77-429: Oxytropis is a genus of plants in the legume family . It includes over 600 species native to subarctic to temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds , and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related Astragalus . Most oxtropis species are native to Eurasia and North America, but several species are native to
154-461: A few are shrubs up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. An exception is the chamis de monte ( Lupinus jaimehintonianus ) of Oaxaca in Mexico , which is a tree up to 8 m (26 ft) tall. Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in
231-437: A few species of the southeastern United States and eastern South America . The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 4 inch) long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower petals fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as bluebonnets and quaker bonnets . The fruit
308-670: A food been renewed. Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin ( L. albus ) beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles ) and can be eaten with or without the skin. Lupini dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in Portugal , Spain , Greece , and Italy . They are also common in Brazil and Egypt . In Egypt,
385-837: A rhizobia species may often infect more than one host species. This means that one plant species may be infected by more than one species of bacteria. For example, nodules in Acacia senegal can contain seven species of rhizobia belonging to three different genera. The most distinctive characteristics that allow rhizobia to be distinguished apart are the rapidity of their growth and the type of root nodule that they form with their host. Root nodules can be classified as being either indeterminate, cylindrical and often branched, and determinate, spherical with prominent lenticels. Indeterminate nodules are characteristic of legumes from temperate climates, while determinate nodules are commonly found in species from tropical or subtropical climates. Nodule formation
462-682: A short hypanthium , usually cup-shaped. There are normally ten stamens and one elongated superior ovary , with a curved style . They are usually arranged in indeterminate inflorescences . Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. they are pollinated by insects ), and the flowers are usually showy to attract pollinators . In the Caesalpinioideae , the flowers are often zygomorphic , as in Cercis , or nearly symmetrical with five equal petals, as in Bauhinia . The upper petal
539-529: A snack. Other species, such as L. albus (white lupin), L. angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin), and L. hirsutus (blue lupin) also have edible seeds. Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the Andean mountains , lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the fertility of soils. In
616-430: A staple, essential as a source of protein. Their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen reduces fertilizer costs for farmers and gardeners who grow legumes, and means that legumes can be used in a crop rotation to replenish soil that has been depleted of nitrogen . Legume seeds and foliage have a comparatively higher protein content than non-legume materials, due to the additional nitrogen that legumes receive through
693-736: A wide variety of growth forms , including trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and even vines or lianas . The herbaceous plants can be annuals, biennials , or perennials, without basal or terminal leaf aggregations. Many Legumes have tendrils. They are upright plants, epiphytes , or vines. The latter support themselves by means of shoots that twist around a support or through cauline or foliar tendrils . Plants can be heliophytes , mesophytes , or xerophytes . The leaves are usually alternate and compound. Most often they are even- or odd- pinnately compound (e.g. Caragana and Robinia respectively), often trifoliate (e.g. Trifolium , Medicago ) and rarely palmately compound (e.g. Lupinus ), in
770-513: A wide variety of taxa representing the main lineages in the Fabaceae have been found in the fossil record dating from the middle to the late Eocene , suggesting that the majority of the modern Fabaceae groups were already present and that a broad diversification occurred during this period. Therefore, the Fabaceae started their diversification approximately 60 million years ago and the most important clades separated 50 million years ago. The age of
847-625: Is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae . The genus includes over 199 species , with centers of diversity in North and South America . Smaller centers occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean . They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas. The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3–1.5 metres (1–5 feet) tall, but some are annual plants and
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#1732773016861924-419: Is a pod containing several seeds. The seeds contain alkaloids which lend them a bitter taste. The genus Lupinus L. and, in particular, its North American species were divided by Sereno Watson (1873) into three sections: Lupinus , Platycarpos , and Lupinnelus . Differences in habitat and in the number of ovules were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and annual species from
1001-401: Is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with waxen coating . Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight pubescence, predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. Chromosome number 2 n
