Daimyo ( 大名 , daimyō , Japanese pronunciation: [daimʲoː] ) were powerful Japanese magnates , feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominally to the emperor and the kuge (an aristocratic class). In the term, dai ( 大 ) means 'large', and myō stands for myōden ( 名田 ) , meaning 'private land'.
86-463: Origami ( 折り紙 , Japanese pronunciation: [oɾiɡami] or [oɾiꜜɡami] , from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper" ( kami changes to gami due to rendaku ) ) is the Japanese art of paper folding . In modern usage, the word "origami" is often used as an inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their culture of origin. The goal is to transform
172-419: A 3 dimensional version of the 2D design. The basic rosette design requires eight matching squares to be folded into the 'kite' design. Mathematics teachers find the designs very useful as a practical way of demonstrating some basic properties of symmetry . The practice and study of origami encapsulates several subjects of mathematical interest. For instance, the problem of flat-foldability (whether
258-465: A morpheme . Therefore, no rendaku can occur if the second element already contains a voiced obstruent. This is considered to be one of the most fundamental of the rules governing rendaku . There are, however, exceptions to Lyman's law. For example, nawa + hashigo is nawabashigo, not nawahashigo. Although this law is named after Benjamin Smith Lyman , who independently propounded it in 1894, it
344-469: A square sheet of paper whose sides may be of different colors, prints, or patterns. Traditional Japanese origami, which has been practiced since the Edo period (1603–1868), has often been less strict about these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to start with. The principles of origami are also used in stents , packaging , and other engineering applications. The word "origami"
430-436: A voiced consonant, even though the same morpheme starts with a voiceless consonant sound when used independently or as the first part of a compound. For example, kami ( 紙 , paper) starts with the voiceless consonant /k/ when used as an independent word, but this is replaced with the voiced consonant /ɡ/ when this morpheme is used as the second portion of the compound word origami . In modern Japanese, rendaku
516-631: A Buddhist monk named Gidō ( :ja:義道 ) in Ise Province , whose works were named and accompanied by kyōka (狂歌, comic tanka ) by author Akisato Ritō (秋里籬島). These pieces were far more technically advanced than their predecessors, suggesting that origami culture had become more sophisticated. Gido continued to produce origami after the publication of his book, leaving at least 158 highly skilled masterpieces for posterity. In 1976, Kuwana City in Mie Prefecture , Gido's hometown, designated 49 of
602-464: A catalog of gifts, and it came to refer to the catalog of gifts itself. These pictures show examples of various types of origami. Rendaku Rendaku ( 連濁 , Japanese pronunciation: [ɾendakɯᵝ] , lit. ' sequential voicing ' ) is a morphophonological phenomenon in Japanese where the second (or non-initial) portion of a compound or prefixed word starts with
688-438: A circle encloses the maximum amount of area for a given perimeter, circle packing allows for maximum efficiency in terms of paper usage. However, other polygonal shapes can be used to solve the packing problem as well. The use of polygonal shapes other than circles is often motivated by the desire to find easily locatable creases (such as multiples of 22.5 degrees) and hence an easier folding sequence as well. One popular offshoot of
774-514: A continuation and development of a tradition that began in the Muromachi period. A reference in a poem by Ihara Saikaku from 1680 describes the origami butterflies used during Shinto weddings to represent the bride and groom. It is not certain when play-made paper models, now commonly known as origami, began in Japan. However, the kozuka of a Japanese sword made by Gotō Eijō (後藤栄乗) between
860-413: A court in Japan has asserted that the folding method of an origami model "comprises an idea and not a creative expression, and thus is not protected under the copyright law". Further, the court stated that "the method to folding origami is in the public domain; one cannot avoid using the same folding creases or the same arrows to show the direction in which to fold the paper". Therefore, it is legal to redraw
946-433: A crease pattern can be folded into a 2-dimensional model) has been a topic of considerable mathematical study. A number of technological advances have come from insights obtained through paper folding. For example, techniques have been developed for the deployment of car airbags and stent implants from a folded position. The problem of rigid origami ("if we replaced the paper with sheet metal and had hinges in place of
