Misplaced Pages

#573426

84-428: John Howkins ' creative economy comprises advertising , architecture , art , crafts , design , fashion , film , music , performing arts , publishing , R&D , software , toys and games , TV and radio , and video games . Some scholars consider that the education industry, including public and private services, are forming a part of the creative industries. There remain, therefore, different definitions of

168-708: A Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and also painted a series for Marie de' Medici . Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting . Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation . Much of what defines

252-533: A craft , and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. Filmmaking is the process of making a motion-picture , from an initial conception and research, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental practices, and

336-586: A journalist for many years on Frendz , Time Out , The Sunday Times , Harpers & Queen and The Economist . He was editor of InterMediate , Vision (the BAFTA journal) and The National Electronics Review . He has a BA in International Relations ( Keele University ) and a AA (Dip) and MA in Urban Design ( Architectural Association ). The original, essential book on

420-581: A 2021 study into the Intellectual Property intensive sectors in the Brazilian economy found that 450 of Brazil's 673 economic classes could be classified as IP-intensive sectors which collectively employed 19,3 million people. The Brazilian creative industry 's collective share of GDP between 2014 and 2016, when calculated across these 450 economic classes, totaled R$ 2,1 trillion Reais or 44,2% of Brazil's GDP. The complex supply chains in

504-563: A Dutchman, was the first to use cross-hatching. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut. In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the Song dynasty , artists began to cut landscapes. During

588-529: A basic foundation for creative enterprises. Reflecting the growing interest in the potential of creative industries in developing countries, in October 2011 a Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy was created within the Indonesian government with well-known economist Mari Pangestu appointed as the first minister to hold the position. John Howkins John Anthony Howkins (born 3 August 1945)

672-531: A carrier (or medium ) and a binding agent (a glue ) to a surface (support) such as paper , canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing , composition , or other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel , to

756-660: A department in the University of Buenos Aires , the Superior Art School of the Nation. Currently, the leading educational organization for the arts in the country is the UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes . Drawing is a means of making an image , illustration or graphic using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on

840-457: A host of hobbyist concerns. Thus cultural industries are more concerned about delivering other kinds of value—including cultural wealth and social wealth—rather than primarily providing monetary value. (See also cultural institutions studies .) Some authors, such as the American urban studies theorist Richard Florida , argue for a wider focus on the products of knowledge workers , and judge

924-442: A method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ukiyo-e and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as modern art . In the early 20th century, shin-hanga that fused the tradition of ukiyo-e with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of Hasui Kawase and Hiroshi Yoshida gained international popularity. Institutes such as

SECTION 10

#1732787353574

1008-413: A more positive attitude towards risk-taking, and a capacity to innovate anticipating future trends. Creativity plays an important role in human resource management as artists and creative professionals can think laterally . Moreover, new jobs requiring new skills created in the post-crisis economy should be supported by labour mobility to ensure that people are employed wherever their skills are needed. In

1092-426: A relative identity, and forming community in the context of an individually based enterprise economy" (2013). Because of these adaptive skills, the suggestion is that "studying how artists cope with uncertainty and the factors that influence their success should be relevant for understanding these broader social and economic trends facing today's (and tomorrow's) workforce." This view of artist-as-change-agent changes

1176-441: A result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool, rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, assuming

1260-772: A security guard working for a music company would be classified as a creative employee, although not as creatively occupied. The total number of creative employees is then calculated as the sum of: According to Richard E. Caves , creative industries are characterized by seven economic properties: The properties described by Caves have been criticized for being too rigid (Towse, 2000). Not all creative workers are purely driven by 'art for art's sake'. The 'ars longa' property also holds for certain noncreative products (i.e., licensed products). The 'time flies' property also holds for large construction projects. Creative industries are therefore not unique, but they score generally higher on these properties relative to non-creative industries. There

1344-500: A surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils , pen and ink , inked brushes , wax color pencils , crayons , charcoals , pastels , and markers . Digital tools, including pens, stylus , that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching , crosshatching, random hatching, shading , scribbling, stippling , and blending. An artist who excels at drawing