1078-511: Is closely related to human evolution . The family Fabaceae includes a number of plants that are common in agriculture including Glycine max ( soybean ), Phaseolus (beans), Pisum sativum ( pea ), Cicer arietinum ( chickpeas ), Vicia faba ( broad bean ), Medicago sativa ( alfalfa ), Arachis hypogaea ( peanut ), Ceratonia siliqua (carob), Trigonella foenum-graecum ( fenugreek ), and Glycyrrhiza glabra ( liquorice ). A number of species are also weedy pests in different parts of
1155-523: Is common throughout the Fabaceae. It is found in the majority of its members that only form an association with rhizobia, which in turn form an exclusive symbiosis with the Fabaceae (with the exception of Parasponia , the only genus of the 18 Ulmaceae genera that is capable of forming nodules). Nodule formation is present in all the Fabaceae sub-families, although it is less common in the Caesalpinioideae. All types of nodule formation are present in
1232-427: Is currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and evidence is increasing for their potential health benefits. They contain similar protein to soybean, but less fat. As a food source, they are gluten-free and high in dietary fiber , amino acids , and antioxidants , and they are considered to be prebiotic . About 85% of
1309-503: Is defined by isoxazolin-5-one derivatives. These compounds occur in particular together with 3-NPA and related derivatives at the same time in the same species, as found in Astragalus canadensis and Astragalus collinus . 3-NPA and isoxazlin-5-one derivatives also occur in many species of leaf beetles (see defense in insects ). Legumes are economically and culturally important plants due to their extraordinary diversity and abundance,
1386-510: Is either 36, 48, or 96. This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated ( L. mutabilis , L. polyphyllus ). This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity. It comprises the following species: In its current circumscription , subgenus Lupinus includes 12 species from
1463-593: Is the innermost one, unlike in the Faboideae . Some species, like some in the genus Senna , have asymmetric flowers, with one of the lower petals larger than the opposing one, and the style bent to one side. The calyx, corolla, or stamens can be showy in this group. In the Mimosoideae , the flowers are actinomorphic and arranged in globose inflorescences. The petals are small and the stamens, which can be more than just 10, have long, coloured filaments, which are
1540-545: Is the most common family found in tropical rainforests and dry forests of the Americas and Africa. Recent molecular and morphological evidence supports the fact that the Fabaceae is a single monophyletic family. This conclusion has been supported not only by the degree of interrelation shown by different groups within the family compared with that found among the Leguminosae and their closest relations, but also by all
1617-481: The Arctic . These are hairy perennial plants which produce raceme inflorescences of pink, purple, white, or yellow flowers which are generally pea-like but have distinctive sharply beaked keels. The stems are leafless, the leaves being all basal. The plant produces legume pods containing the seeds. Fabaceae The Fabaceae ( / f ə ˈ b eɪ s i . iː , - ˌ aɪ / ) or Leguminosae , commonly known as
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#17327730168611694-528: The Orchidaceae and Asteraceae , with about 765 genera and nearly 20,000 known species. The five largest genera of the family are Astragalus (over 3,000 species), Acacia (over 1,000 species), Indigofera (around 700 species), Crotalaria (around 700 species), and Mimosa (around 400 species), which constitute about a quarter of all legume species. The c. 19,000 known legume species amount to about 7% of flowering plant species. Fabaceae
1771-526: The Paleogene to become a ubiquitous part of the modern earth's biota , along with many other families belonging to the flowering plants. The Fabaceae have an abundant and diverse fossil record, especially for the Tertiary period. Fossils of flowers, fruit, leaves, wood and pollen from this period have been found in numerous locations. The earliest fossils that can be definitively assigned to
1848-613: The Rosidae clade (as established by the gene molecular phylogeny of rbcL , a gene coding for part of the RuBisCO enzyme in the chloroplast ). This grouping indicates that the predisposition for forming nodules probably only arose once in flowering plants and that it can be considered as an ancestral characteristic that has been conserved or lost in certain lineages. However, such a wide distribution of families and genera within this lineage indicates that nodulation had multiple origins. Of
1925-580: The Tethys seaway during the Palaeogene Period. However, others contend that Africa (or even the Americas ) cannot yet be ruled out as the origin of the family. The current hypothesis about the evolution of the genes needed for nodulation is that they were recruited from other pathways after a polyploidy event. Several different pathways have been implicated as donating duplicated genes to
2002-525: The flowers of one plant to others thereby ensuring pollination. Many Fabaceae species are important sources of pollen and nectar for bees, including for honey production in the beekeeping industry. Example Fabaceae such as alfalfa , and various clovers including white clover and sweet clover , are important sources of nectar and honey for the Western honey bee . Lupinus Lupinus , commonly known as lupin , lupine , or regionally bluebonnet ,
2079-458: The fruit of these plants, which are called legumes . Fabaceae range in habit from giant trees (like Koompassia excelsa ) to small annual herbs , with the majority being herbaceous perennials. Plants have indeterminate inflorescences, which are sometimes reduced to a single flower. The flowers have a short hypanthium and a single carpel with a short gynophore , and after fertilization produce fruits that are legumes. The Fabaceae have