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#17327985569461032-453: A dinner-table status symbol among nobility. However, some of the techniques and bases associated with this tradition continued to be a part of European culture; folding was a significant part of Friedrich Fröbel 's "Kindergarten" method, and the designs published in connection with his curriculum are stylistically similar to the napkin fold repertoire. Another example of early origami in Europe
1118-493: A flat square sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and sculpting techniques. Modern origami practitioners generally discourage the use of cuts, glue, or markings on the paper. Origami folders often use the Japanese word kirigami to refer to designs which use cuts. In the detailed Japanese classification, origami is divided into stylized ceremonial origami (儀礼折り紙, girei origami ) and recreational origami (遊戯折り紙, yūgi origami ), and only recreational origami
1204-443: A magazine for boys, frequently published articles on origami. Origami Zusetsu (折紙図説), published in 1908, clearly distinguished ceremonial origami from recreational origami. These books and magazines carried both the traditional Japanese style of origami and the style inspired by Fröbel. In the early 1900s, Akira Yoshizawa , Kosho Uchiyama , and others began creating and recording original origami works. Akira Yoshizawa in particular
1290-508: A new class, the sengoku-daimyō , who arose from the ranks of the shugodai and jizamurai . Among the sengoku daimyō ( 戦国大名 ) were many who had been shugo-daimyō , such as the Satake , Imagawa , Takeda , Toki , Rokkaku , Ōuchi , and Shimazu . New to the ranks of the daimyo were the Asakura , Amago , Nagao , Miyoshi , Chōsokabe , Hatano, and Oda . These came from the ranks of
1376-464: A new design, the majority of the smaller creases are relatively unimportant and added only towards the completion of the model. What is more important is the allocation of regions of the paper and how these are mapped to the structure of the object being designed. By opening up a folded model, you can observe the structures that comprise it; the study of these structures led to a number of crease-pattern-oriented design approaches The pattern of allocations
1462-474: A practice called sankin-kōtai . In 1869, the year after the Meiji Restoration, the daimyo, together with the kuge, formed a new aristocracy, the kazoku . In 1871, the han were abolished , and prefectures were established. In this year, around 200 daimyo returned their titles to the emperor, who consolidated their han into 75 prefectures. Their military forces were also demobilized, with
1548-451: A problem even to native speakers, particularly in Japanese names , where rendaku occurs or fails to occur often without obvious cause. In many cases, an identically written name may either have or not have rendaku , depending on the person. For example, 中田 may be read in a number of ways, including both Nakata and Nakada . In some cases, voicing of preceding consonants also occurs, as in sazanami ( 細波 , ripple) , which
1634-505: A renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding matter, both artistically and scientifically. The "new origami," which distinguishes it from old craft practices, has had a rapid evolution due to the contribution of computational mathematics and the development of techniques such as box-pleating , tessellations and wet-folding . Artists like Robert J. Lang , Erik Demaine , Sipho Mabona , Giang Dinh , Paul Jackson , and others, are frequently cited for advancing new applications of
1720-399: A spray is needed when wet folding. In addition to the more common still-life origami, there are also moving object designs; origami can move. Action origami includes origami that flies, requires inflation to complete, or, when complete, uses the kinetic energy of a person's hands, applied at a certain region on the model, to move another flap or limb. Some argue that, strictly speaking, only
1806-435: A stronger layer of paper fibers. With the development of Japanese papermaking technology and the widespread use of paper, folded paper began to be used for decorations and tools for religious ceremonies such as gohei , ōnusa ( ja:大麻 (神道) ) and shide at Shinto shrines . Religious decorations made of paper and the way gifts were wrapped in folded paper gradually became stylized and established as ceremonial origami. During
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#17327985569461892-405: A wide variety of models, for instance the bird base is an intermediate stage in the construction of the flapping bird. Additional bases are the preliminary base (square base), fish base, waterbomb base, and the frog base. Almost any laminar (flat) material can be used for folding; the only requirement is that it should hold a crease. Origami paper, often referred to as "kami" (Japanese for paper),
1978-439: Is a Japanese term for paper cutting. Cutting was often used in traditional Japanese origami, but modern innovations in technique have made the use of cuts unnecessary. Most origami designers no longer consider models with cuts to be origami, instead using the term Kirigami to describe them. This change in attitude occurred during the 1960s and 70s, so early origami books often use cuts, but for the most part they have disappeared from
