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30-551: The Osgoode Hall Law Journal ( ISSN   0030-6185 ) is a law review affiliated with Osgoode Hall Law School of York University , Toronto, Canada . It has been publishing continuously since 1958. This article about a journal on law and legal issues is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . ISSN (identifier) The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) international standard in 1971 and published as ISO 3297 in 1975. ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9

60-702: A 977 "country code" (compare the 978 country code (" bookland ") for ISBNs ), followed by the 7 main digits of the ISSN (the check digit is not included), followed by 2 publisher-defined digits, followed by the EAN check digit (which need not match the ISSN check digit). ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris . The International Centre

90-632: Is C =5. To calculate the check digit, the following algorithm may be used: 0 ⋅ 8 + 3 ⋅ 7 + 7 ⋅ 6 + 8 ⋅ 5 + 5 ⋅ 4 + 9 ⋅ 3 + 5 ⋅ 2 = 0 + 21 + 42 + 40 + 20 + 27 + 10 = 160 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&0\cdot 8+3\cdot 7+7\cdot 6+8\cdot 5+5\cdot 4+9\cdot 3+5\cdot 2\\&=0+21+42+40+20+27+10\\&=160\;.\end{aligned}}} The remainder of this sum modulo 11

120-432: Is a standard label for "Print ISSN", the ISSN for the print media (paper) version of a serial. Usually it is the "default media" and so the "default ISSN". e-ISSN (or eISSN ) is a standard label for "Electronic ISSN", the ISSN for the electronic media (online) version of a serial. Remainder In mathematics , the remainder is the amount "left over" after performing some computation. In arithmetic ,

150-480: Is an intergovernmental organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. ISSN-L is a unique identifier for all versions of the serial containing the same content across different media. As defined by ISO 3297:2007 , the "linking ISSN (ISSN-L)" provides a mechanism for collocation or linking among the different media versions of the same continuing resource. The ISSN-L

180-422: Is called the least absolute remainder . As with the quotient and remainder, k and s are uniquely determined, except in the case where d = 2 n and s = ± n . For this exception, we have: A unique remainder can be obtained in this case by some convention—such as always taking the positive value of s . In the division of 43 by 5, we have: so 3 is the least positive remainder. We also have that: and −2

210-432: Is left after subtracting one number from another, although this is more precisely called the difference . This usage can be found in some elementary textbooks; colloquially it is replaced by the expression "the rest" as in "Give me two dollars back and keep the rest." However, the term "remainder" is still used in this sense when a function is approximated by a series expansion , where the error expression ("the rest")

240-475: Is not freely available for interrogation on the web, but is available by subscription. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books . An ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a serial title, containing no information as to

270-423: Is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition (see modulo operation ). While there are no difficulties inherent in the definitions, there are implementation issues that arise when negative numbers are involved in calculating remainders. Different programming languages have adopted different conventions. For example: Euclidean division of polynomials

300-404: Is obtained from the least positive remainder by subtracting 5, which is d . This holds in general. When dividing by d , either both remainders are positive and therefore equal, or they have opposite signs. If the positive remainder is r 1 , and the negative one is r 2 , then When a and d are floating-point numbers , with d non-zero, a can be divided by d without remainder, with

330-476: Is one of a serial's existing ISSNs, so does not change the use or assignment of "ordinary" ISSNs; it is based on the ISSN of the first published medium version of the publication. If the print and online versions of the publication are published at the same time, the ISSN of the print version is chosen as the basis of the ISSN-L . With ISSN-L is possible to designate one single ISSN for all those media versions of

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360-431: Is referred to as the remainder term . Given an integer a and a non-zero integer d , it can be shown that there exist unique integers q and r , such that a = qd  +  r and 0 ≤  r  < | d | . The number q is called the quotient , while r is called the remainder . (For a proof of this result, see Euclidean division . For algorithms describing how to calculate

390-465: Is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the same content is published in more than one media type , a different ISSN is assigned to each media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media . The ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN ( p-ISSN ) and electronic ISSN ( e-ISSN ). Consequently, as defined in ISO 3297:2007, every serial in

420-422: Is the least absolute remainder. These definitions are also valid if d is negative, for example, in the division of 43 by −5, and 3 is the least positive remainder, while, and −2 is the least absolute remainder. In the division of 42 by 5, we have: and since 2 < 5/2, 2 is both the least positive remainder and the least absolute remainder. In these examples, the (negative) least absolute remainder

450-490: Is then calculated: 160 11 = 14  remainder  6 = 14 + 6 11 {\displaystyle {\frac {160}{11}}=14{\mbox{ remainder }}6=14+{\frac {6}{11}}} If there is no remainder, the check digit is 0; otherwise the remainder is subtracted from 11. If the result is less than 10, it yields the check digit: 11 − 6 = 5 . {\displaystyle 11-6=5\;.} Thus, in this example,

