43-628: The London Docklands Development Corporation ( LDDC ) was a quango agency set up by the UK Government in 1981 to regenerate the depressed Docklands area of east London . During its seventeen-year existence, it was responsible for regenerating an area of 22 square kilometres (8.5 sq mi) in the London Boroughs of Newham , Tower Hamlets and Southwark . LDDC helped to create Canary Wharf , Surrey Quays Shopping Centre , London City Airport , ExCeL London , London Arena and
86-695: A catalyst benefiting from the full range of planning authority powers (principally those of development control). Additionally, the Government set up an Enterprise Zone with certain tax breaks in the area. LDDC's first chief executive was Reg Ward , a former chief executive of Hereford and Worcester County Council and Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council . Ward said if he had created some grand plan..."we would still be debating and nothing would have got built. Instead, we have gone for an organic, market-driven approach, responding pragmatically to each situation." Billingsgate Market had relocated from
129-779: A form of cronyism . In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of Trustees) with annual expenditure of $ 32billion in 2009/2010. Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the Conservative Party to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s. One UK example is the Forestry Commission , which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in England . The Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by
172-480: A quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as executive agencies providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed. In this context,
215-539: A small business airport making use of the vast open spaces of the Royal Docks. London City Airport became a fast-growing and popular airport. During the 1980s private housing was developed in Docklands which with some minor exceptions were the first to be built in the area. Soon many people from outside the area saw the opportunity of buying a house close to the city at what appeared to be cheap prices. On many of
258-490: A variety of backronyms have been used to make the term consistent with this expanded use. The most popular has been "Quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization", often with the acronym modified to "qango" or "QANGO". In Canada, quangos are referred to as ' Crown Corporations ' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of
301-642: A ward in the south-east corner of the City of London , where the riverside market was originally established. In its original location in the 19th century, Billingsgate was the largest fish market in the world. The current market is located off Trafalgar Way in Poplar , east London - at the eastern end of the North Dock of the West India Docks . Billingsgate Wharf, close to Lower Thames Street , became
344-502: The Docklands Light Railway , bringing more than 120,000 new jobs to the Docklands and making the area highly sought after for housing. Although initially fiercely resisted by local councils and residents, today it is generally regarded as having been a success and is now used as an example of large-scale regeneration, although tensions between older and more recent residents remain. London's Docklands were at one time
387-594: The Isle of Dogs in 1997, and finally from the Royal Docks in late 1998. Under a process called "dedesignation" the powers it held reverted to the London boroughs. It was formally wound up on 31 March 1998. Quango A quango or QUANGO (less often QuANGO or QANGO ) is an organisation to which a government has devolved power, but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The term
430-801: The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of federal agencies that might be classed as quangos. The Indonesian Ulema Council is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by
473-475: The acronym QUANGO (later lowercased quango) by a British participant to the joint project, Anthony Barker, during one of the conferences on the subject. It describes an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government, By contrast, traditional NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause. An essential feature of
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#1732772873380516-528: The 1930s, as did the Kray twins in the 1950s. In 1982, the fish market was relocated to a new 13-acre (53,000 m ) building complex on the Isle of Dogs in Poplar , close to Canary Wharf and Blackwall . The freehold owner of the site is the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , but the City of London Corporation still runs the market; they pay an annual ground rent stipulated in an agreement between
559-494: The American model of boards of education ). Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to
602-458: The City to Docklands in 1982, and this was thought to be typical of the type of industry which might be accommodated. However, Docklands was close to the City of London and this made it an attractive secondary office location as well as a possible site for riverside residential development to accommodate the phenomenon of yuppies , the young high-income single-person households created by new jobs in
645-604: The Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows: In 2006, there were 832 quangos in the Republic of Ireland – 482 at national and 350 at local level – with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion. The Irish majority party, Fine Gael , had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be