2156-399: The legume , pea , or bean family , are a large and agriculturally important family of flowering plants . It includes trees , shrubs , and perennial or annual herbaceous plants , which are easily recognized by their fruit ( legume ) and their compound, stipulate leaves. The family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species, behind only
2233-503: The 10 families within the Rosidae, 8 have nodules formed by actinomyces ( Betulaceae , Casuarinaceae , Coriariaceae , Datiscaceae , Elaeagnaceae , Myricaceae , Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae ), and the two remaining families, Ulmaceae and Fabaceae have nodules formed by rhizobia. The rhizobia and their hosts must be able to recognize each other for nodule formation to commence. Rhizobia are specific to particular host species although
2310-516: The American continent described by Watson were referred to Lupinus . Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and two seeds in the pod ( L. densiflorus , L. microcarpus , etc.) were attributed to the Platycarpos section. Section Lupinnelus consisted of one species ( L. uncialis ), with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also with two ovules in
2387-535: The Collins explanation is improbable. Certain species, such as the yellow bush lupin ( L. arboreus ), are considered invasive weeds when they appear outside their native ranges. In New Zealand , lupines are viewed as invasive and a severe threat in some cases. L. polyphyllus has escaped into the wild and grows in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island . A similar spread of
Oxytropis - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-462: The Fabaceae appeared in the early Palaeocene (approximately 65 million years ago). Representatives of the 3 sub-families traditionally recognised as being members of the Fabaceae – Cesalpinioideae, Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae – as well as members of the large clades within these sub-families – such as the genistoides – have been found in periods later, starting between 55 and 50 million years ago. In fact,
2541-536: The Fabaceae. Forisome proteins are found in the sieve tubes of Fabaceae; uniquely they are not dependent on ADT . The order Fabales contains around 7.3% of eudicot species and the greatest part of this diversity is contained in just one of the four families that the order contains: Fabaceae. This clade also includes the families Polygalaceae , Surianaceae and Quillajaceae and its origins date back 94 to 89 million years, although it started its diversification 79 to 74 million years ago. The Fabaceae diversified during
2618-725: The Faboideae, even though diversification within each genus was relatively recent. For instance, Astragalus separated from the Oxytropis 16 to 12 million years ago. In addition, the separation of the aneuploid species of Neoastragalus started 4 million years ago. Inga , another genus of the Papilionoideae with approximately 350 species, seems to have diverged in the last 2 million years. It has been suggested, based on fossil and phylogenetic evidence, that legumes originally evolved in arid and/or semi-arid regions along
2695-523: The Mediterranean region and Africa with at least four ovules or seedbuds in the ovary: The status of the following binomials is unresolved: The following hybrids have been described: While some sources believe the origin of the name to be in doubt, the Collins Dictionary definition asserts that the word is 14th century in origin, from the Latin lupīnus "wolfish" from lupus "wolf" as it
2772-577: The Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate (e.g. Acacia , Mimosa ). They always have stipules , which can be leaf-like (e.g. Pisum ), thorn-like (e.g. Robinia ) or be rather inconspicuous. Leaf margins are entire or, occasionally, serrate . Both the leaves and the leaflets often have wrinkled pulvini to permit nastic movements . In some species, leaflets have evolved into tendrils (e.g. Vicia ). Many species have leaves with structures that attract ants which protect
2849-687: The Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout the Roman Empire where the lupin is still known in extant Romance languages by names such as lupini . Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3,000 years around the Mediterranean and for as long as 6,000 years in the Andes . Lupins were also used by many Native American peoples of North America such as the Yavapai . The Andean lupin or tarwi ( Lupinus mutabilis )
2926-586: The Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus Lupinus consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds. The taxonomy of Lupinus has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species. Estimates of
3003-583: The ability to take nitrogen gas (N 2 ) out of the air and convert it to a form of nitrogen that is usable to the host plant ( NO 3 or NH 3 ). This process is called nitrogen fixation . The legume, acting as a host, and rhizobia , acting as a provider of usable nitrate, form a symbiotic relationship. Members of the Phaseoleae genus Apios form tubers, which can be edible. The flowers often have five generally fused sepals and five free petals . They are generally hermaphroditic and have
3080-500: The apex (remaining free at the base), forming a boat-like structure called the keel. The stamens are always ten in number, and their filaments can be fused in various configurations, often in a group of nine stamens plus one separate stamen. Various genes in the CYCLOIDEA (CYC)/DICHOTOMA (DICH) family are expressed in the upper (also called dorsal or adaxial) petal; in some species, such as Cadia , these genes are expressed throughout
