix series, mid-range Arria series, and lower-cost Cyclone series; as well as the MAX series non-volatile FPGAs. Altera and its partners offer an array of semiconductor intellectual property cores that serve as building blocks that design engineers can drop into their system designs to perform specific functions. IP cores eliminate some of

1272-519: The Cyclone V SoC devices, which have a dual-core ARM architecture Cortex-A9 processor system with FPGA logic on a single chip. These devices integrated FPGAs with full hard processor systems based around ARM architecture onto a single device. As of 2024, the majority of Altera's FPGA devices are available as an SoC variant with an ARM hard processor system integrated with the FPGA as a single system on

1325-748: The Freescale ColdFire v1 core, and the ARM Cortex-M1 processor. All of Altera's devices are supported by a common design environment, the Quartus Prime design software, which is a multi-platform development environment that includes various tools needed to design FPGAs, SoC FPGAs, and CPLDs. In May 2013, Altera made available SDK for OpenCL, enabling software programmers to access the high-performance capabilities of programmable logic devices. Altera also support high-level synthesis using SYCL extensions to ANSI C/C++. In 1984,

1378-580: The Power ISA v.3.0 and to be used as a reference design for OpenPOWER. It's entirely open source and published on GitHub . Later, Chiselwatt joined in as a second open source implementation. In June 2020, IBM released the high performance A2I core under a similar open source license. and followed up with the A2O core in September 2020. Libre-SOC  is the third, from scratch built, implementation of

1431-566: The Power ISA v.3.0, and the first Libre/Open POWER ISA core outside of IBM. The OpenPOWER initiative will include firmware , the KVM hypervisor , and little endian Linux operating system. The foundation has a site on GitHub for the software they are releasing as open source. As of July 2014, it has released firmware to boot Linux. SUSE included support for Power8 in their enterprise Linux distribution SUSE Linux Enterprise Server version 12 (release 27 October 2014). Canonical Ltd. supports

1484-619: The U.S. accounts for roughly 40 percent of the global market. A study published by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in May 2024 estimates U.S. data center power consumption could range from 4.6% to 9.1% of the country’s generation by 2030. As of 2023, about 80% of U.S. data center load was concentrated in 15 states, led by Virginia and Texas. Modernization and data center transformation enhances performance and energy efficiency . Information security

1537-518: The architecture in Ubuntu Server from version 16.04 LTS. FreeBSD has also been reported to have preliminary support for the architecture. Collabora Online is an enterprise-ready edition of LibreOffice with web-based office suite real-time collaboration, support of the OpenPOWER ppc64le architecture was announced in October 2022. It comes with Ubuntu 20.04 packages and Docker images, and

1590-477: The company formed a long-running design partnership with Intel . In 1994, Altera acquired the PLD business of Intel for $ 50 million. In February 2013, Altera announced an agreement to use Intel 's foundry services to produce its 14-nm node for the future manufacturing of its FPGAs, based on Intel's 14-nm tri-gate transistor technology, in place of Altera's ongoing agreement with TSMC . The Stratix 10 product family

1643-400: The company was acquired by Intel and became a newly formed business unit called Programmable Solutions Group (PSG). In October 2023, Intel announced it would be spinning off PSG into a separate company at the start of 2024, while maintaining majority ownership and intending to seek an IPO within three years. In February 2024, Intel announced that the newly independent company would reestablish

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1696-554: The consumption of more than 100 countries. The most commonly used energy efficiency metric for data centers is power usage effectiveness (PUE), calculated as the ratio of total power entering the data center divided by the power used by IT equipment. Altera Altera Corporation is a manufacturer of programmable logic devices (PLDs) headquartered in San Jose, California . It was founded in 1983 and acquired by Intel in 2015 before becoming independent once again in 2024 as

1749-518: The creative re-use of existing facilities, like abandoned retail space, old salt mines and war-era bunkers. Local building codes may govern the minimum ceiling heights and other parameters. Some of the considerations in the design of data centers are: Various metrics exist for measuring the data-availability that results from data-center availability beyond 95% uptime, with the top of the scale counting how many nines can be placed after 99% . Modularity and flexibility are key elements in allowing for

1802-489: The data center is large or contains sensitive information. Fingerprint recognition mantraps are starting to be commonplace. Logging access is required by some data protection regulations; some organizations tightly link this to access control systems. Multiple log entries can occur at the main entrance, entrances to internal rooms, and at equipment cabinets. Access control at cabinets can be integrated with intelligent power distribution units , so that locks are networked through

1855-494: The electrical systems, including backup systems, are typically given redundant copies , and critical servers are connected to both the A-side and B-side power feeds. This arrangement is often made to achieve N+1 redundancy in the systems. Static transfer switches are sometimes used to ensure instantaneous switchover from one supply to the other in the event of a power failure. Options include: Air flow management addresses

1908-593: The elevated floor). A single mainframe required a great deal of power and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security became important – computers were expensive, and were often used for military purposes. Basic design guidelines for controlling access to the computer room were therefore devised. During the microcomputer industry boom of the 1980s, users started to deploy computers everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as information technology (IT) operations started to grow in complexity, organizations grew aware of

1961-403: The equipment intended for installation in those spaces. These criteria were developed jointly by Telcordia and industry representatives. They may be applied to data center spaces housing data processing or Information Technology (IT) equipment. The equipment may be used to: Data center transformation takes a step-by-step approach through integrated projects carried out over time. This differs from