688-430: The Docklands area ( Greenwich , Lewisham , Newham , Tower Hamlets and Southwark ). A large percentage of the jobs which were lost were from large transnational corporations which had previously provided good job security. The decline was heightened by government policies which favoured the growth of industry outside London. The housing in the Docklands area was nearly all council-owned terraced housing and flats. There
731-460: The LDDC created a cheap light rail scheme, the Docklands Light Railway to make use of it. This in turn made the whole area more accessible to the public and helped create the conditions for further development. When American/Swiss banker Michael von Clemm visited West India Docks looking for a restaurant site, he became interested in the idea of building a back office. Reg Ward jumped on this and
774-485: The LDDC was that it was "insulated" from the local democratically elected councils. Eddie Oliver, Deputy Chief Executive (1981–87) agreed that it was undemocratic, explaining that it was an extraordinary arrangement for an extraordinary situation". The LDDC began a staged withdrawal in 1994. It withdrew from Bermondsey in 1994, followed by Beckton in 1995, the Surrey Docks in 1996, from Wapping , Limehouse and
817-523: The UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent £46.5 billion, of which £38.4 billion was directly funded by the government. Use of the term quango is less common in the United States although many US bodies, including Government Sponsored Enterprises , operate in
860-458: The UK had 529 quangos, many of which were useless and duplicated the work of others. The term has spawned the derivative quangocrat ; the Taxpayers' Alliance faulted a majority of "quangocrats" for not making declarations of political activity. Billingsgate Market Billingsgate Fish Market is the United Kingdom's largest inland fish market . It takes its name from Billingsgate ,
903-694: The United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the Water Services Regulation Authority . The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was: A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from Ministers . The Times has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess. In 2005, Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos , claimed that
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#1732772873380946-529: The area of the old, incorporating Billingsgate Stairs and Wharf and Darkhouse Lane. Work began in 1874, and the new market was opened by the Lord Mayor on 20 July 1877. The new buildings , Italianate in style, had on their long frontages towards Thames Street the river, a pedimented centre and continuous arcade, flanked at each end by a pavilion tavern. The general market, on a level with Thames Street, had an area of about 30,000 square feet (2,800 m ), and
989-523: The arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)." By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments. This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and political commentators as
1032-478: The centre of a fish market during the 16th and 17th centuries but did not become formally established until the Billingsgate, etc. Act 1698 ( 10 Will. 3 . c. 13). In 1850, the market, according to Horace Jones, "consisted only of shed buildings ... The open space on the north of the well-remembered Billingsgate Dock was dotted with low booths and sheds, with a range of wooden houses with a piazza in front on
1075-650: The developments, local council tenants were given first opportunities to buy at discounted prices, but this led to a number of abuses. The success of the LDDC spurred the government to set up similar bodies elsewhere, for example in Merseyside (1981) and later the Black Country , Cardiff Bay , Trafford Park (Greater Manchester) (all 1987), and the Central Manchester Development Corporation (1988). One feature of
1118-452: The docks. Tens of thousands of people were employed by the docks, as well as other nearby related industries, such as flour mills. During World War II , the docks area was heavily bombed during the Blitz , in an attempt to destroy London's economy and weaken the war effort. This damaged or destroyed much of the docklands infrastructure, as well as almost a third of the area's housing. There
1161-509: The financial services industry. In the first few years of LDDC's operation several offices and flats schemes were given the go ahead including on Heron Quays and Surrey Quays . Many of these buildings demonstrated unique architecture, such as the Baltic Quay building in the Surrey Docks . LDDC's success was due to seizing opportunity and making maximum use of its assets. When faced with a large amount of redundant railway infrastructure,
1204-561: The governing party in the 2016 election. Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which the former government had already planned to remove. In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as ' Crown Entities ', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of neoliberalisation of the state sector. In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Board of Trustees (similar to
1247-509: The largest and most successful in the world. The West India Docks which were opened in 1802 were followed by the London Docks , East India Docks , and St Katherine's Dock in the years afterwards and Surrey Docks , Millwall Dock and the Royal Docks in the rest of the 19th century. In 1909, after a number of mergers and collapses, the Port of London Authority was established to manage
1290-643: The market via the Great Eastern Railway . The infamously coarse language of London fishmongers made "Billingsgate" a byword for crude or vulgar language. One of its earliest uses can be seen in a 1577 chronicle by Raphael Holinshed , where the writer makes reference to the foul tongues of Billingsgate oyster-wives. The market is depicted during Tudor times in Rosemary Sutcliff 's 1951 children's historical novel The Armourer's House . The writer George Orwell worked at Billingsgate in
