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54-537: The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire ( Turkish : Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam ( Sadrazam ); Ottoman Turkish : صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم ) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire , with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution . He held

108-425: A decline of the power of the sultanate. The continued weakening of the sultanate contributed to the strengthening of provincial powers. The Edirne Incident strengthened the power of both the janissaries and the kadis. The janissaries’ power over the sultan was demonstrated not only through their attack, but also through their ability to economically manipulate Sultan Ahmed III. The kadis’ revealed their power over

162-535: A dominating power in Central and Eastern Europe and began to take a defensive position to its Christian neighbors.” After the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz , Sultan Mustafa II retreated to Edirne and “left political and administrative affairs to Seyhulislam Feyzullah Efendi.” The Sultan’s move to Edirne in 1701 was a political attempt to shield the effects of the treaty from the public. The Sultan’s absence and

216-417: A group of representatives to Edirne, Feyzullah Efendi jailed them. This provoked the rebels, and they began to march to Edirne. The sultan announced that he had deposed Feyzullah Efendi. But it was too late and the rebels decided to dethrone Mustafa II . The sultan tried to form a defense line at the outskirts of Edirne. But even the sultan's soldiers joined the rebels. "Military confrontation outside of Edirne

270-486: A region for a lifetime, the central government maintained regional support because the regional elite became dependent on the central government. “Very quickly, by 1703, these lifetime tax farms had spread and came into wide use in the Balkan , Anatolian , and Arab provinces alike” (Ottoman Empire 1700–1922, p. 48). Nonetheless, the transition from yearly to lifetime terms did not benefit the economy. Only about one-fifth of

324-692: A significant amount of territory to the Habsburgs and the Venetians. The Habsburgs gained Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania from the Ottomans. The Venetians received Dalmatia and Morea . The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth gained Podolia . These territorial losses had drastic effects on the geopolitical power of the Ottoman Empire. “With the Treaty of Karlowitz, the Ottoman Empire ceased to be

378-459: Is called fetva . The clergy or ulema (Arabic plural for knowledgeable person) were all Sunni Muslims. At the head stood the seyhulislam (chief mufti) appointed by the sultan and paid a state salary like the rest of the ulema, who received a stream of requests from central government to certify (usually in the form of a written judgement or Fatwa) that proposed government action conformed to Sharia law. On 22 August 1703, Mustafa II

432-484: The kul system. Often, the men who were chosen had a Byzantine or Balkan background. According to Gábor, this was usually a political move, designed to appease powerful European factions to Ottoman supremacy. In fact, it was easier for the sultan to control an enslaved and non-Turk administrator. In the Ottoman Empire, executing a Grand Vizier of Turkish origin (in the event they were rebellious) and an enslaved foreigner would also give rise to different reactions. Further,

486-594: The Dutch Republic . The Ottomans had been desperate to end the war after “the army under the sultan was annihilated by Eugene of Savoy in open field confrontations” ( Battle of Zenta ). The treaty outlines the post-war agreements between the Ottomans, the Venetians, the Poles and the Habsburgs . A peace treaty with Russia was not signed until July 1700. The Treaty of Karlowitz forced the Ottomans to surrender

540-543: The Grand National Assembly voted to abolish the Sultanate . Ahmet Tevfik Pasha was the last grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, and resigned from the premiership on November 4, 1922, without a replacement. [REDACTED] (1920–1923) (1880–1943) Grand vizier Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin in the Ottoman Empire. However, after there were troubles between

594-639: The devshirme were less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state. Grand Viziers gained immense political supremacy in the later days of the Ottoman Empire. Power was centralized in the position of the Grand Vizier during the Köprülü era . Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was a powerful political figure during

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648-406: The ulema . These groups were frustrated with the sultan's attempt to mask the loss political legitimacy and the rise of Seyhulislam Feyzullah Efendi . With the support of other army units as well as some Constantinople citizens and most ulema (religious leaders), the rebels plundered the houses of the senior government officers and began controlling the capital for several weeks. Although they sent