2064-531: Is a compound of two smaller words: "ori" (root verb "oru"), meaning to fold, and "kami", meaning paper. Until recently, not all forms of paper folding were grouped under the word origami. Before that, paper folding for play was known by a variety of names, including "orikata" or "origata" (折形), "orisue" (折据), "orimono" (折物), "tatamigami" (畳紙) and others. Distinct paperfolding traditions arose in Europe, China, and Japan which have been well-documented by historians. These seem to have been mostly separate traditions, until
2150-505: Is called 'tategami' (竪紙), while the paper folded horizontally is called 'origami', and origami has a lower status than tategami. This style of letter began to be used at the end of the Heian period , and in the Kamakura period it was used as a complaint, and origami came to refer to the complaint itself. Furthermore, during the Muromachi period, origami was often used as a command document or
2236-418: Is called external sizing and most commonly uses Methylcellulose, or MC, paste, or various plant starches. Pureland origami adds the restrictions that only simple mountain/valley folds may be used, and all folds must have straightforward locations. It was developed by John Smith in the 1970s to help inexperienced folders or those with limited motor skills. Some designers also like the challenge of creating within
2322-400: Is common but at times unpredictable, with certain words unaffected by it. While kanji do not indicate rendaku , it is marked in kana with dakuten (voicing mark). The voiced obstruent consonants of modern Japanese go back to prenasalized voiced obstruents of Old Japanese . Rendaku may have originated from the fusion of consonants with preceding nasal sounds derived from reduction of
2408-405: Is credited to Dutch artist Tiny van der Plas, who developed the technique in 1992 as a papercraft art for embellishing greeting cards. It uses small square pieces of paper (e.g., a tea bag wrapper) bearing symmetrical designs that are folded in such a way that they interlock and produce a three-dimensional version of the underlying design. The basic kite fold is used to produce rosettes that are
2494-434: Is dampened so it can be moulded easily, and the final model keeps its shape when it dries. It can be used, for instance, to produce very natural looking animal models. Size, an adhesive that is crisp and hard when dry, but dissolves in water when wet and becoming soft and flexible, is often applied to the paper either at the pulp stage while the paper is being formed, or on the surface of a ready sheet of paper. The latter method
2580-411: Is generally recognized as origami. In Japan, ceremonial origami is generally called "origata" ( ja:折形 ) to distinguish it from recreational origami. The term "origata" is one of the old terms for origami. The small number of basic origami folds can be combined in a variety of ways to make intricate designs. The best-known origami model is the Japanese paper crane . In general, these designs begin with
2666-546: Is most commonly known as "3D origami". However, that name did not appear until Joie Staff published a series of books titled 3D Origami , More 3D Origami , and More and More 3D Origami . This style originated from some Chinese refugees while they were detained in America and is also called Golden Venture folding from the ship they came on. Wet-folding is an origami technique for producing models with gentle curves rather than geometric straight folds and flat surfaces. The paper
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2752-453: Is really a re-discovery. The Edo period linguists Kamo no Mabuchi (1765) and Motoori Norinaga (1767–1798) separately and independently identified the law during the 18th century. Similar to Lyman's law, it has been found that for some lexical items, rendaku does not manifest if there is a voiced obstruent near the morphemic boundary, including preceding the boundary. Rendaku also tends not to manifest in compounds which have
2838-446: Is referred to as the 'circle-packing' or 'polygon-packing'. Using optimization algorithms, a circle-packing figure can be computed for any uniaxial base of arbitrary complexity. Once this figure is computed, the creases which are then used to obtain the base structure can be added. This is not a unique mathematical process, hence it is possible for two designs to have the same circle-packing, and yet different crease pattern structures. As
2924-487: Is sold in prepackaged squares of various sizes ranging from 2.5 cm (1 in) to 25 cm (10 in) or more. It is commonly colored on one side and white on the other; however, dual coloured and patterned versions exist and can be used effectively for color-changed models. Origami paper weighs slightly less than copy paper, making it suitable for a wider range of models. Normal copy paper with weights of 70–90 g/m (19–24 lb) can be used for simple folds, such as