2014-402: The first annual OpenPOWER Summit 2015, the organization announced that there were 113 members, including Wistron , Cirrascale , and PMC-Sierra . As of late 2016, the OpenPOWER foundation has more than 250 members. As of July 2020, the OpenPOWER Foundation reported that it had 350-plus members. Data center A data center is a building , a dedicated space within a building, or

2067-442: The huge computer rooms of the 1940s, typified by ENIAC , one of the earliest examples of a data center. Early computer systems, complex to operate and maintain, required a special environment in which to operate. Many cables were necessary to connect all the components, and methods to accommodate and organize these were devised such as standard racks to mount equipment, raised floors , and cable trays (installed overhead or under

2120-536: The integrator's choice. On August 20, 2019, IBM announced that the OpenPOWER Foundation would become part of the Linux Foundation . IBM is using the word "open" to describe this project in three ways: OpenPower Foundation also releases Documentation on the Power Architecture. Some relevant documents are the Power ISA and Power Architecture Platform Reference . IBM is looking to offer

2173-534: The latter half of the decade. According to Gartner , worldwide data center infrastructure spending reached $ 200 billion in 2021, representing a 6% increase from 2020 despite the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic . The latter part of the 2010s and early 2020s saw a significant shift towards AI and machine learning applications, generating a global boom for more powerful and efficient data center infrastructure. As of March 2021, global data creation

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2226-500: The minimum requirements for telecommunications infrastructure of data centers and computer rooms including single tenant enterprise data centers and multi-tenant Internet hosting data centers. The topology proposed in this document is intended to be applicable to any size data center. Telcordia GR-3160, NEBS Requirements for Telecommunications Data Center Equipment and Spaces , provides guidelines for data center spaces within telecommunications networks, and environmental requirements for

2279-399: The need for direct access by personnel, except under extraordinary circumstances. Because of the lack of need for staff to enter the data center, it can be operated without lighting. All of the devices are accessed and managed by remote systems, with automation programs used to perform unattended operations. In addition to the energy savings, reduction in staffing costs and the ability to locate

2332-436: The need to control IT resources. The availability of inexpensive networking equipment, coupled with new standards for the network structured cabling , made it possible to use a hierarchical design that put the servers in a specific room inside the company. The use of the term data center , as applied to specially designed computer rooms, started to gain popular recognition about this time. A boom of data centers came during

2385-436: The need to improve data center computer cooling efficiency by preventing the recirculation of hot air exhausted from IT equipment and reducing bypass airflow. There are several methods of separating hot and cold airstreams, such as hot/cold aisle containment and in-row cooling units. Cold aisle containment is done by exposing the rear of equipment racks, while the fronts of the servers are enclosed with doors and covers. This

2438-426: The new CAPI (Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface) expansion bus is built to integrate easily with external coprocessors like GPUs , ASICs and FPGAs . Nvidia is contributing their fast interconnect technology, NVLink , that will enable tight coupling of Nvidia's Pascal based graphics processors into future POWER processors. In August 2019, IBM released the tiny Microwatt  processor core implementing

2491-615: The rest of the facility or in cold/hot aisle air circulation systems that are closed systems , such as: However, there also exist other means to put out fires, especially in Sensitive areas , usually using Gaseous fire suppression , of which Halon gas was the most popular, until the negative effects of producing and using it were discovered. [1] Physical access is usually restricted. Layered security often starts with fencing, bollards and mantraps . Video camera surveillance and permanent security guards are almost always present if

2544-430: The same appliance. Energy use is a central issue for data centers. Power draw ranges from a few kW for a rack of servers in a closet to several tens of MW for large facilities. Some facilities have power densities more than 100 times that of a typical office building. For higher power density facilities, electricity costs are a dominant operating expense and account for over 10% of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of

2597-470: The site further from population centers, implementing a lights-out data center reduces the threat of malicious attacks upon the infrastructure. Generally speaking, local authorities prefer noise levels at data centers to be "10 dB below the existing night-time background noise level at the nearest residence." OSHA regulations require monitoring of noise levels inside data centers if noise exceeds 85 decibels. The average noise level in server areas of

2650-523: The time-consuming tasks of creating every block in a design from scratch. In 2000, Altera acquired Designpro and Northwest Logic, providers of IP cores, in order to expand its design capabilities and move towards delivery of complete system-on-chip solutions. Beginning in December 2012, the company announced the shipment of its first system on a chip FPGA devices using a fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) 28nm chip manufacturing process. These are

2703-402: Was made by IBM in 1956, and they've "been around since the 1960s", it was the 1970s that made it more common for computer centers to thereby allow cool air to circulate more efficiently. The first purpose of the raised floor was to allow access for wiring. The lights-out data center, also known as a darkened or a dark data center, is a data center that, ideally, has all but eliminated

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2756-427: Was projected to grow to more than 180 zettabytes by 2025, up from 64.2 zettabytes in 2020. The United States is currently the foremost leader in data center infrastructure, hosting 5,381 data centers as of March 2024, the highest number of any country worldwide. According to global consultancy McKinsey & Co., U.S. market demand is expected to double to 35 gigawatts (GW) by 2030, up from 17 GW in 2022. As of 2023,

2809-524: Was the first such product line. In December 2015, Intel acquired Altera for $ 16.7 billion in cash. Altera became Intel's newly formed business unit called the Programmable Solutions Group (PSG). In October 2023, Intel announced it would be spinning off PSG into a separate company at the start of 2024, while maintaining majority ownership and intending to seek an IPO within three years. In February 2024, Intel announced that

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