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57-433: Openness has been attributed to a wide array of approaches in very different contexts as outlined below. While there is no universally accepted definition of the overarching concept of openness, a 2017 comprehensive review concludes that: Open terminology can refer to a higher-order concept (e.g. the ‘‘philosophy of openness’’); the nature of resources (e.g. ‘‘open data’’); the nature of processes (e.g. ‘‘open innovation’’); or

114-461: A 'complete mystical experience' experienced a significant mean increase in Openness, whereas those participants who did not meet the criteria experienced no mean change in Openness. Five of the six facets of Openness (all except Actions) showed this pattern of increase associated with having a mystical experience. Increases in Openness (including facets as well as total score) among those whose had

171-486: A fluid style of consciousness that allows them to make novel associations between remotely connected ideas. Closed people by contrast are more comfortable with familiar and traditional experiences. Openness to experience correlates with creativity , as measured by tests of divergent thinking . Openness has been linked to both artistic and scientific creativity as professional artists, musicians, and scientists have been found to score higher in openness compared to members of

228-474: A genetic component. Identical twins (who have the same DNA ) show similar scores on openness to experience, even when they have been adopted into different families and raised in very different environments. A meta-analysis by Bouchard and McGue , of four twin studies, found openness to be the most heritable (mean = 57%) of the Big Five traits. Higher levels of openness have been linked to activity in

285-492: A global personality trait consisting of a set of specific traits, habits, and tendencies that cluster together. Openness tends to be normally distributed with a small number of people scoring extremely high or low on the trait, and most people scoring moderately. People who score low on openness are considered to be closed to experience . They tend to be conventional and traditional in their outlook and behavior. They prefer familiar routines to new experiences, and generally have

342-469: A lesser extent novelty seeking (conceptually similar to sensation seeking). It also had a moderate negative correlation with harm avoidance . The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures the preference of "intuition," which is related to openness to experience. Robert McCrae pointed out that the MBTI sensation versus intuition scale "contrasts a preference for the factual, simple, and conventional with

399-604: A more general openness to new and unusual experiences. Openness to experience, like absorption, has modest positive correlations with individual differences in hypnotisability. Factor analysis shows that the fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings facets of openness are closely related to absorption and predict hypnotisability, whereas the remaining three facets of ideas, actions, and values are largely unrelated to these constructs. This finding suggests that openness to experience may have two distinct yet related subdimensions: one related to aspects of attention and consciousness assessed by

456-581: A narrow range of interests. Rigidity is the most obvious aspect of (low) openness among personality disorders; it shows lack of knowledge of one's emotional experiences. It is most characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder . Its opposite, known as impulsivity (here: an aspect of openness that shows a tendency to behave unusually or autistically), is characteristic of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders . Openness to experience has mixed relationships with different types of religiosity and spirituality . General religiosity has

513-425: A narrower range of interests. Openness has moderate positive relationships with creativity, intelligence, and knowledge. Openness is related to the psychological trait of absorption , and like absorption has a modest relationship to individual differences in hypnotic susceptibility. Openness has more modest relationships with aspects of subjective well-being than other Five Factor Model personality traits. On

570-437: A particular topic should be" (Bernard Crick). Political doctrine is based on a rationally elaborated set of values, which may precede the formation of a political identity per se . It is concerned with philosophical orientations on a meta-theoretical level. A legal doctrine is a body of interrelated rules (usually of common law and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example,

627-481: A preference for the possible, complex, and original," and is therefore similar to measures of openness. There are social and political implications to this personality trait. People who are highly open to experience tend to be liberal and tolerant of diversity. As a consequence, they are generally more open to different cultures and lifestyles. They are lower in ethnocentrism , right-wing authoritarianism , social dominance orientation , and prejudice . Openness has

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684-594: A strong positive correlation (r = .55) with each other. According to research by Sam Gosling , it is possible to assess openness by examining people's homes and work spaces. People who are highly open to experience tend to have distinctive and unconventional decorations. They are also likely to have books on a wide variety of topics, a diverse music collection, and works of art on display. Openness to experience has both motivational and structural components. People high in openness are motivated to seek new experiences and to engage in self-examination. Structurally, they have

741-449: A stronger (negative) relationship with right-wing authoritarianism than the other five-factor model traits ( conscientiousness has a modest positive association, and the other traits have negligible associations). Openness has a somewhat smaller (negative) association with social dominance orientation than (low) agreeableness (the other traits have negligible associations). Openness has a stronger (negative) relationship with prejudice than

798-546: A variety of items such as lesson plans, presentation slides, lecture videos, podcasts, worksheets, maps, and images. There are legitimate tools like the Creative Commons’ licenses that students can access and use at liberty. They are allowed to translate and amend these materials. Public school teachers in the USA can share resources they developed as compliance for government-authorized standards in education. One of these