1428-446: A template. Computer clip art usage has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer. Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics . The term has also been applied to all

1512-627: A tighter focus on copyright ownership in the value chain . They adopt the WIPO 's classifications, which divide up the creative industries according to who owns the copyrights at various stages during the production and distribution of creative content. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has denominated them for Latin America and the Caribbean as the Orange Economy which is defined as

1596-412: Is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard or plastic material, sound, or text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble ), clay , metal , glass , or wood . Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving ; others are assembled, built together and fired , welded , molded , or cast . Sculptures are often painted . A person who creates sculptures

1680-592: Is a British author and speaker on Creative Industries , particularly the development of this economic sector in China . He is visiting professor, University of Lincoln , England, and vice dean and visiting professor, Shanghai School of Creativity, Shanghai Theater Academy , China. Howkins was awarded a BA in International Relations at Keele University and a Diploma in Urban Design at

1764-508: Is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, animation , video , CD-ROM , DVD , video game , website , algorithm , performance or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines now integrate digital technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and new media works created using computers, have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As

SECTION 20

#1732787353574

1848-650: Is called a sculptor. The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the Aurignacian culture , which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic . As well as producing some of the earliest known cave art , the people of this culture developed finely-crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines. Because sculpture involves

1932-441: Is often a question about the boundaries between creative industries and the similar term of cultural industries . Cultural industries are best described as an adjunct-sector of the creative industries. Cultural industries include industries that focus on cultural tourism and heritage , museums and libraries , sports and outdoor activities , and a variety of 'way of life' activities that arguably range from local pet shows to

2016-437: Is often used to refer to video-based processes as well. Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional visual arts media . Computers have been used as an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images (including exploring multiple compositions ) and the final rendering or printing (including 3D printing ). Computer art

2100-812: Is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman . Drawing and painting go back tens of thousands of years. Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art beginning between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are found in areas such as Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung , Australia. In ancient Egypt , ink drawings on papyrus , often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases , initially geometric, later developed into

2184-584: Is represented by new products, processes and services. Hesmondhalgh reduces the list to what he terms "the core cultural industries" of advertising and marketing, broadcasting , film , internet and music industries, print and electronic publishing , and video and computer games . His definition only includes those industries that create "texts"' or "cultural artefacts" and which engage in some form of industrial reproduction. The DCMS list has proven influential, and many other nations have formally adopted it. It has also been criticised. It has been argued that

2268-423: Is traditional in geometric optics .) Architecture is the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. The earliest surviving written work on

2352-476: Is — (1) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single copy, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and bear the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or (2) a still photographic image produced for exhibition purposes only, existing in

2436-653: The chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of 3-D space. Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are among the most successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to achieve depth and luminosity. The 17th century witnessed

2520-713: The Architectural Association School of Architecture . Howkins' media career spans TV, film, digital media, publishing and consulting with companies including HandMade plc , Hotbed Media, HBO and, from 1982 to 1996, Time Warner . He is a former chairman of the London Film School and is a former Executive Director of the International Institute of Communications, an independent, non-profit membership organization that focusses on critical policy and regulatory issues in

2604-588: The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings. Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before

Creative industries - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-767: The Shanghai Municipal Government at the Shanghai School of Creativity, Shanghai Theatre Academy. He is an adviser to the Shanghai Creative Industries Association and the Shanghai Creative Industry Centre. Since 2007 he has chaired BOP Consulting , an independent research and strategy consultancy who maximise the potential of culture, media and creativity, in parallel with his independent consulting work. He also worked as

2772-800: The creative economy , first published in 2001 and updated in 2007 and 2013. Covers the nature of creativity, how to be creative, business models, intellectual property, managing a creative company, the 22 largest sectors, online opportunities, creative capital and more. This article about a writer or poet from the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Visual arts The visual arts are art forms such as painting , drawing , printmaking , sculpture , ceramics , photography , video , filmmaking , comics , design , crafts , and architecture . Many artistic disciplines, such as performing arts , conceptual art , and textile arts , also involve aspects of

