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44-623: Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Station is an inactive single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant in the United States. The plant is located on an 800-acre (3.2 km) site adjacent to Oyster Creek in the Forked River section of Lacey Township in Ocean County, New Jersey . At the time of its closure, the facility was owned by Exelon Corporation and, along with unit 1 at Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station ,

88-483: A general purpose for the land uses of the coastal zone. The state must include the critical coastal areas of the set region, establish management procedures, and technical assistance resources. The state needs to identify how it will be engaging public participation, for a community effort, this includes public hearings and the right for public education. States will demonstrate how they will establish coordination amongst local government bodies, state, and federal, and as how

132-461: A management program which has been approved through the Secretary. Funds will be awarded through the Secretary to coastal states that establish management programs. States must identify clear boundaries for the coastal zone they wish to monitor and preserve, as well as define the lands subject to management. The State will conduct public hearings for the development of the program. The Governor of

176-547: A national interest for the management protection and use of coastal zones. Coastal zones are valuable to the nation's current and future prosperity for their "natural, commercial, recreational, ecological, industrial, and esthetic resources." Many stresses are on the lands of coastal zone, from natural, residential, and industry and there is need to preserve and protect these areas. Some of the ecosystems are threatened by man, if lands aren’t preserved and protected all beneficial use can be lost forever. “In light of competing demands and

220-532: A state to have, or be making progress toward a federally approved coastal management program in order to issue a license for a facility in adjacent federal waters , it does not apply to offshore oil and gas extraction . The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 showed that the United States Congress "recognized the importance of meeting the challenge of continued growth in the coastal zone". Under this act two national programs were created,

264-599: Is administered by NOAA ’s Office for Coastal Management (OCM). This program is designed to set up a basis for protecting, restoring, and establishing a responsibility in preserving and developing the nation’s coastal communities and resources, where they are under the highest pressure. The vision of the CZMP is to ensure that “the nation’s coast and oceans, including the Great Lakes and island territories, are healthy and thriving for this and future generation”. Their mission

308-481: Is encouraged through the various states and coastal regions that want to actively participate in local, Federal, and State programs. These programs need to be aware of changes affecting the coastal areas and know how to act in response. A “coastal zone" is defined as the “coastal waters and the adjacent shorelands, as well as includes islands, transitional and intertidal areas, salt marshes, wetlands, and beaches.” These are awarded to coastal states that have developed

352-606: Is the second program established by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 and is also administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ). NERRS is a network of 30 areas within the nation and various coastal states, which spans more than 1 million acres. These areas are used for long-term research, water-quality monitoring, education, and coastal stewardship. Title 16 Chapter 33- Coastal Zone Management Act Congress found

396-466: Is to preserve areas that have importance regarding “recreation, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values, or that are threatened by conversion from their natural, undeveloped, or recreational state.” The National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) through the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management will administer the programs Grants will be subject to

440-667: Is “to ensure the conservation and responsible use of our nation’s coastal and ocean resources”. The key goals of the National CZM program include: “protecting natural resources, managing development in high hazard areas, giving development priority to coastal-dependent uses, providing public access for recreation , coordinating state and federal actions”. Ultimately the outcomes from the CZMP are for “healthy and productive coastal ecosystems , and to have environmentally, economically, and socially vibrant and resilient coastal communities”. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System

484-674: The Coastal Zone Management Programs are: 1. Administrative Grants OCM provides matching funds to states for CZMP (1:1). 2. Coastal Resource Improvement Program States may spend half of their Section 306 funds on small-scale construction or land acquisition projects, this is geared to improve “public access to the coast, facilitate redevelopment of urban waterfronts, or preserve and restore coastal resources.” 3. Coastal Zone Enhancement Grants Per Section 309, OCM provides zero match funds to state coastal zone management programs, beneficial for enhancement of

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528-617: The National Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) and the National Estuarine Research Reserve System . Out of 35 eligible states, only 34 have established management programs; Washington State was the first state to adopt the program in 1976. The Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP), also called the National Coastal Zone Management Program, was established under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 and

572-583: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission to consider the potential for a terrorist attack as part of the criteria for Oyster Creek's licensing renewal process. In July 2007, the NJDEP faulted both Exelon and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for relying on environmental studies that were up to 30 years old at the time of Exelon's relicensing application. The NJDEP refused to make a "positive consistency determination" for Oyster Creek, as required by

616-543: The Oyster Creek nuclear power plant averaged less radiation exposure from 2005 through 2008 than workers at any other nuclear power plant of similar design in the United States. In early May 2011, fuel supplier General Electric notified the operators of the Oyster Creek and Nine Mile Point nuclear plants regarding safety calculation errors. General Electric had made mathematical errors which could have resulted in nuclear fuel getting hotter than operators expected, reducing

