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25-526: Ostankinsky District , also called simply Ostankino , is an administrative district ( raion ) of North-Eastern Administrative Okrug , and one of the 125 raions of Moscow , Russia . VDNH exhibition center and Ostankino Tower , the tallest structure in Europe, are located in Ostankinsky. The district is served by Moscow Monorail . Ostankinsky district is named after Ostankino village, which existed on

50-1011: A city not related to the administrative division of the country as a whole, or, in the case of Sofia municipality a subdivision of that municipality . The word raion is derived from French rayon , which is itself derived from Frankish * hrātu 'honeycomb'. It is used in many languages spanning Central Europe to Central Asia and Siberia . For instance, Azerbaijani : rayon ; Belarusian : раён , romanized :  rajon ; Bulgarian : район , romanized :  rajon ; Georgian : რაიონი , romanized : raioni ; German : Rayon ; Ingrian : raijona ; Latvian : rajons ; Lithuanian : rajonas ; Polish : rejon ; Romanian : raion ; Russian : район , romanized :  raion ; Turkish : reyon ; Ukrainian : район , romanized :  rajon ; Uyghur : رايون , romanized :  rayon ; and Yakut : оройуон , romanized:  oroyuon . Fourteen countries have or had entities that were named "raion" or

75-523: A large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian . Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic , Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony . Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor , Tuvan and Dolgan . Like most Turkic languages , Yakut has vowel harmony ,

100-464: A park and palace complex. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union it gained even more fame with its television tower and television centre. Raion A raion is a standardized administrative entity across most of the former Soviet Union and is usually a subdivision two steps below the national level, such as a subdivision of an oblast . However, in smaller USSR republics, it could be

125-541: A part of the Soviet administrative reform and continued through 1929, by which time the majority of the country's territory was divided into raions instead of the old volosts and uyezds . The concept of raionirovanie was met with resistance in some republics, especially in Ukraine , where local leaders objected to the concept of raions as being too centralized in nature and ignoring the local customs. This point of view

150-516: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender . Word order is usually subject–object–verb . Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages . Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early. Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low and many cognate words are hard to notice when heard. Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for

175-471: Is a Turkic language belonging to Siberian Turkic branch and spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia) , a federal republic in the Russian Federation . The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian ). There is also

200-436: Is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt . Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic , and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in

225-422: Is divided into seven districts. In Belarus , raions ( Belarusian : раён, rajon ) are administrative units subordinated to oblasts . See also: Category:Districts of Belarus . In Bulgaria , raions are subdivisions of three biggest cities: Sofia , Plovdiv and Varna . Sofia is subdivided to 24 raions ( Sofia districts ), Plovdiv - 6, Varna - 5 raions. In Ukraine , there are a total of 136 raions which are

250-764: Is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern: Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel). Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m : as in (a): aat- ïm name- POSS . 1SG aat- ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name' et- im meat- POSS . 1SG et- im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat' uol- um son- POSS . 1SG uol- um son-POSS.1SG 'my son' üüt- üm milk- POSS . 1SG üüt- üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk' The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A

275-660: The Yakut language during the 2002 census . Yakut has the following consonants phonemes , where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses. Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages . Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants . Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have

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300-519: The administrative divisions of oblasts (provinces) and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea . Major cities of regional significance as well as the two national cities with special status ( Kyiv and Sevastopol ) are also subdivided into raions (constituting a total of 118 nationwide). Yakut language Yakut ( / j ə ˈ k uː t / yə- KOOT ), also known as Yakutian , Sakha , Saqa or Saxa (Yakut: саха тыла ),

325-667: The below section ). There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [ t ] -final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'your [pl.] horse', > appït 'our horse'. Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan h uoq and Yakut s uox, both meaning "not"). The historical change of *s > h , known as debuccalization ,

350-418: The following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'your [pl.] child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut , 'our child'), -TA ( partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LArA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and

375-577: The local version of it. In the Soviet Union , raions were administrative divisions created in the 1920s to reduce the number of territorial divisions inherited from the Russian Empire and to simplify their bureaucracies. The process of conversion to the system of raions was called raionirovanie ("regionalization"). It was started in 1923 in the Urals , North Caucasus , and Siberia as

400-517: The native script bold and romanization in italics: Like other Turkic languages , a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony . Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин ( kelin ) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family. Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in

425-401: The palatal nasal / ɲ / . Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation , both progressive and regressive. All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs . For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G , B , T , and L . Examples of each are provided in

450-418: The preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels. There are two main rules of vowel harmony: The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut

475-403: The primary level of administrative division. After the fall of the Soviet Union , some of the republics kept the raion (e.g. Azerbaijan , Belarus , Ukraine , Russia , Moldova , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan ) while others dropped it (e.g. Georgia , Uzbekistan , Estonia , Latvia , Armenia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan ). In Bulgaria , it refers to an internal administrative subdivision of

500-544: The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic , such as the preservation of long vowels. Despite all the aberrant features of Sakha (i.e. Yakut), it is still considered to belong to Common Turkic (in contrast to Chuvash ). Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic . It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation , Turkey , and other parts of

525-622: The related Goidelic languages ( Irish , Scottish , and Manx ). Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme / s / becomes [ h ] . For example the /s/ in кыыс ( kïïs ) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels: kïï s girl > > kïï h -ïm girl- POSS . 1SG kïï s > kïï h -ïm girl > girl-POSS.1SG 'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter' Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels, and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme, as well as

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550-579: The site before urbanization. Its name literally means 'remains'; however, despite popular misconception, it was not built on a graveyard. 16th-century sources refer to the village as Ostashkovo , from the Christian name Eustachy . As a populated place Ostankino has been known at least since the Russian Time of Troubles , but it is better associated with the Sheremetiev estate in the form of

575-669: The term is used in Uyghur in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Romania they have been later replaced. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, raions as administrative units continue to be used in Azerbaijan , Belarus , Moldova , Russia , and Ukraine . They are also used in breakaway regions: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria. In Georgia they exist as districts in Tbilisi. Abkhazia

600-548: The world. Dolgan , a close relative of Yakut, which formerly was considered by some a dialect of Yakut, is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region . Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans , Evenks , Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of

625-573: Was backed by the Soviet Russian People's Commissariat of Nationalities . Nevertheless, eventually all of the territory of the Soviet Union was regionalized. Soviet raions had self-governance in the form of an elected district council ( raysovet ) and were headed by the local head of administration, who was either elected or appointed. Following the model of the Soviet Union, raions were introduced in Bulgaria and Romania. In China

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