3010-475: Is the "pajarita," a stylized bird whose origins date from at least the nineteenth century. When Japan opened its borders in the 1860s, as part of a modernization strategy, they imported Fröbel's Kindergarten system—and with it, German ideas about paperfolding. This included the ban on cuts, and the starting shape of a bicolored square. These ideas, and some of the European folding repertoire, were integrated into
3096-428: Is thought that by this time, many people were familiar with origami for play, which modern people recognize as origami. During this period, origami was commonly called orikata (折形) or orisue (折据) and was often used as a pattern on kimonos and decorations. Hiden senbazuru orikata ( ja:秘傳千羽鶴折形 ) , published in 1797, is the oldest known technical book on origami for play. The book contains 49 origami pieces created by
3182-568: The Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集) compiled in the 900s and the characters in Chūshingura became popular, but today they are rarely used as subjects for origami. In Europe, there was a well-developed genre of napkin folding , which flourished during the 17th and 18th centuries. After this period, this genre declined and was mostly forgotten; historian Joan Sallas attributes this to the introduction of porcelain, which replaced complex napkin folds as
3268-858: The Mori of Chōshū , the Shimazu of Satsuma , the Date of Sendai , the Uesugi of Yonezawa , and the Hachisuka of Awa . Initially, the Tokugawa regarded them as potentially rebellious, but for most of the Edo period, control policies such as sankin-kōtai , resulted in peaceful relations. Daimyo were required to maintain residences in Edo as well as their fiefs, and to move periodically between Edo and their fiefs, typically spending alternate years in each place, in
3354-571: The Mōri , Shimazu and Hosokawa , were cadet branches of the Imperial family or were descended from the kuge , other daimyo were promoted from the ranks of the samurai , notably during the Edo period. Daimyo often hired samurai to guard their land, and paid them in land or food, as relatively few could afford to pay them in money. The daimyo era ended soon after the Meiji Restoration , with
3440-583: The Shiba , Hatakeyama , and Hosokawa clans , as well as the tozama clans of Yamana , Ōuchi , Takeda and Akamatsu . The greatest ruled multiple provinces. The Ashikaga shogunate required the shugo-daimyō to reside in Kyoto , so they appointed relatives or retainers, called shugodai , to represent them in their home provinces. Eventually, some of these in turn came to reside in Kyoto, appointing deputies in
3526-478: The crane and waterbomb. Heavier weight papers of 100 g/m (approx. 25 lb ) or more can be wet-folded . This technique allows for a more rounded sculpting of the model, which becomes rigid and sturdy when it is dry. Foil-backed paper, as its name implies, is a sheet of thin foil glued to a sheet of thin paper. Related to this is tissue foil, which is made by gluing a thin piece of tissue paper to kitchen aluminium foil . A second piece of tissue can be glued onto
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3612-599: The semantic value of "X and Y" (so-called dvandva or copulative compounds): Compare this to yama + kawa > yamagawa "mountain river". Rendaku is also blocked by what is called a "branching constraint". In a right-branching compound, the process is blocked in the left-branching elements: but The branching constraint analysis could be considered a violation of the Atom Condition, which states that "in lexical derivations from X, only features realized on X are accessible." An alternative view proposes that
3698-646: The shugodai and their deputies. Additional sengoku-daimyō such as the Mōri , Tamura , and Ryūzōji arose from the jizamurai . The lower officials of the shogunate and rōnin ( Late Hōjō , Saitō ), provincial officials (Kitabatake), and kuge (Tosa Ichijō) also gave rise to sengoku-daimyo . The Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 marked the beginning of the Edo period . Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu reorganized roughly 200 daimyo and their territories into han , which were assessed by rice production. Those heading han assessed at 10,000 koku (50,000 bushels) or more were considered daimyo. Ieyasu also categorized
3784-477: The 20th century. By the 7th century, paper had been introduced to Japan from China via the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese developed washi by improving the method of making paper in the Heian period . The papermaking technique developed in Japan around 805 to 809 was called nagashi-suki (流し漉き) , a method of adding mucilage to the process of the conventional tame-suki (溜め漉き) technique to form