1333-597: The market were licensed fish porters. The role dates back at least to Henry VIII , and was officially recognised by the Corporation of London in 1632. In 2012, a bitter battle was fought between modernisers and traditionalists. The modernisers won and the role of the porters ended. In early 2019, the City of London Corporation's main decision-making body, the Court of Common Council, proposed that Billingsgate, New Spitalfields Market and Smithfield Market should move to
London Docklands Development Corporation - Misplaced Pages Continue
1376-426: The original acronym was often replaced by a backronym spelt out as "quasi-autonomous national government organisation, and often rendered as 'qango' This spawned the related acronym qualgo , a 'quasi-autonomous local government organisation'. The less contentious term non-departmental public body (NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. Examples in
1419-517: The provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as the ' Saskatchewan Power Corporation ' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and ' Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board ' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by the province of Manitoba . Saskatchewan is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix Sask - followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by
1462-549: The resulting scheme became the successful Canary Wharf development. This development far exceeded initial projections for growth in the Royal Docks, and Canary Wharf developer Olympia and York proposed an extension of the Jubilee line to serve the site. Beginning construction in 1993, the Jubilee Line Extension opened in 1999 after the end of the LDDC. The LDDC tapped into the boom in air travel by creating
1505-535: The same fashion. Paul Krugman has stated that the US Federal Reserve is, effectively, "what the British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees." Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include
1548-559: The state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the Indonesian state organizational system in other side. As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue religious edicts ( fatwas ) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige. The term "quasi non-governmental organisation"
1591-423: The two councils as "the gift of one fish". Most of the fish sold through the market now arrives there by road, from ports as far afield as Aberdeen and Cornwall . Billingsgate Market is open from Tuesday to Saturday. Trading commences at 4 a.m. and finishes at 8:30 a.m. Security for the market is provided by the private Market Constabulary . Traditionally, the only people allowed to move fish around
1634-483: The west, which served the salesmen and fishmongers as shelter, and for the purposes of carrying on their trade." In that year the market was rebuilt to a design by J. B. Bunning , the City architect. Bunning's building was soon found to be insufficient for the increased trade, and in 1872 the Corporation obtained an Act to rebuild and enlarge the market, which was done to plans by Bunning's successor as City architect Sir Horace Jones . The new site covered almost twice
1677-418: Was a brief resurgence during the 1950s but the docks were empty by 1980. The main reason was containerisation : goods used to be brought into the UK by relatively small ships and unloaded by hand; from the 1970s onwards most trade was carried within intermodal containers (shipping containers) or by truck on roll-on/roll-off ferries. Between 1961 and 1971, almost 83,000 jobs were lost in the five boroughs in
1720-473: Was covered with louvre glass roofs, 43 feet (13 m) high at the ridge. A gallery 30 feet (9.1 m) wide was allocated to the sale of dried fish, while the basement served as a market for shellfish. Electric lighting was also furnished in November 1878 via 16 Jablochkoff Candles . The opening of the railways changed the nature of the trade, and by the late nineteenth century most of the fish arrived at
1763-549: Was created in 1967 by Alan Pifer of the US-based Carnegie Foundation , in an essay on the independence and accountability of public-funded bodies that are incorporated in the private sector. This essay got the attention of David Howell, a Conservative M.P. in Britain, who then organized an Anglo-American project with Pifer, to examine the pros and cons of such enterprises. The lengthy term was shortened to
London Docklands Development Corporation - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-581: Was no commercial infrastructure such as banks or building societies or any new office accommodation. The London Docklands Development Corporation was established by the then Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Heseltine , under section 135 of the Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980 . It was financed by a grant from central government and from the proceeds from the disposal of land for development. The corporation acted as
1849-728: Was originally a shortening of "quasi NGO", where NGO is the acronym for a non-government organisation . As its original name suggests, a quango is a hybrid form of organization, with elements of both NGOs and public sector bodies. The term is most often applied in the United Kingdom and, to a lesser degree, other countries in the core and middle Anglosphere . In the UK, the term quango covers different "arm's-length" government bodies, including " non-departmental public bodies " (NDPBs), non-ministerial government departments , and executive agencies . In its pejorative use, it has been widely applied to public bodies of various kinds, and
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