2856-734: The four arts of scholar-officials in imperial China. Leading country in the development of the arts in Latin America , in 1875 created the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts, founded by painters Eduardo Schiaffino , Eduardo Sívori , and other artists. Their guild was rechartered as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic Ernesto de la Cárcova , as

2940-559: The "Adachi Institute of Woodblock Prints" and "Takezasado" continue to produce ukiyo-e prints with the same materials and methods as used in the past. Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure . The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemical processing or digitizing devices known as cameras . The word comes from

3024-560: The "group of linked activities through which ideas are transformed into cultural goods and services whose value is determined by intellectual property." Others have suggested a distinction between those industries that are open to mass production and distribution (film and video; videogames; broadcasting; publishing), and those that are primarily craft-based and are meant to be consumed in a particular place and moment ( visual arts ; performing arts ; cultural heritage). The DCMS classifies enterprises and occupations as creative according to what

3108-495: The ' creative class ' (his own term) to include nearly all those offering professional knowledge-based services. Florida's focus leads him to pay particular attention to the nature of the creative workforce . In a study of why particular US cities such as San Francisco seem to attract creative producers, Florida argues that a high proportion of workers from the ' creative class ' provide a key input to creative production, which enterprises seek out. He seeks to quantitatively establish

3192-619: The 1920s, the style had developed into surrealism with Dali and Magritte . Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a matrix that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the case of a monotype , the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the print. Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are woodcut , line engraving , etching , lithography , and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) but there are many others, including modern digital techniques. Normally,

3276-455: The 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a stage further, using geometric forms and unnatural color to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are Paul Gauguin , who was strongly influenced by Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh , a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec , remembered for his vivid paintings of night life in

3360-514: The 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages , the next significant contribution to European art was from Italy's renaissance painters . From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest period in Italian art as

3444-506: The Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals. Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, often choosing to paint realistic scenes of modern life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and

Creative industries - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-450: The DCMS reports. This was due, probably, to the fact that engineers occupy relevant positions in "non-cultural" corporations, performing activities of project, management, operation, maintenance, risk analysis and supervision, among others. However, historically and presently, several tasks of engineers can be regarded as highly creative, inventive and innovative. The contribution of engineering

3612-549: The EU economy, creating about 3% of EU GDP – corresponding to an annual market value of billion – and employing about 6 million people. In addition, the sector plays a crucial role in fostering innovation, in particular for devices and networks. The EU records the second highest TV viewing figures globally, producing more films than any other region in the world. In that respect, the newly proposed 'Creative Europe' programme (July 2011) will help preserve cultural heritage while increasing

3696-481: The Greek φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê , together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph . The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photograph. (The term image

3780-622: The Paris district of Montmartre . Edvard Munch , a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist Manet . The Scream (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German expressionist movement originated in Germany at

3864-513: The UK have started to offer creative entrepreneurship as a specific area for study and research. Indeed, UK government figures reveal that the UK's creative industries account for over a million jobs and brought in billion to the UK economy (DCMS Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001), although the data sets underlying these figures are open to question. In recent years, creative industries have become 'increasingly attractive to governments outside

3948-528: The advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency. After the decline of ukiyo-e and introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as

4032-513: The artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of materials like cement, metal and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with 3-d printing technology. In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art". A "work of visual art"

4116-445: The beginning of the 20th century as artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional effect. In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By

4200-497: The circulation of creative works inside and outside the EU. The programme will play a consequential role in stimulating cross border co-operation, promoting peer learning and making these sectors more professional. The Commission will then propose a financial instrument run by the European Investment Bank to provide debt and equity finance for cultural and creative industries. The role of the non-state actors within

4284-569: The concept of "creative industries", and the name itself has become a contested issue – with significant differences and overlap between the terms "creative industries", "cultural industries" and "creative economy" l. Lash and Urry suggest that each of the creative industries has an "irreducible core" concerned with "the exchange of finance for rights in intellectual property ". This echoes the UK Government Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) definition which describes

SECTION 50

#1732787353574

4368-399: The creative industries as: As of 2015 the DCMS definition recognizes nine creative sectors , namely: To this list Howkins would add toys and games, also including the much broader area of research and development in science and technology. It has also been argued that gastronomy belongs in such a list. The various fields of engineering do not appear on this list, that emerged from