3870-516: The Edo shogunate, some rising to the position of rōjū . The fact that fudai daimyo could hold government positions, while tozama in general could not, was a main difference between the two. Tozama daimyō held mostly large fiefs far away from the capital, with e.g. the Kaga han of Ishikawa Prefecture , headed by the Maeda clan , assessed at 1,000,000 koku . Other famous tozama clans included
3956-603: The Heian period, the Imperial court established a code of etiquette for wrapping money and goods used in ceremonies with folded paper, and a code of etiquette for wrapping gifts. In the Muromachi period from the 1300s to the 1400s, various forms of decorum were developed by the Ogasawara clan and Ise clans ( ja:伊勢氏 ), completing the prototype of Japanese folded-paper decorum that continues to this day. The Ise clan presided over
4042-422: The Japanese tradition. Before this, traditional Japanese sources use a variety of starting shapes, often had cuts, and if they had color or markings, these were added after the model was folded. In Japan, the first kindergarten was established in 1875, and origami was promoted as part of early childhood education. The kindergarten's 1877 regulations listed 25 activities, including origami subjects. Shōkokumin (小国民),
4128-452: The adoption of the prefecture system in 1871. The shugo daimyō ( 守護大名 ) were the first group of men to hold the title daimyō . They arose from among the shugo during the Muromachi period (approximately 1336–1573). The shugo-daimyo held not only military and police powers, but also economic power within a province . They accumulated these powers throughout the first decades of the Muromachi period. Major shugo-daimyō came from
4214-478: The art. The computational facet and the interchanges through social networks, where new techniques and designs are introduced, have raised the profile of origami in the 21st century. Many origami books begin with a description of basic origami techniques which are used to construct the models. This includes simple diagrams of basic folds like valley and mountain folds, pleats, reverse folds, squash folds, and sinks. There are also standard named bases which are used in
4300-517: The bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub ( Edgeworthia papyrifera ), or the paper mulberry but can also be made using bamboo , hemp , rice, and wheat. Artisan papers such as unryu, lokta, hanji, gampi, kozo, saa, and abaca have long fibers and are often extremely strong. As these papers are floppy to start with, they are often backcoated or resized with methylcellulose or wheat paste before folding. Also, these papers are extremely thin and compressible, allowing for thin, narrowed limbs as in
4386-432: The case of insect models. Paper money from various countries is also popular to create origami with; this is known variously as Dollar Origami, Orikane, and Money Origami. It is common to fold using a flat surface, but some folders like doing it in the air with no tools, especially when displaying the folding. Some folders believe that no tool should be used when folding. However a couple of tools can help especially with
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#17327985569464472-426: The circle packing method is box-pleating, where squares are used instead of circles. As a result, the crease pattern that arises from this method contains only 45 and 90 degree angles, which often makes for a more direct folding sequence. A number of computer aids to origami such as TreeMaker and Oripa, have been devised. TreeMaker allows new origami bases to be designed for special purposes and Oripa tries to calculate
4558-460: The crease lines, could we still fold the model?") has great practical importance. For example, the Miura map fold is a rigid fold that has been used to deploy large solar panel arrays for space satellites . Origami can be used to construct various geometrical designs not possible with compass and straightedge constructions . For instance paper folding may be used for angle trisection and doubling
4644-420: The cube . Technical origami, known in Japanese as origami sekkei ( 折り紙設計 ) , is an origami design approach in which the model is conceived as an engineered crease pattern , rather than developed through trial-and-error . With advances in origami mathematics, the basic structure of a new origami model can be theoretically plotted out on paper before any actual folding even occurs. This method of origami design
4730-595: The daimyo according to their relation to the ruling Tokugawa family: the shinpan were related to the Tokugawa; the fudai had been vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in battle; and the tozama had not allied with the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara (did not necessarily fight against the Tokugawa). The shinpan were collaterals of Ieyasu, such as the Matsudaira , or descendants of Ieyasu other than in