3157-421: The atmosphere into ammonia via a rhizobium – root nodule symbiosis , fertilizing the soil for other plants. This adaptation allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus Lupinus is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium soil bacteria. In the early 20th century, German scientists attempted to cultivate a sweet variety of lupin lacking
Oxytropis - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-429: The basic legume fruit. The Fabaceae are rarely cyanogenic . Where they are, the cyanogenic compounds are derived from tyrosine , phenylalanine or leucine . They frequently contain alkaloids . Proanthocyanidins can be present either as cyanidin or delphinidine or both at the same time. Flavonoids such as kaempferol , quercitin and myricetin are often present. Ellagic acid has never been found in any of
3311-721: The bitter taste, making it more suitable for both human and animal consumption. Many annual species of lupins are used in agriculture and most of them have Mediterranean origin. While originally cultivated as a green manure or forage , lupins are increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative to soybeans . Sweet (low alkaloid ) lupins are highly regarded as a stock feed , particularly for ruminants , but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as an ingredient in aqua-feeds. Three Mediterranean species of lupin, blue (narrow-leafed) lupin , white lupin , and yellow lupin , are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed. The market for lupin seeds for human food
3388-436: The chloroplast genes rbcL and matK , or the ribosomal spacers ITS ) and cladistic analysis in order to investigate the relationships between the family's different lineages. Fabaceae is consistently recovered as monophyletic . The studies further confirmed that the traditional subfamilies Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae were each monophyletic but both were nested within the paraphyletic subfamily Caesalpinioideae. All
3465-560: The compound 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA, beta-nitropropionic acid ). The free acid 3-NPA is an irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration , and thus the compound inhibits the tricarboxylic acid cycle . This inhibition caused by 3-NPA is especially toxic to nerve cells and represents a very general toxic mechanism suggesting a profound ecological importance due to the big number of species producing this compound and its derivatives. A second and closely related class of secondary metabolites that occur in many species of leguminous plants
3542-479: The cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupin, the European Commission , as of 2006, has required that food labels indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food. Lupin plants can be colonized by the fungus Diaporthe toxica which can cause a mycotoxicosis known as lupinosis when ingested by grazing animals. The legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with
3619-533: The described species were referred to subgen. A. Eulupinus . Subgen. B. Platycarpos included several annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean (the same species, as the one specified by S. Watson). A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of Platycarpos and Lupinus . In this schema, subgenus Platycarpos (S.Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from
3696-548: The different approaches yielded similar results regarding the relationships between the family's main clades. Following extensive discussion in the legume phylogenetics community, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group reclassified Fabaceae into six subfamilies, which necessitated the segregation of four new subfamilies from Caesalpinioideae and merging Caesapinioideae sensu stricto with the former subfamily Mimosoideae. The exact branching order of
3773-557: The different subfamilies is still unresolved. Polygalaceae ( outgroup ) Surianaceae (outgroup) Quillajaceae (outgroup) Cercidoideae Detarioideae Duparquetioideae Dialioideae Caesalpinioideae Faboideae The Fabaceae are placed in the order Fabales according to most taxonomic systems, including the APG III system . The family now includes six subfamilies: The Fabaceae have an essentially worldwide distribution, being found everywhere except Antarctica and
3850-432: The flower, producing a radially symmetrical flower. The ovary most typically develops into a legume . A legume is a simple dry fruit that usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a "pod", although that can also be applied to a few other fruit types. A few species have evolved samarae , loments , follicles , indehiscent legumes, achenes , drupes , and berries from
3927-471: The garden lupin, and Lupinus arboreus , the tree lupin, are popular ornamental plants in gardens, and are the source of numerous hybrids and cultivars in a wide range of colours, including bicolors. As legumes , lupins are good companion plants in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen for vegetables and other plants. As well as growing in the ground, lupins can do well in pots on balconies or patios. Like other legumes, lupines can fix nitrogen from
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#17327730168614004-429: The genera or species analysed. Sugars are transported within the plants in the form of sucrose . C3 photosynthesis has been found in a wide variety of genera. The family has also evolved a unique chemistry. Many legumes contain toxic and indigestible substances, antinutrients , which may be removed through various processing methods. Pterocarpans are a class of molecules (derivatives of isoflavonoids ) found only in