4452-416: The creative industries sometimes make it challenging to calculate accurate figures for the gross value added by each sub-sector. This is particularly the case for the service-focused sub-sectors such as advertising , whereas it is more straightforward in product-focused sub-sectors such as crafts . There may be a tendency for publicly funded creative industries development services to inaccurately estimate

4536-480: The creative industry as a key component in a new knowledge economy , capable perhaps of delivering urban regeneration , often through initiatives linked to exploitation of cultural heritage that leads to increased tourism . It is often argued that, in future, the ideas and imagination of countries like the United Kingdom will be their greatest asset; in support of this argument, a number of universities in

4620-559: The cultivation of local talent and the generation of creative capital, the development of new export markets, significant multiplier effects throughout the broader economy, the utilisation of information communication technologies and enhanced competitiveness in an increasingly global economy'. A key driver of interest in creative industries and development is the acknowledgement that the value of creative production resides in ideas and individual creativity, and developing countries have rich cultural traditions and pools of creative talent which lay

4704-532: The definition of activities included, the sector is a major employer of between 4-6% of the UK's working population , though this is still significantly less than employment due to traditional areas of work such as retail and manufacturing . Within the creative industries sector, and again taking the UK as an example, the three largest sub-sectors are design , publishing , and television and radio . Together these account for around 75% of revenues and 50% of employment. In economies like Brazil , for example,

4788-507: The developed world'. In 2005, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) XI High Level Panel on Creative Industries and Development commissioned several studies to identify challenges and opportunities facing the growth and development of creative industries in developing industries. As Cunningham et al. (2009) put it, 'the harnessing of creativity brings with it the potential of new wealth creation,

4872-504: The division into sectors obscures a divide between lifestyle business , non-profits, and larger businesses, and between those who receive state subsidies (e.g., film) and those who do not (e.g., computer games). The inclusion of the antiques trade often comes into question, since it does not generally involve production (except of reproductions and fakes). The inclusion of all computer services has also been questioned. Some areas, such as Hong Kong , have preferred to shape their policy around

4956-469: The emergence of the great Dutch masters such as the versatile Rembrandt who was especially remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life. The Baroque started after the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio , who made heavy use of tenebrism . Peter Paul Rubens ,

5040-588: The enterprise primarily produces, and what the worker primarily does. Thus, a company which produces records would be classified as belonging to the music industrial sector , and a worker who plays piano would be classified as a musician . The primary purpose of this is to quantify – for example it can be used to count the number of firms, and the number of workers, creatively employed in any given location, and hence to identify places with particularly high concentrations of creative activities. It leads to some complications which are not immediately obvious. For example,

5124-515: The fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts . The increasing tendency to privilege painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture, above other arts has been a feature of Western art as well as East Asian art. In both regions, painting has been seen as relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the artist and being the furthest removed from manual labour – in Chinese painting ,

SECTION 60

#1732787353574

5208-448: The governance regarding Medias will not be neglected anymore. Therefore, building a new approach extolling the crucial importance of a European level playing field industry may boost the adoption of policies aimed at developing a conducive environment, enabling European companies as well as citizens to use their imagination and creativity – both sources of innovation -, and therefore of competitiveness and sustainability. It supposes to tailor

5292-538: The great temple of Ramses II , Nefertari , his queen, is depicted being led by Isis . The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits . Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii , which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in

5376-478: The human body itself. Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In

5460-440: The human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli , Raphael , Michelangelo , and Leonardo da Vinci , who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in

5544-471: The importance of diversity and multiculturalism in the cities concerned, for example the existence of a significant public gay community, ethnic and religious variety, and tolerance. Globally, Creative Industries excluding software and general scientific research and development are said to have accounted for around 4% of the world's economic output in 1999, which is the last year for which comprehensive collated figures are currently available. Estimates of

5628-401: The impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colors and short brush strokes. The movement influenced art as a dynamic, moving through time and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to detail became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artist's eye. Towards the end of