855-811: A weak association with low openness. Religious fundamentalism has a somewhat more substantial relationship with low openness. Mystical experiences occasioned by the use of psilocybin were found to increase openness significantly (see 'Drug Use,' below). A study examining gender differences in big-five personality traits in 55 nations found that across nations there were negligible average differences between men and women in openness to experience. By contrast, across nations women were found to be significantly higher than men in average neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. In eight cultures, men were significantly higher than women in openness, but in four cultures women were significantly higher than men. Previous research found that women tend to be higher on

912-410: Is "[a] policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society." The term political doctrine is sometimes wrongly identified with political ideology. However, doctrine lacks the actional aspect of ideology. It is mainly a theoretical discourse, which "refers to a coherent sum of assertions regarding what

969-408: Is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system . The etymological Greek analogue is " catechism ". Often the word doctrine specifically suggests a body of religious principles as promulgated by a church. Doctrine may also refer to a principle of law, in

1026-501: Is called the Common Core State Standards. Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Some teachers and school officials have recommended that OERs can help reduce expenses in production and distribution of course materials for primary and secondary institutions. Certain projects like

1083-455: Is crucial to open education. The Open Education Consortium claims “Sharing is a fundamental attribute of education. Education means the sharing of knowledge, insights, and information with everybody. It is the foundation of new wisdom, ideas, talents, and understanding”. Open Educational Resources refer to learning materials that educators can improve and modify with permission from their publishers or authors. Creators of OERs are allowed to include

1140-578: Is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model . Openness involves six facets , or dimensions: active imagination (fantasy), aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety (adventurousness), intellectual curiosity , and challenging authority (psychological liberalism). A great deal of psychometric research has demonstrated that these facets or qualities are significantly correlated. Thus, openness can be viewed as

1197-453: Is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model . Open business is an approach to enterprise that draws on ideas from openness movements like free software , open source , open content and open tools and standards. The approach places value on transparency , stakeholder inclusion, and accountability. Doctrine Doctrine (from Latin : doctrina , meaning "teaching, instruction")

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1254-436: Is paid for with public funds, and greater impact for one's work due to open access articles being accessible to a bigger audience. In Open-source software , the user is given access to the sources such as source code . In Open-source hardware , the user gets access to sources such as design documents and blueprints . Open data is data that can be freely used and shared by anyone. In psychology, openness to experience

1311-537: Is part of the doctrine of frustration which is part of contract law . Doctrines can grow into a branch of law ; restitution is now considered a branch of law separate to contract and tort . The title of Doctor in fact means "one with the authority to establish doctrine in his or her respective field of study"; a doctorate is a terminal academic degree that legally confers said authority within its respective field. For more information, see Doctor (title) . Openness to experience Openness to experience

1368-515: Is possible that a different dimensional structure may be apparent, e.g. intellectual curiosity may be unrelated to social/political liberalism in certain contexts. Although the factors in the Big Five model are assumed to be independent, openness to experience and extraversion as assessed in the NEO-PI-R have a substantial positive correlation. Openness to experience also has a moderate positive correlation with sensation-seeking , particularly,

1425-408: Is related to sexual satisfaction. This might be because open wives are more willing to explore a variety of new sexual experiences, leading to greater satisfaction for both spouses. Compared to heterosexuals, people who are homosexual, asexual , or bisexual—particularly bisexuals—average higher in openness. Openness to experience, like the other traits in the five-factor model , is believed to have

1482-461: Is unrelated to life satisfaction , negative affect , and overall affect in people in general. These relationships with aspects of subjective well-being tend to be weaker than those of other five-factor model traits, that is, extraversion , neuroticism , conscientiousness , and agreeableness . Openness to experience correlates with life satisfaction in older adults after controlling for confounding factors. Openness appears to be unrelated to

1539-582: The common-law traditions, established through a history of past decisions. Examples of religious doctrines include: Roman Catholic and Orthodox doctrine generally comes from the writings of the Church Fathers , which has been clarified in various Ecumenical councils . Short versions can be found in brief statements of Christian doctrine , in prayer books. Longer versions take the form of catechisms . Protestants generally reject Christian tradition and instead derive their doctrine solely from

1596-936: The facets of openness found that the Ideas and Actions facets had modest positive correlations with fluid intelligence ( r =.20 and r =.07 respectively). Meta-analyses have also found the ideas, curiosity, and need for cognition facets (i.e., facets most associated with the intellect aspect of openness) to be positive correlates of fluid abilities with correlations ranging from .18 to .21. Fluid abilities may come more easily for people who tend to be curious and open to learning. Alternatively, people with strong fluid abilities may find it more enjoyable to ponder and explore ideas. Several studies have found positive associations between openness to experience and general knowledge , especially verbal knowledge. People high in openness may be more motivated to engage in intellectual pursuits that increase their knowledge. Openness to experience, especially