480-441: Is very similar to Euclidean division of integers and leads to polynomial remainders. Its existence is based on the following theorem: Given two univariate polynomials a ( x ) and b ( x ) (where b ( x ) is a non-zero polynomial) defined over a field (in particular, the reals or complex numbers ), there exist two polynomials q ( x ) (the quotient ) and r ( x ) (the remainder ) which satisfy: where where "deg(...)" denotes

510-590: The digital object identifier (DOI), an ISSN-independent initiative, consolidated in the 2000s. Only later, in 2007, ISSN-L was defined in the new ISSN standard (ISO 3297:2007) as an "ISSN designated by the ISSN Network to enable collocation or versions of a continuing resource linking among the different media". An ISSN can be encoded as a uniform resource name (URN) by prefixing it with " urn:ISSN: ". For example, Rail could be referred to as " urn:ISSN:0953-4563 ". URN namespaces are case-sensitive, and

540-401: The print and electronic media versions of a serial need separate ISSNs, and CD-ROM versions and web versions require different ISSNs. However, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats (e.g. PDF and HTML ) of the same online serial. This "media-oriented identification" of serials made sense in the 1970s. In the 1990s and onward, with personal computers, better screens, and

570-673: The publisher or its location . For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change. Since the ISSN applies to an entire serial, other identifiers have been built on top of it to allow references to specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable components (like the table of contents ): the Publisher Item Identifier (PII) and the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI). Separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media (except reproduction microforms ). Thus,

600-597: The ISSN namespace is all caps. If the checksum digit is "X" then it is always encoded in uppercase in a URN. The URNs are content-oriented , but ISSN is media-oriented: A unique URN for serials simplifies the search, recovery and delivery of data for various services including, in particular, search systems and knowledge databases . ISSN-L (see Linking ISSN above) was created to fill this gap. The two standard categories of media in which serials are most available are print and electronic . In metadata contexts (e.g., JATS ), these may have standard labels. p-ISSN

630-451: The ISSN system is also assigned a linking ISSN ( ISSN-L ), typically the same as the ISSN assigned to the serial in its first published medium, which links together all ISSNs assigned to the serial in every medium. An ISSN is an eight-digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers. The last digit, which may be zero through nine or an X, is a check digit , so the ISSN is uniquely represented by its first seven digits. Formally,

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660-478: The Web, it makes sense to consider only content , independent of media. This "content-oriented identification" of serials was a repressed demand during a decade, but no ISSN update or initiative occurred. A natural extension for ISSN, the unique-identification of the articles in the serials, was the main demand application. An alternative serials' contents model arrived with the indecs Content Model and its application,

690-460: The check digit C is 5. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by their position in the number, counting from the right. (If the check digit is X, add 10 to the sum.) The remainder of the sum modulo 11 must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, based on the above algorithm. ISSNs can be encoded in EAN-13 bar codes with

720-467: The degree of the polynomial (the degree of the constant polynomial whose value is always 0 can be defined to be negative, so that this degree condition will always be valid when this is the remainder). Moreover, q ( x ) and r ( x ) are uniquely determined by these relations. This differs from the Euclidean division of integers in that, for the integers, the degree condition is replaced by the bounds on

750-405: The general form of the ISSN (also named "ISSN structure" or "ISSN syntax") can be expressed as follows: where N is in the set { 0,1,2,...,9 }, a decimal digit character, and C is in { 0,1,2,...,9,X }; or by a Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) regular expression : For example, the ISSN of the journal Hearing Research , is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, that

780-442: The quotient being another floating-point number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient q and a unique floating-point remainder r such that a  =  qd  +  r with 0 ≤  r  < | d |. Extending the definition of remainder for floating-point numbers, as described above,

810-410: The remainder r (non-negative and less than the divisor, which insures that r is unique.) The similarity between Euclidean division for integers and that for polynomials motivates the search for the most general algebraic setting in which Euclidean division is valid. The rings for which such a theorem exists are called Euclidean domains , but in this generality, uniqueness of the quotient and remainder

840-402: The remainder is the integer "left over" after dividing one integer by another to produce an integer quotient ( integer division ). In algebra of polynomials, the remainder is the polynomial "left over" after dividing one polynomial by another. The modulo operation is the operation that produces such a remainder when given a dividend and divisor. Alternatively, a remainder is also what

870-477: The remainder, see division algorithm .) The remainder, as defined above, is called the least positive remainder or simply the remainder . The integer a is either a multiple of d , or lies in the interval between consecutive multiples of d , namely, q⋅d and ( q + 1) d (for positive q ). In some occasions, it is convenient to carry out the division so that a is as close to an integral multiple of d as possible, that is, we can write In this case, s

900-646: The title. The use of ISSN-L facilitates search, retrieval and delivery across all media versions for services like OpenURL , library catalogues , search engines or knowledge bases . The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, the ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), otherwise known as the ISSN Register . At the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. The Register

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