702-570: The Battle of Delhi (1737), and negotiated peace after the occupation of the Mughal Empire by the forces of Nader Shah . He fell in battle after being struck by a stray artillery shell, in battle against Afghan forces in the year 1748. After defeating Ahmad Shah Durrani , the new Mughal emperor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur , posted Safdarjung , Nawab of Oudh as Mughal Grand Vizier, Feroze Jung III as Mir Bakshi and Muin ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu) ,

756-604: The Grand Vizier". After the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, the Grand Viziers came to assume a role more like that of the prime ministers of contemporary Western monarchies. Forty nine Grand Viziers of Albanian ethnicity served the empire during the Ottoman period and most of them were southern Albanians ( Tosks ). Bairam Khan was the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, who led

810-524: The Janissaries swore allegiance to the new sultan was a theatrical gesture masking the real power of the corps to control events in the imperial capital.” As a result of the Edirne Incident, Mustafa II was removed from power. Mustafa II was not physically harmed by the rebels. After he was removed from the sultanate , he “spent the remainder of his life secluded in the palace”. Mustafa II

864-736: The Marathas had already expanded up to the Narmada River , and entrenched themselves in that region thereafter. Baji Rao I later instigated war by collecting Chauth in 1723, and trying to expand Maratha rule in the Deccan and beyond, causing the outbreak of the Later Mughal-Maratha Wars . Qamaruddin Khan was handpicked to be the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, by Asaf Jah I. He successfully repelled Baji Rao I during

918-625: The Ottoman Empire, especially during and after the 19th century, the grand vizier began to hold a position almost identical to that of a prime minister in other European states. Reforms seen during and after the Tanzimat (1838), the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878), and the Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920) further brought the office of the grand vizier in line with the European standard, making

972-493: The Ottomanist Colin Imber writes, the sultan "had closer contact with the pages of the privy chamber, the kapi agha , the kizlar agha or with other courtiers than he did with the Grand Vizier, and these too could petition the sultan on their own or somebody else’s behalf. He might, too, be more inclined to take the advice of his mother, a concubine, or the head gardener at the helm of the royal barge, than of

1026-647: The Ottomans in the early 14th century, by the Seljuks of Anatolia. During the nascent phases of the Ottoman state , "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" (French spelling: grand-vézir ) was Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder . The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more frequently used title of vezir-ı a’zam ( وزیر اعظم )

1080-464: The State"), serdar-ı ekrem ( سردار اكرم , "most noble [commander-in-]chief"), serdar-ı a’zam ( سردار اعظم , "grand [commander-in-]chief") and zât-ı âsafî ( ذات آصفی , "vizieral person"). Halil Pasha the Elder reformed the role of the vizier in several ways. Several viziers before him held an equivalent, but differently named office; he was the first who held the position of "Grand Vizier", during

1134-415: The Treaty of Karlowitz and his expulsion from power all contributed to the general decline of the sultanate as an institution. “While in the sixteenth century or even the early seventeenth century, the power of the sultans had been respected and even feared, this was no longer true after the numerous Ottoman defeats in the wars of 1683–1718.” The economic manipulation of Sultan Ahmed III also demonstrated

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1188-588: The Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger and Sultan Mehmed II (who had him executed), there was a rise of slave administrators ( devshirme ). These were much easier for the sultans to control, as compared to the free administrators of Turkish aristocratic origin. The term vizier was originally used in the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century AD. This position was later adopted by

1242-706: The Younger to such a position. In the 19th century, Mahmud II would abolish the title of Grand Vizier, and appointed Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha as Başvekil , or Prime Minister. Upon Sultan Abdulmecid 's ascention to the throne, the Grand Vizierate was restored. (1492–1580) [REDACTED] (1622–1623) (1623–1640) (Deposed) [REDACTED] (1687–1691) [REDACTED] (1695– 1703 ) [REDACTED] (1774–1789) [REDACTED] (1789– 1807 ) [REDACTED] ( 1807 – 1808 ) [REDACTED] ( 1808 –1839) The Gülhane edict