1653-627: The Aesthetics and values facets. The strongest personality predictor of economic conservatism was low agreeableness ( r =−.23). Economic conservatism is based more on ideology whereas cultural conservatism seems to be more psychological than ideological and may reflect a preference for simple, stable, and familiar mores. Some research indicates that within-person changes in levels of openness do not predict changes in conservatism. Openness to experience has modest yet significant correlations with happiness , positive affect , and quality of life , but

1710-585: The Bible . According to sociologist Mervin Verbit , doctrine may be understood as one of the key components of religiosity . He divides doctrine into four categories: content, frequency (degree to which it may occupy the person's mind), intensity and centrality. Each of these may vary from one religion to the next, within that religious tradition. In this sense, doctrine is similar to Charles Glock 's "belief" dimension of religiosity. The term also applies to

1767-545: The Ideas facet, is related to need for cognition , a motivational tendency to think about ideas, scrutinize information, and enjoy solving puzzles, and to typical intellectual engagement (a similar construct to need for cognition). Openness to experience is strongly related to the psychological construct of absorption , defined as "a disposition for having episodes of 'total' attention that fully engage one's representational (i.e. perceptual, enactive, imaginative, and ideational) resources.” The construct of absorption

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1824-477: The OER Commons as storage for open educational resources. Open science refers to the practice of allowing peer-reviewed research articles to be available online free of charge and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. Benefits of this approach include: accelerated discovery and progress as researchers are free to use and build on the findings of others, giving back to the public as much research

1881-617: The United States tend to score higher on openness to experience than those living in the Midwestern United States and the Southern United States . The highest average scores on openness are found in the states of New York , Oregon , Massachusetts , Washington , and California . Lowest average scores come from North Dakota , Wyoming , Alaska , Alabama , and Wisconsin . Psychologists in

1938-418: The ascending dopaminergic system and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex . Openness is the only personality trait that correlates with neuropsychological tests of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function, supporting theoretical links among openness, cognitive functioning, and IQ . An Italian study found that people who lived on Tyrrhenian islands tended to be less open to experience than those living on

1995-464: The concept of an established procedure to execute an operation in warfare . The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack. Examples of military doctrines include: The Cold War saw the enunciation of several strategic doctrines designed to contain Soviet expansion. Carter Doctrine

2052-491: The continuity theory of consciousness . People who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day, such as those who are high in these traits, tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall. Openness is related to many aspects of sexuality. Men and women high in openness are more well-informed about sex and have wider sexual experience, stronger sex drives, and more liberal sexual attitudes. In married couples, wives' but not husbands' level of openness

2109-596: The demands of the society. High openness is characteristic to schizotypal personality disorder (odd and fragmented thinking), narcissistic personality disorder (excessive self-valuation), and paranoid personality disorder (sensitivity to external hostility). Lack of insight (shows low openness) is characteristic to all personality disorders and could explain the persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns. Problems associated with low openness are difficulties adapting to change, low tolerance for different worldview or lifestyles, emotional flattening , alexithymia , and

2166-401: The doctrine of frustration of purpose now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a "bubble" of frustration . In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification. It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrines, which in turn contain various rules or tests . The test of non-occurrence of crucial event

2223-618: The drug MDMA , although a study at the individual level in the Netherlands found no differences in openness levels between users and non-users. MDMA users tended to be higher in extroversion and lower in conscientiousness than non-users. A 2011 study found Openness (and not other traits) increased after the use of psilocybin , an effect that held even after 14 months. The study found that individual differences in levels of mystical experience while taking psilocybin were correlated with increases in Openness. Participants who met criteria for

2280-581: The early 1960s used the concept of openness to experience to describe people who are more likely to use marijuana . Openness was defined in these studies as high creativity, adventuresomeness, internal sensation novelty seeking, and low authoritarianism. Several correlational studies confirmed that young people who score high on this cluster of traits are more likely to use marijuana. More recent research replicated this finding using contemporary measures of openness. Cross-cultural studies found that cultures high in Openness to experience have higher rates of use of

2337-449: The effects on specific domains (e.g. ‘‘open education’’) [...] The principles typically used to characterize this higher-order concept are: access to information and other resources; participation in an inclusive and often collaborative manner; transparency of resources and actions; and democracy or ‘‘democratization’’ such as the breaking up of exclusionary structures. Open government is the governing doctrine which holds that citizens have

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2394-606: The experience seeking facet. In spite of this, it has been argued that openness to experience is still an independent personality dimension from these other traits because most of the variance in the trait cannot be explained by its overlap with these other constructs. A study comparing the Temperament and Character Inventory with the Five Factor model found that Openness to experience had a substantial positive correlation with self-transcendence (a "spiritual" trait) and to