5712-730: The introduction to a 2013 special issue of Work and Occupations on artists in the US workforce, the guest editors argue that by examining the work lives of artists, one can identify characteristics and actions that help both individual workers and policy makers adapt to changing economic conditions. Elizabeth Lingo and Steven Tepper cite multiple sources to suggest artists' skill sets allow them to "work beyond existing markets and create entirely new opportunities for themselves and others". Specifically, Lingo and Tepper suggest artistic workers are "catalysts of change and innovation" because they "face special challenges managing ambiguity, developing and sustaining

5796-492: The most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at least in theory practiced by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes. Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe, the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today most of

5880-494: The number of creative businesses during the mapping process. There is also imprecision in nearly all tax code systems that determine a person's profession, since many creative people operate simultaneously in multiple roles and jobs. Both these factors mean that official statistics relating to the Creative Industries should be treated with caution. The creative industries in Europe make a significant contribution to

5964-531: The output corresponding to scientific Research and Development suggest that an additional 4-9% might be attributable to the sector if its definition is extended to include such activities, though the figures vary significantly between different countries. In 2015, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) assisted in the preparation of national studies that measured the size of over 50 copyright industries around

6048-531: The people who are pursuing a career in the arts train in art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems. In East Asia , arts education for nonprofessional artists typically focused on brushwork; calligraphy was numbered among the Six Arts of gentlemen in the Chinese Zhou dynasty , and calligraphy and Chinese painting were numbered among

6132-495: The print is printed on paper , but other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more modern materials. Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known as old master prints . In Europe, from around 1400 AD woodcut , was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich ,

6216-431: The questions researchers ask of creative economies. Old research questions would focus on topics like "skills, work practices, contracts, wage differentials, employment incentives, formal credentials, employment pipelines, and labor flows of differentiated occupational categories". Examples of new questions include: As some first world countries struggle to compete in traditional markets such as manufacturing , many now see

6300-561: The regulatory and institutional frameworks in supporting private-public collaboration, in particular in the Medias sector. The EU therefore plans to develop clusters, financing instruments as well as foresight activities to support this sector. The European Commission wishes to assist European creators and audiovisual enterprises to develop new markets through the use of digital technology, and asks how policy-making can best help achieve this. A more entrepreneurial culture will have to take hold with

6384-461: The same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry. Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators , photographers , photo editors , 3-D modelers , and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. Photographers may become digital artists . Illustrators may become animators . Handicraft may be computer-aided or use computer-generated imagery as

6468-523: The sector. Last few years delegation from UNESCO want add to Protection of cultural heritage in register . The creative industries have been seen to become increasingly important to economic well-being, proponents suggesting that " human creativity is the ultimate economic resource", and that "the industries of the twenty-first century will depend increasingly on the generation of knowledge through creativity and innovation". Various commentators have provided varying suggestions on what activities to include in

6552-677: The subject of architecture is De architectura , by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight . An equivalent in modern English would be: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became

6636-845: The telecom and media. He was Executive Director of the International Institute of Communications, with members in over 100 countries, from 1985 to 1990. He was the Conference Coordinator of the European Audiovisual Conference, co-hosted by the European Commission and the UK Government, in 1998. In 2006 he became chairman of the John Howkins Research Centre on the Creative Economy , launched by

6720-416: The turn of the 20th century, the term ' artist ' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, crafts, or applied visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms. Art schools made a distinction between

6804-479: The use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts . The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden . Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication,

6888-443: The visual (non-literary, non-musical) arts . Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone or wood, concrete or steel, have also been included in the narrower definition, since, with appropriate tools, such materials are also capable of modulation. This use of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian 's use, nor with the movement he termed, in French and English, " Neoplasticism ." Sculpture

6972-542: The visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts , such as industrial design , graphic design , fashion design , interior design , and decorative art . Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art as well as applied or decorative arts and crafts , but this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at

7056-536: The world. Findings from the recompilation of these studies indicate that the GDP contribution to national economies vary between 2% and 11%. Taking the UK as an example, in the context of other sectors, the creative industries make a far more significant contribution to output than hospitality or utilities and deliver four times the output due to agriculture , fisheries and forestry . In terms of employment and depending on

#573426