1296-414: The Younger , the grandson of Pasha the Elder, was also highly influential in shaping the role of the Grand Vizier. During the reign of Mehmed II, the Younger opposed the siege of Constantinople and the ongoing hostilities with Christians. Two days after the siege was won by Mehmed II , the Younger was executed for his opposition. After his death, the position of Grand Vizier was chosen nearly exclusively from

1350-410: The accession payment for Ahmet III. The accession payment was the payment that the new sultan had to pay to the janissaries as part of their confirmation of his sultanate. This payment that the sultan was required to make to the janissaries was simply another addition to the financial troubles that the empire was already experiencing. The defeat of Mustafa II in battle, the detrimental conditions of

1404-446: The balance of power; and finally competition for the coronation accession gifts, the traditional reward for the janissary pledge of allegiance to a new sultan ." This final demand was a means through which the janissaries exerted direct control over the sultan. The janissaries were essentially emphasizing their ability to remove a sultan from power or to reinstate a new sultan. When the violence ended, “the ceremony of submission by which

1458-511: The constitution and parliament in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo Turkish war , and ruled the Ottoman Empire for the next three decades in a personal dictatorship. Opposition politicians dubbed this era of Ottoman history as the era of İstibdat ( despotism ). Abdul Hamid revived the use of the title Başnazır , or Prime Minister, though he eventually settled on his government chiefs being called Sadr-ı Azam , or Grand Vizier. (1832–1884) The Young Turks force Abdul Hamid II to reinstate

1512-466: The constitution and parliament on 24 July 1908 . Political parties were introduced in the Second Constitutional Era .     Union and Progress Party     Liberty Party , Freedom and Accord Party (1839–1919) Following the end of the Second Constitutional Era in 1920, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of diarchy, with the government based in Constantinople and

1566-573: The final 10 years of the Empire alone, the office of the grand vizier changed hands 13 times between 12 men; some, such as Ahmed Izzet Pasha and Salih Hulusi Pasha , held office for less than a month. [REDACTED] (1299–1326) [REDACTED] (1326–1362) [REDACTED] (1362–1389) Çandarlızade Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1330–1387) The position of grand vizier was established with Murad II 's appointment of Çandarlızade Halil Pasha

1620-482: The forces of Akbar to victory during the Second Battle of Panipat . Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak , Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar . Saadullah Khan , Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Shah Jahan made the biggest contribution to the organization and administration of the Mughal Empire, he is considered the best of the long line of Mughal Grand Viziers. During

1674-730: The government based in Ankara both asserting themselves as the legitimate Turkish government. Mehmed VI abolished the constitution and suspended parliament when the Chamber of Deputies voted in support of the National Pact in the Turkish War of Independence . During the Conference of London , Ahmet Tevfik Pasha recognized the ambassador of the Grand National Assembly as the legitimate government of Turkey. On 1 November 1922,

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1728-475: The grand viziers have also been called sadr-ı âlî ('high vizier'), vekil-i mutlak ('absolute attorney'), sâhib-i devlet ('holder of the state'), serdar-ı ekrem ('gracious general'), serdar-ı azam ('grand general') and zât-ı âsafî ('vizieral person') and başnazır , literally "prime minister" in Ottoman Turkish . The Office of the Grand Vizier was called the sadaret . In the late periods of

1782-676: The imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council ; the viziers in conference were called " kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace . His offices were located at the Sublime Porte . During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who

1836-627: The incumbent the head of a Cabinet of other ministers. During the two constitutional eras, the grand vizier also served as the speaker of the Senate , the upper house of the bicameral Ottoman Parliament . With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Prime Minister of Turkey took on the roles of the former office. Grand viziers were often replaced or resigned in rapid succession, frequently leading to political instability. In