2451-411: The facets of fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings; the other related to intellectual curiosity and social/political liberalism as assessed by the remaining three facets. However, all of these have a common theme of ‘openness’ in some sense. This two-dimensional view of openness to experience is particularly pertinent to hypnotisability. However, when considering external criteria other than hypnotisability, it

2508-522: The feelings facet of openness, whereas men tend to be higher on the ideas facet, although the 55-nation study did not assess individual facets. A study on individual differences in the frequency of dream recall found that openness to experience was the only big-five personality trait related to dream recall. Dream recall frequency has also been related to similar personality traits, such as absorption and dissociation . The relationship between dream recall and these traits has been considered as evidence of

2565-744: The general population. Openness to experience correlates with intelligence , correlation coefficients ranging from about r =.30 to r =.45. These relations vary significantly based on which component of intelligence is examined. For example, meta-analyses have found relations ranging from .08 with processing speed abilities to .29 with verbal abilities. Another common distinction is between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence . Some studies have found moderate associations with crystallized intelligence but only weak associations with fluid intelligence. In contrast, more recent meta-analyses have found more similar relations for crystallized and fluid abilities (.20 and .19, respectively). A study examining

2622-456: The government supports government accountability and helps protect other necessary rights. Open content and free content both refer to creative works that lack restrictions on how people can use, modify, and distribute them. The terms derive from open source software and free software , similar concepts that refer specifically to software. Open education refers to institutional practices and programmatic initiatives that broaden access to

2679-482: The learning and training traditionally offered through formal education systems. By eliminating barriers to entry , open education aids freedom of information by increasing accessibility. Open Education advocates state people from all social classes worldwide have open access to high-quality education and resources. They help eliminate obstacles like high costs, outmoded materials, and legal instruments. These barriers impede collaboration among stakeholders. Cooperation

2736-408: The nearby mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the islands for twenty generations tended to be less open to experience than more recent arrivals. Additionally, people who emigrated from the islands to the mainland tended to be more open to experience than people who stayed on the islands, and than those who immigrated to the islands. People living in the eastern and western parts of

2793-408: The other five-factor model traits (agreeableness has a more modest negative association, and the other traits have negligible associations). However, right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are each more strongly (positively) associated with prejudice than openness or any of the other five-factor model traits. The relationship between openness and prejudice may be more complex, as

2850-441: The prejudice examined was prejudice against conventional minority groups (for example sexual and ethnic minorities) and that people who are high in openness can still be intolerant of those with conflicting worldviews. Regarding conservatism , studies have found that cultural conservatism was related to low openness and all its facets, but economic conservatism was unrelated to total openness, and only weakly negatively related to

2907-796: The presence of mental disorders. A meta-analysis of the relationships between five-factor model traits and symptoms of psychological disorders found that none of the diagnostic groups examined differed from healthy controls on openness to experience. Openness to experience may contribute to graceful aging, facilitating healthy memory and verbal abilities as well as a number of other significant cognitive features in older adults. At least three aspects of openness are relevant to understanding personality disorders: cognitive distortions , lack of insight , and impulsivity . Problems related to high openness that can cause issues with social or professional functioning are excessive fantasizing , peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable goals , and nonconformity with

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2964-536: The previous Truman Doctrine and Eisenhower Doctrine and to some extent it rejected the Nixon Doctrine . See also Reagan Doctrine . In modern peacekeeping operations , which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 United Nations peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine" which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations. By definition, political doctrine

3021-400: The research being undertaken. A number of studies have found that openness to experience has two major subcomponents, one related to intellectual dispositions, the other related to the experiential aspects of openness, such as aesthetic appreciation and openness to sensory experiences. These subcomponents have been referred to as intellect and experiencing openness respectively, and have

3078-421: The right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight . Openness in government applies the idea of freedom of information to information held by authorities and holds that citizens should have the right to see the operations and activities of government at work. Since reliable information is requisite for accountability, freedom of access to information about

3135-423: The whole, openness appears to be largely unrelated to symptoms of mental disorders. Openness to experience is usually assessed with self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation are also used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of

3192-555: Was announced in 1980 by American President Jimmy Carter after the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. It declared that any Soviet aggression towards the Persian Gulf would be considered a danger to the essential interests of the United States. This led to the creation of significant American military installations in the area and the formation of the Rapid Deployment Force . The proclamation reinforced

3249-410: Was developed in order to relate individual differences in hypnotisability to broader aspects of personality. The construct of absorption influenced Costa and McCrae's development of the concept of "openness to experience" in their original NEO model , due to the independence of absorption from extraversion and neuroticism . A person's openness to becoming absorbed in experiences seems to require

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