4081-457: The high Arctic. The trees are often found in tropical regions, while the herbaceous plants and shrubs are predominant outside the tropics. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF, performed by the organisms called diazotrophs ) is a very old process that probably originated in the Archean eon when the primitive atmosphere lacked oxygen . It is only carried out by Euryarchaeota and just 6 of
4158-428: The infection thread development in that infection threads grow in a polar manner that is similar to a pollen tubes polar growth towards the ovules. Both pathways include the same type of enzymes, pectin-degrading cell wall enzymes. The enzymes needed to reduce nitrogen, nitrogenases, require a substantial input of ATP but at the same time are sensitive to free oxygen. To meet the requirements of this paradoxical situation,
4235-457: The late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving soil quality , and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain. The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia. Further work carried out by
4312-629: The lupin is known in Arabic as ترمس termes , and is a popular street snack after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined. In Portugal, Spain, and the Spanish Harlem district of New York , they are consumed with beer and wine. In Lebanon , Palestine , Israel , Jordan , and Syria the salty and chilled lupini beans are called turmus (in Arabic : تُرمُس , Hebrew : תורמוס ) and are served as part of an apéritif or
4389-468: The main Cesalpinioideae clades have been estimated as between 56 and 34 million years and the basal group of the Mimosoideae as 44 ± 2.6 million years. The division between Mimosoideae and Faboideae is dated as occurring between 59 and 34 million years ago and the basal group of the Faboideae as 58.6 ± 0.2 million years ago. It has been possible to date the divergence of some of the groups within
4466-585: The more than 50 phyla of bacteria . Some of these lineages co-evolved together with the flowering plants establishing the molecular basis of a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. BNF is carried out in nodules that are mainly located in the root cortex, although they are occasionally located in the stem as in Sesbania rostrata . The spermatophytes that co-evolved with actinorhizal diazotrophs ( Frankia ) or with rhizobia to establish their symbiotic relationship belong to 11 families contained within
4543-417: The number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500. One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide. Currently, two subgenera are recognized. The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves
4620-491: The ovary. While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) extended his principle of classification to cover all lupins from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, also using number of ovules (seedbuds) in the ovary (and thus of seeds in the pod) as the criterion for this division. They described two subgenera, Eulupinus and Platycarpos . Most of
4697-409: The pathways need for nodulation. The main donors to the pathway were the genes associated with the arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis genes, the pollen tube formation genes and the haemoglobin genes. One of the main genes shown to be shared between the arbuscular mycorrhiza pathway and the nodulation pathway is SYMRK and it is involved in the plant-bacterial recognition. The pollen tube growth is similar to
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#17327730168614774-431: The plant from herbivore insects (a form of mutualism ). Extrafloral nectaries are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae, and are also found in some Faboideae (e.g. Vicia sativa ). In some Acacia , the modified hollow stipules are inhabited by ants and are known as domatia . Many Fabaceae host bacteria in their roots within structures called root nodules . These bacteria, known as rhizobia , have
4851-436: The plants express a type of haemoglobin called leghaemoglobin that is believed to be recruited after a duplication event. These three genetic pathways are believed to be part of a gene duplication event then recruited to work in nodulation. The phylogeny of the legumes has been the object of many studies by research groups from around the world. These studies have used morphology, DNA data (the chloroplast intron trnL ,
4928-858: The process. Legumes are commonly used as natural fertilizers. Some legume species perform hydraulic lift , which makes them ideal for intercropping . Farmed legumes can belong to numerous classes, including forage , grain , blooms, pharmaceutical/industrial, fallow/green manure and timber species, with most commercially farmed species filling two or more roles simultaneously. There are of two broad types of forage legumes. Some, like alfalfa , clover , vetch , and Arachis , are sown in pasture and grazed by livestock. Other forage legumes such as Leucaena or Albizia are woody shrub or tree species that are either broken down by livestock or regularly cut by humans to provide fodder . Grain legumes are cultivated for their seeds , and are also called pulses . The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for
5005-656: The production of indigo , Acacia , for gum arabic , and Derris , for the insecticide action of rotenone , a compound it produces. Fallow or green manure legume species are cultivated to be tilled back into the soil to exploit the high nitrogen levels found in most legumes. Numerous legumes are farmed for this purpose, including Leucaena , Cyamopsis and Sesbania . Various legume species are farmed for timber production worldwide, including numerous Acacia species, Dalbergia species, and Castanospermum australe . Melliferous plants offer nectar to bees and other insects to encourage them to carry pollen from