4816-717: The daimyo and their samurai followers pensioned into retirement. The move to abolish the feudal domains effectively ended the daimyo era in Japan. This was effectively carried out through the financial collapse of the feudal-domain governments, hampering their capability for resistance. In the wake of the changes, many daimyo remained in control of their lands, being appointed as prefectural governors ; however, they were soon relieved of this duty and called en masse to Tokyo, thereby cutting off any independent base of power from which to potentially rebel. Despite this, members of former daimyo families remained prominent in government and society, and in some cases continue to remain prominent to
4902-490: The decorum of the inside of the palace of the Ashikaga Shogunate , and in particular, Ise Sadachika ( ja:伊勢貞親 ) during the reign of the eighth Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimasa (足利義政), greatly influenced the development of the decorum of the daimyo and samurai classes, leading to the development of various stylized forms of ceremonial origami. The shapes of ceremonial origami created in this period were geometric, and
4988-473: The degree to which this can be enforced has been disputed. Under such a view, a person who folds a model using a legally obtained design could publicly display the model unless such rights were specifically reserved, whereas folding a design for money or commercial use of a photo for instance would require consent. The Origami Authors and Creators group was set up to represent the copyright interests of origami artists and facilitate permissions requests. However,
5074-563: The end of the 1500s and the beginning of the 1600s was decorated with a picture of a crane made of origami, and it is believed that origami for play existed by the Sengoku period or the early Edo period. In 1747, during the Edo period , a book titled Ranma zushiki (欄間図式) was published, which contained various designs of the ranma ( ja:欄間 ), a decoration of Japanese architecture . This included origami of various designs, including paper models of cranes, which are still well known today. It
5160-460: The first category of compounds, but not in the second. (Whatever its origin, by the Old Japanese period rendaku had already become a grammatical process distinct from constructions with no or ni , as shown by the occurrence of forms such as nadori "your bird", where a phrase with no would be ungrammatical, since the genitive of the pronoun na "you" was always formed with
5246-481: The folded shape from the crease pattern. Copyright in origami designs and the use of models has become an increasingly important issue in the origami community, as the internet has made the sale and distribution of pirated designs very easy. It is considered good etiquette to always credit the original artist and the folder when displaying origami models. It has been claimed that all commercial rights to designs and models are typically reserved by origami artists; however,
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#17327985569465332-502: The folding instructions of a model of another author even if the redrawn instructions share similarities to the original ones, as long as those similarities are "functional in nature". The redrawn instructions may be published (and even sold) without necessity of any permission from the original author. From a global perspective, the term 'origami' refers to the folding of paper to shape objects for entertainment purposes, but it has historically been used in various ways in Japan. For example,
5418-872: The following words: In some cases, rendaku varies depending on syntax. For instance, the suffix tōri ( 〜通り , "road, following") , from tōru ( 通る , "to go, to follow") , is pronounced as -tōri ( 〜とおり ) following the perfective verb , as in omotta-tōri ( 思った通り , "as I thought") , but is pronounced as -dōri ( 〜どおり , with rendaku ) when following a noun, as in yotei-dōri ( 予定通り , "as planned, according to schedule") or, semantically differently – more concretely – Muromachi-dōri ( 室町通 , " Muromachi Street ") . Rendaku occurs not only on single-root elements, but also "multi-root" elements, those that are themselves composed of smaller elements. These morphemes may be of Chinese origin (see kango ) or more recent loanwords (see gairaigo ) rather than strictly native. For certain morphemes that begin with
5504-447: The form of prenasalized voicing. This prenasalized sound production was not uniform at all, and depending on the speakers and the words pronounced, significant variations were observed. There was a relationship between the rate of prenasalized voicing and the speakers’ age: older individuals display it at a higher rate than younger individuals. On the other hand, differences in the speakers’ gender and socioeconomic status did not affect
5590-564: The genitive postpositional particle no ( の ) or the dative postpositional particle ni ( に ) : for example, according to this hypothesis, a form such as yamadori ( やまどり , copper pheasant) might go back to an original yama-no-tori "mountain- GEN bird". This explanation could help account for why rendaku is not found consistently in all compound words: if some compounds were originally formed with no or ni , but others were formed with simple juxtaposition of two roots, then rendaku would be expected to have arisen only in