1890-422: The leadership of Seyhulislam Feyzullah Efendi were not supported by the janissaries. Seyhulislam Feyzullah Efendi’s “corruption and nepotism, excessive even for the time, and his influence over the sultan [were] considered too great. Furthermore, he overstepped the boundaries of his position as head of the religious arm of the household, establishing corporate relationships traditionally the domain and prerogative of

1944-452: The next Grand Vizier, thus securing his dynasty a position of supreme power in the Empire. It was during the Köprülü era that the Ottoman Empire reached its largest geographic expansion across Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. In Ottoman legal theory, the Sultan was supposed to conduct affairs of state exclusively via the Grand Vizier, but in reality, this arrangement was often circumvented. As

1998-507: The public treasury. The second legitimated the right of a Muslim community to stand up to an unjust ruler. The third condemned those who sided with an unjust ruler. The fourth charged Mustafa II ‘… with having compromised his mandate by accepting the peace treaties and conceding so much territory to the Christian powers.” The kadi judiciary essentially declared Mustafa II unfit for the sultanate . This style of Islamic judicial ruling

2052-412: The reign of Murad I . He was the first advisor with a military background – his forerunners had come from a more scholarly class of men. It is also significant that he was the first of a political family that, at the time, rivaled the Ottoman dynasty itself. Several of Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder's kin went on to hold the office of Grand Vizier in the decades following his death. Çandarlı Halil Pasha

2106-406: The reign of Aurangzeb, Ali Quli Khan was bestowed this title. Later general Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung became Grand Vizier, his fame as one of the most greatest military leaders in the Mughal Empire would lead to his downfall when rogue generals executed him in a power struggle after the death of Aurangzeb. In 1718, Balaji Vishwanath , leader of the antagonistic Maratha Confederacy , secured

2160-605: The reign of Mehmed IV, and was appointed to the office of Grand Vizier in 1656. He consolidated power within the position and sent the Sultan away from the city on hunting trips, thus stopping Mehmed's direct management over the state. Next, he forcibly removed any officers suspected of corruption; those who did not leave were executed. He also conducted campaigns against Venice and the Habsburgs, as well as quelling rebellions in Anatolia. On his deathbed five years later, he convinced Mehmed to appoint his son (Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha) as

2214-579: The right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the Subahs of the Mughal Empire by the rogue Vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha , whose grip over the Deccan had substantially weakened. Asaf Jah I, however, refused to grant Chauth to the Maratha Confederacy during its onset in 1718 and in 1721, after the nobility of the Mughal Empire had the two Sayyid Brothers assassinated. However,

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2268-563: The son of late Grand Vizier Qamaruddin Khan , as the governor of Punjab . Safdarjung 's efforts to defend the reign of Ahmad Shah Bahadur from treacherous subjects failed. Shuja-ud-Daula served as the leading Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the Third Battle of Panipat . He was also the Nawab of Awadh , and a loyal ally of Shah Alam II . Edirne event The Edirne Incident ( Ottoman Turkish : Edirne Vaḳʿası )

2322-588: The subunit of the janissaries responsible for logistics, named Cebeci , revolted on 17 July 1703 demanding full payment before the operation. The Edirne Incident, also called the Revolt of 1703, broke out in Constantinople . This revolt began among the janissaries "who complained of overdue pay, and of the sultan’s absence." Although the revolt began with the janissaries, it soon grew to include civilians, lower-ranking soldiers, artisans as well as members of

2376-527: The taxes collected by tax farmers ever made it to the central government. Consequently, the central government did not have sufficient funds to pay its military. The Ottoman Empire was backing a candidate to the throne during a civil war in the Kingdom of Imereti in Georgia. The Porte decided to send an army to be effective in the area. However, the salaries of the army members had been delayed, and