5082-660: The production of oils for industrial uses. Grain legumes include both herbaceous plants like beans , lentils , lupins , peas and peanuts , and trees such as carob , mesquite and tamarind . Lathyrus tuberosus , once extensively cultivated in Europe, forms tubers used for human consumption. Bloom legume species include species such as lupin , which are farmed commercially for their blooms, and thus are popular in gardens worldwide. Laburnum , Robinia , Gleditsia (honey locust), Acacia , Mimosa , and Delonix are ornamental trees and shrubs . Industrial farmed legumes include Indigofera , cultivated for
5159-404: The recent phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences. These studies confirm that the Fabaceae are a monophyletic group that is closely related to the families Polygalaceae , Surianaceae and Quillajaceae and that they belong to the order Fabales . Along with the cereals , some fruits and tropical roots, a number of Leguminosae have been a staple human food for millennia and their use
5236-482: The seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible, or else boiled and dried them to make kirku , reported as a pre-Columbian practice in Las Relaciones geográficas de Indias . Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently (late 20th century onward) has interest in using lupins as
5313-425: The showiest part of the flower. All of the flowers in an inflorescence open at once. In the Faboideae , the flowers are zygomorphic, and have a specialized structure . The upper petal, called the banner or standard, is large and envelops the rest of the petals in bud, often reflexing when the flower blooms. The two adjacent petals, the wings, surround the two bottom petals. The two bottom petals are fused together at
5390-496: The species has occurred in Sweden , Finland and Norway after the non-native species was first deliberately planted in the landscaping along the main roads. Lupins have been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate, particularly in rural Victoria and New South Wales . Lupins are important larval food plants for many lepidopterans (butterflies and moths). These include: Lupinus polyphyllus ,
5467-577: The subfamily Papilionoideae: indeterminate (with the meristem retained), determinate (without meristem) and the type included in Aeschynomene . The latter two are thought to be the most modern and specialised type of nodule as they are only present in some lines of the subfamily Papilionoideae. Even though nodule formation is common in the two monophyletic subfamilies Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae they also contain species that do not form nodules. The presence or absence of nodule-forming species within
5544-654: The three sub-families indicates that nodule formation has arisen several times during the evolution of the Fabaceae and that this ability has been lost in some lineages. For example, within the genus Acacia , a member of the Mimosoideae, A. pentagona does not form nodules, while other species of the same genus readily form nodules, as is the case for Acacia senegal , which forms both rapidly and slow growing rhizobial nodules. A large number of species within many genera of leguminous plants, e.g. Astragalus , Coronilla , Hippocrepis , Indigofera , Lotus , Securigera and Scorpiurus , produce chemicals that derive from
5621-545: The wide variety of edible vegetables they represent and due to the variety of uses they can be put to: in horticulture and agriculture, as a food, for the compounds they contain that have medicinal uses and for the oil and fats they contain that have a variety of uses. The history of legumes is tied in closely with that of human civilization, appearing early in Asia , the Americas (the common bean , several varieties) and Europe (broad beans) by 6,000 BCE , where they became
5698-582: The world's lupin seeds are grown in Western Australia . Some lupins contain certain secondary compounds , including isoflavones and toxic alkaloids, such as lupinine , anagyrine and sparteine . With early detection, these can be removed through processing, although lupins containing these elements are not usually selected for food-grade products. A risk of lupin allergy exists in patients allergic to peanuts . Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with peanut allergy . Because of
5775-461: The world, including Cytisus scoparius (broom), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) , Ulex europaeus (gorse), Pueraria montana (kudzu), and a number of Lupinus species. The name 'Fabaceae' comes from the defunct genus Faba , now included in Vicia . The term "faba" comes from Latin, and appears to simply mean "bean". Leguminosae is an older name still considered valid, and refers to
5852-536: Was a widespread food in the Incan Empire ; but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans, dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, L. mutabilis , known locally as tarwi or chocho , was extensively cultivated, but no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds seems to have been made. Users soaked
5929-415: Was believed that the plant ravenously exhausted the soil. But a more likely explanation is that lupinus meant that the plants were as dangerous to livestock as wolves, because the alkaloid poisons of Lupines can sicken or kill grazing animals, especially sheep. Farmers have known since ancient Rome that lupines improve soil by adding nitrogen and loosening compacted earth with their strong root systems, so
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