660-508: The Secretary to support the development and implementation of the coastal management program into the State. Hearings will be announced 30 days in advance and will provide documentation of studies and data available for public viewing. This is similar to the effect as documentation of data will be available for public viewing as the agency becomes aware of it. The Secretary will develop and rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out

704-663: The State must also review and approve any changes to the program. Also the State has to ensure a method of regulation for local land and water usage within the defined areas. The Secretary can award grants to a coastal state to help that state meet such requirement as the preservation or restoration of areas designated under the program or that have coastal resources of national significance. This also means to establish public beaches as well as more public coastal regions and waters. Funding can be used to acquire more lands, and low-cost construction such as fences, parks, and paths. Programs established, or applying for establishment, must give

748-673: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 921219614 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:52:54 GMT Coastal Zone Management Act Importantly, Alaska withdrew from participation in the National Coastal Management Program in 2011. Also, while the Deepwater Port Act requires

792-469: The capacity interconnection rights to bring the power generated by the wind farm on-shore at Oyster Creek. It can use the existing power infrastructure of the plant, after some upgrades, to connect to the regional transmission grid . In January 2021, Holtec suggested that a "new generation" nuclear plant might be built at the location. Oyster Creek was a single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant which first came online on December 23, 1969; it

836-508: The closure date was adjusted to October 2018. The reactor was ultimately shut down on September 17, 2018, and its fuel was removed by September 25, 2018. Work will now begin on dismantlement and long-term decommissioning. Oyster Creek was sold to Holtec International in July 2019 after clearing regulatory approval, and a Holtec and SNC-Lavalin joint venture called Comprehensive Decommissioning International will be responsible for decommissioning

880-557: The county administration building. At that meeting, several of the local residents were opposed to re-licensing of the nuclear power plant. The ASLB's decision on May 31, 2007 hearing led to a full public hearing on the issue of the monitoring of corrosion in the plant's drywell liner. The hearing was scheduled for September 24, 2007 in the county seat Toms River. In 2008, the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board twice rejected citizens' contentions concerning Oyster Creek. The majority of

924-515: The decision in the federal court. Richard Webster, attorney for the groups, claims the NRC did not have sufficient information to determine whether the plant can operate safely for the next 20 years. “This has been the most extensive license renewal review to date, including the first adjudicatory hearing of a license renewal application,” said Eric Leeds, NRC's director of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. “The staff’s licensing and inspection scrutiny, along with

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968-500: The earlier leak. Tritium-contaminated groundwater remained on site and had not spread to any public water supplies. In May 2010, the New Jersey DEP announced that water from the leak had spread to a nearby aquifer, though it stated there "was no imminent danger" to water supplies. At the current rate of migration, the water will reach the closest public wells within 10 to 15 years. The DEP stated there are several ways to address

1012-417: The federal Coastal Zone Management Act . The positive determination is required for all applicants seeking to relicense an existing facility. On April 8, 2009 the plant was granted a license extension to operate until April 9, 2029. This came a week after the Nuclear Regulatory Commission voted 3–1 against an appeal by anti-nuclear groups. As of June 2009, five environmental and citizen groups were appealing

1056-515: The independent contributions of the ACRS, the ASLB and various citizen groups, should give the people of New Jersey added confidence that Oyster Creek will remain safe during its continued operation.” In December 2010, Exelon reported that Oyster Creek would close in 2019, 10 years earlier than planned so that cooling towers will not have to be installed to meet new environmental standards. In February 2018

1100-470: The levels were too low to be a danger to public health. The leaks originated from two buried pipes that had not been properly insulated when they were last worked on in 1991. A second leak was discovered in August 2009, from a pipe leading into an electrical turbine building. Tritium levels found in this leak were measured at 10 microcuries per liter of water, higher than the 5 to 6 microcuries per liter found in

1144-504: The limitations of the goals of coastal zone enhancement objectives. This means that the state will aim toward either the protection, restoration or the enhancement of the coastal zone or for the creation of new wetlands. This also includes, protecting and reducing threats to the environment and managing potential hazards; the areas should include public access venues pertaining to aesthetic, historical, or cultural value; and management and prevention of debris. A network will be established by

1188-444: The plant a step up from the lowest emergency level, and turned to backup generators to keep cooling the reactor. In following months, local residents continued to voice their worries despite a statement by Gordon K. Hunegs of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission that during Hurricane Sandy "the plant was always safe." The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to

1232-415: The plant. About 200 of Oyster Creek's employees will remain at the plant to carry out decommissioning work with Holtec. As a part of Exelon Corporation, Oyster Creek followed the corporation's environmental policy. In August 2009, workers found and stopped two small leaks of tritium , a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a decay half-life of about 12 years. An NRC investigation of the leak found that

1276-444: The plants' margin of safety. Plant operators were able to make corrections. On October 30, 2012, during Hurricane Sandy , the nuclear power plant's intake structure was flooded with six and a half feet of water as a result of the storm surge from the hurricane, with no damage sustained, and at the same time the plant was already down for maintenance and lost its electrical power from the grid, so operators called an alert that escalated