5676-743: The genre in the origami mainstream. Around the same time period, Ron Resch patented some tessellation patterns as part of his explorations into kinetic sculpture and developable surfaces, although his work was not known by the origami community until the 1980s. Chris Palmer is an artist who has extensively explored tessellations after seeing the Zilij patterns in the Alhambra , and has found ways to create detailed origami tessellations out of silk. Robert Lang and Alex Bateman are two designers who use computer programs to create origami tessellations. The first international convention devoted to origami tessellations
5762-445: The individual pieces are simple, but the final assembly may be more difficult. Many modular origami models are decorative folding balls such as kusudama , which differ from classical origami in that the pieces may be held together using thread or glue. Chinese paper folding , a cousin of origami, includes a similar style called golden venture folding where large numbers of pieces are put together to create elaborate models. This style
5848-420: The inscription on the nakago was genuine or not, and what the price was, and then issuing origami with the results written on it. This has led to the Japanese word 'origami tsuki' (折り紙付き) meaning 'origami is attached' meaning that the quality of the object or the ability of the person is sufficiently high. The term 'origami' also referred to a specific style of old documents in Japan. The paper folded vertically
5934-418: The latter is really "recognized" as action origami. Action origami, first appearing with the traditional Japanese flapping bird, is quite common. One example is Robert Lang 's instrumentalists; when the figures' heads are pulled away from their bodies, their hands will move, resembling the playing of music. Modular origami consists of putting a number of identical pieces together to form a complete model. Often
6020-548: The main line of succession. Several shinpan , including the Tokugawa of Owari ( Nagoya ), Kii ( Wakayama ), and Mito , as well as the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu , held large han . A few fudai daimyō , such as the Ii of Hikone , held large han, but many were small. The shogunate placed many fudai at strategic locations to guard the trade routes and the approaches to Edo . Also, many fudai daimyo took positions in
6106-564: The methods described in the Hiden senbazuru orikata as Intangible Cultural Properties of Kuwana City . Kuwana City has also certified qualified persons who are able to correctly produce these works and have in-depth knowledge of the art. Kuwana City has published some of the origami production methods on YouTube . From the late Edo period to the Bakumatu period , origami that imitated the six legendary Japanese poets, rokkasen (六歌仙) listed in
6192-549: The modern origami repertoire, and most modern books do not even mention cutting. Strip folding is a combination of paper folding and paper weaving. A common example of strip folding is called the Lucky Star, also called Chinese lucky star, dream star, wishing star, or simply origami star. Another common fold is the Moravian Star which is made by strip folding in 3-dimensional design to include 16 spikes. Teabag folding
6278-585: The morae chi ( ち ) and tsu ( つ ), their rendaku forms begin with the morae ji and zu , spelled in hiragana as ぢ and づ , which explains the use of these kana in contrast to the identically pronounced じ and ず (see yotsugana ). This is not a strict rule, however, and is relaxed in certain older compounds or names, especially those that are not easily recognized as compounds. Rendaku occurs not only in compound nouns, but also in compounds with adjectives, verbs or continuative/nominal forms of verbs. In many Tohoku dialects , rendaku can be expressed in
6364-414: The more complex models. For instance a bone folder allows sharp creases to be made in the paper easily, paper clips can act as extra pairs of fingers, and tweezers can be used to make small folds. When making complex models from origami crease patterns , it can help to use a ruler and ballpoint embosser to score the creases. Completed models can be sprayed so that they keep their shape better, and
6450-577: The particle ga . ) Native Japanese words do not begin with a voiced obstruent or sibilant (b, d, g, z, etc.). However, after the 4th century, Japan started borrowing words and characters from Chinese. Since many Chinese words begin with voiced consonants, applying rendaku to those words would cause ambiguity (compare 試験 shiken "examination" with 事件 jiken "incident"). Compound words consisting of purely Chinese words tend not to exhibit rendaku, unlike compounds consisting of native Japanese words, but there are many exceptions. Rendaku can be seen in