2430-430: The vizierial and pasha households.” Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha 's 1695 economic reform led to the existence of lifetime tax farming . For centuries, there had been yearly auctions to determine who would be allowed to collect regional taxes for that year. This was detrimental to the provinces because tax farmers would use their brief power to bleed their area dry. By auctioning of the ability to collect taxes from

2484-497: Was a janissary revolt that began in Constantinople (now Istanbul ) in 1703. The revolt was a reaction to the consequences of the Treaty of Karlowitz and Sultan Mustafa II 's absence from the capital. The rising power of the Sultan’s former tutor, Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi and the empire's declining economy caused by tax farming were also causes of the revolt. As a result of the Edirne Incident, Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi

2538-430: Was announced soon after Abdul Mecid 's sword girding, ushering in the Tanzimat period, a time of major bureaucratic and administrative reform. ( Deposed ) (1811–1882) Fourth term Under pressure from constitutionalist ministers which overthrew his relatives Abdul Aziz and Murad V , Abdul Hamid II promulgated a constitution and parliament upon his ascension to the throne. Abdul Hamid II suspended

2592-559: Was avoided as the imperial loyalists, mostly troops recruited from the Balkan countryside, deserted Mustafa and joined the ranks from Constantinople." The demands of the rebels were articulated by the ulema through the kadi judges who were “the most consistent representation of Ottoman rule in the provinces.” The kadis posed and answered four questions regarding the situation at hand. “The first concerned Mustafa II's neglect of his ‘trust’ in looking after his subjects, ‘allowing injustice and inequity to reign’ while he went hunting, wasting

2646-407: Was deposed (back into the seraglio), and his brother Ahmed III became the new sultan. Feyzullah Efendi was killed by the rebels. Although Mustafa II was replaced as the sultan, the revolt continued in Constantinople. The violence continued for three problematic reasons: “the lack of discipline and control over the disorder and destruction; the dissolution of rebel unity, amidst rivalries concerning

2700-489: Was gradually replaced by another one, sadr-ı a’zam ( صدر اعظم from Arabic صَدْر "front part, bosom, forehead, lead, forefront" and أعْظَم "superior, major, maximal, paramount, grand", informally pronounced sadrazam ), both meaning "grand vizier" in practice. Throughout the Ottoman history, the Grand Viziers have also been termed sadr-ı âlî ( صدر عالی , "sublime vizier"), vekil-ı mutlak ( وكیل مطلق , "absolute attorney"), sâhib-ı devlet ( صاحب دولت , "holder of

2754-429: Was killed, and Sultan Mustafa II was ousted from power. The Sultan was replaced by his brother, Sultan Ahmed III . The incident contributed to the decline of the power of the sultanate and the increasing power of the janissaries and kadis . Three causes of the Edirne Incident were the Treaty of Karlowitz , the rise of Seyhulislam Feyzullah Efendi and the Ottoman practice of tax farming . The Treaty of Karlowitz

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2808-414: Was replaced by his brother Ahmed III . After he was declared sultan, Ahmed III went on the hajj and did not return home to Constantinople until 1706. Sultan Ahmed III reestablished the capital of the empire in Constantinople. Economically, the Ottomans were still in trouble. Sari Mehmed Pasha, chief financial officer six times between 1703 and 1716, was said to have melted the palace silver to make up

2862-572: Was signed on January 16, 1699. This treaty was signed in response to the Ottoman wars with the Habsburgs , the Venetians , the Poles and the Russians . The Treaty of Karlowitz ended a fifteen-year period of war in the aftermath of the Ottomans' failed siege of Vienna in 1683. The peace negotiations began only after numerous and urgent Ottoman requests for peace and diplomatic efforts by England and

2916-452: Was titled "grand vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder). The purpose in instituting the title "grand vizier" was to differentiate the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more regularly used title of vezir-i âzam was slowly replaced by sadrazam , both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history,

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