1320-606: The potential boundary modification of the zone will affect the program. If other Federal agencies are interested in the program, the Secretary is responsible for coordination of their set activities with this body. Under the Coastal Zone Management Program and the National Estuarine Reserve System, appropriate cooperation with local agencies, State and other agency will provide the means for protecting these zones. This

1364-443: The problem, such as pumping out the tainted water, or injecting fresh water to force the tainted water backwards. A spokesman for Oyster Creek said they are working with the state on the issue, and have seen contamination levels steadily dropping, sometimes by "as much as 90%". Tritium causes less concern than other radioactive substances such as strontium, caesium and iodine. It does not bio-accumulate inside human tissue. Employees at

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1408-467: The provisions of this chapter, this is subject to influences of local, state, and federal agencies, as to include port authorities and those others interested. The Office for Coastal Management (OCM) awards four types of funding to the National CZMP. Combined, the 2011 award totaled over $ 65 million which supports a "variety of coastal management projects." The four types of funding relevant to

1452-584: The reactor at Oyster Creek was 1 in 71,429, according to an NRC study published in August 2010. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination , and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity. The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Oyster Creek

1496-591: The state. In 1999, GPU agreed to sell the Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant to AmerGen Energy for $ 10 million. AmerGen was later purchased by Exelon in 2003. Exelon fully integrated AmerGen's former assets, including Oyster Creek, in early 2009. The reactor was shut down on September 17, 2018. In September 2019, Ocean Wind , a proposed 1,100 MWe offshore wind farm, with the approval of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities , secured

1540-534: The states program 4. Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (Technical Assistance) Congress matches funds to that of the States established program (1:1). Under Section 315, the OCM provides funding to the 28 state National Estuarine Research Reserves. Funding is used for support of research, land acquisition matched (1:1), construction, education, monitoring, and graduate research fellowships. A former participant

1584-408: The three-judge panel ruled in favor of the plant, deciding "that the group's motion did not follow the proper guidelines for late-filed contentions and failed to link an alleged inadequacy to a significant safety issue." In May 2007, the state Attorney General's Office, on behalf of the state Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), petitioned the federal Third Circuit Court of Appeals to compel

1628-544: The time of shutdown, Oyster Creek was one of four licensed nuclear power reactors in New Jersey . The others are the two units at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant , and the one unit at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station . As of January 1, 2005, New Jersey ranked 9th among the 31 states with nuclear capacity for total MWe generated. In 2003, nuclear power generated over one half of the electricity in

1672-466: The urgent need to protect and to give high priority to natural systems in the coastal zone…” Also, due to potential for global warming these areas need to be prepared for any alterations in water levels. Congress declares in its national policy “to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.” This

1716-591: Was 133,609, an increase of 35.8 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 4,482,261, an increase of 10.4 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles (80 km) include Atlantic City (30 miles (48 km) to city center), Toms River (10 miles (16 km) to city center), Lakewood (19 miles (31 km) to city center), Asbury Park (30 miles (48 km) to city center), and Cherry Hill (42 miles (68 km) to city center). MWe Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1760-525: Was based on economic and antitrust considerations – not on limitations of nuclear technology. Due to this selected period, however, some structures and components may have been engineered on the basis of an expected 40-year service life." In July 2005, Exelon submitted an application to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a 20-year extension of the existing 40-year license for Oyster Creek, which

1804-514: Was due to expire in 2009. According to a 2006 survey commissioned by the operators, relicensing of the power plant was supported by the majority of citizens living in areas surrounding the plant, and by local elected officials. However, some local opposition to re-licensing was evident at public hearings on the issue. On May 31, 2007, several Ocean County residents attended the Atomic Safety Licensing Board (ASLB) hearing in

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1848-560: Was one of the oldest operating nuclear power plants in the United States until it permanently ceased operation on September 17, 2018. The plant was located 50 miles (80 km) east of Philadelphia and 75 miles (121 km) south of New York City. Cooling water for the plant was drawn from Barnegat Bay , a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet . Rankine cycle condenser cooling

1892-457: Was the oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant in the United States. The plant first started commercial operation on December 23, 1969, and is licensed to operate until April 9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down in September 2018. The plant got its cooling water from Barnegat Bay , a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet . At

1936-727: Was used, with a coolant flow rate of 1.4 billion US gal (5.3 billion L) per day. The average temperature increase was 10.4 °F (5.8 °C). Oyster Creek was originally licensed for 40 years, but in April 2009 its license was extended for another 20 years by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission . "Based on the Atomic Energy Act, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issues licenses for commercial power reactors to operate for up to 40 years and allows these licenses to be renewed for up to another 20 years. This original 40-year term for reactor licenses

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