6536-544: The process applies cyclically. This could be seen as the voicing between hashi and ire staying unrealized but still activating Lyman's Law. Despite a number of rules which have been formulated to help explain the distribution of the effect of rendaku , there still remain many examples of words in which rendaku manifests in ways currently unpredictable. Some instances are linked with a lexical property as noted above but others may obey laws yet to be discovered. Rendaku thus remains partially unpredictable, sometimes presenting
6622-609: The provinces. The Ōnin War was a major uprising in which shugo-daimyō fought each other. During this and other wars of the time, kuni ikki , or provincial uprisings, took place as locally powerful warriors sought independence from the shugo-daimyo . The deputies of the shugo-daimyō , living in the provinces, seized the opportunity to strengthen their position. At the end of the fifteenth century, those shugo-daimyō who succeeded remained in power. Those who had failed to exert control over their deputies fell from power and were replaced by
6708-597: The rate of prenasalized voicing. For example, “[kata] ‘shoulder’ and [haka] ‘tomb’ are pronounced [kada] and [haga]” in Tohoku dialect. The extensive examples of allophonic variation in the Tohoku dialect are as follows: Research into defining the range of situations affected by rendaku has largely been limited to finding circumstances (outlined below) which cause the phenomenon not to manifest. Lyman's law states that there can be no more than one voiced obstruent (a consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow) within
6794-421: The reverse side to produce a tissue/foil/tissue sandwich. Foil-backed paper is available commercially, but not tissue foil; it must be handmade. Both types of foil materials are suitable for complex models. Washi ( 和紙 ) is the traditional origami paper used in Japan. Washi is generally tougher than ordinary paper made from wood pulp, and is used in many traditional arts. Washi is commonly made using fibres from
6880-424: The shapes of noshi to be attached to gifts at feasts and weddings, and origami that imitated butterflies to be displayed on sake vessels, were quite different from those of later generations of recreational origami whose shapes captured the characteristics of real objects and living things. The "noshi" wrapping, and the folding of female and male butterflies, which are still used for weddings and celebrations, are
6966-462: The term 'origami' also refers to the certificate of authenticity that accompanies a Japanese sword or tea utensil. The people of the Hon'ami clan, who were the authority on Japanese sword appraisal from the Muromachi period to the Edo period , responded to the requests of the shogun , daimyo and samurai by appraising Japanese swords, determining when and by which school the sword was made, whether
7052-463: The very strict constraints. Origami tessellation is a branch that has grown in popularity after 2000. A tessellation is a collection of figures filling a plane with no gaps or overlaps. In origami tessellations, pleats are used to connect molecules such as twist folds together in a repeating fashion. During the 1960s, Shuzo Fujimoto was the first to explore twist fold tessellations in any systematic way, coming up with dozens of patterns and establishing
7138-409: Was developed by Robert Lang , Meguro Toshiyuki and others, and allows for the creation of extremely complex multi-limbed models such as many-legged centipedes, human figures with a full complement of fingers and toes, and the like. The crease pattern is a layout of the creases required to form the structure of the model. Paradoxically enough, when origami designers come up with a crease pattern for
7224-481: Was formerly sasa-nami. This is rare and irregular, however. Native speakers usually (1.3% compared to 10% of all Sino-Japanese words) do not apply rendaku to compounds with clusters of voiced nasals and unvoiced obstruents. Daimyo From the shugo of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku period to the daimyo of the Edo period , the rank had a long and varied history. The backgrounds of daimyo also varied considerably; while some daimyo clans, notably
7310-549: Was hosted in Brasília (Brazil) in 2006, and the first instruction book on tessellation folding patterns was published by Eric Gjerde in 2008. Since then, the field has grown very quickly. Tessellation artists include Polly Verity (Scotland); Joel Cooper, Christine Edison, Ray Schamp and Goran Konjevod from the US; Roberto Gretter (Italy); Christiane Bettens (Switzerland); Carlos Natan López (Mexico); and Jorge C. Lucero (Brazil). Kirigami
7396-461: Was responsible for a number of innovations, such as wet-folding and the Yoshizawa–Randlett diagramming system , and his work inspired a renaissance of the art form. During the 1980s a number of folders started systematically studying the mathematical properties of folded forms, which led to a rapid increase in the complexity of origami models. Starting in the late 20th century, there has been
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