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64-648: The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries is assigned the responsibility of managing, conserving, promoting, and supervision of Louisiana's renewable fish and wildlife resources and their supporting habitats, through the Constitution of the State of Louisiana of 1974 Article IX, Section 7 and in revised statutes under Title 36 and Title 56. The LDWF was formerly known as the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission . The LDWF participates in

128-600: A George Polk Award . Praised by state lawmakers, the series had an impact on public opinion; Louisiana voters overwhelmingly voted to amend the Constitution of 1974 in November of 2018, requiring all future felony convictions to be unanimous. In the 2020 case Ramos v. Louisiana , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Sixth Amendment right of a unanimous verdict against all the states. The proceedings of

192-574: A minimum of 80 percent of that revenue goes directly toward habitat conservation . Their sources of revenue include federal and state habitat reimbursements, conservation easements, sponsors, members, major gifts, donations, royalties, and advertisement. The majority of DU's financial contributors and 90 percent of its members are hunters. Its DU Magazine contains many historical and practical articles on waterfowl hunting. It obtains revenue from advertisements of waterfowling equipment such as shotguns, ammunition, decoys, and bird calls. Additional revenue

256-750: A recall on the Constitutional Convention ultimately resulted in the New Orleans Riot . In 1867, Louisiana and Texas were placed in the Fifth Military District under General Philip Sheridan . A Third Reconstruction Act (1867) allowed district commanders authority to remove state officials from office. " Carpetbaggers " were appointed to many offices to assure loyalty to the Union. A requirement for state Congressional representation, added by Congress as part of

320-428: A wide range of corporations, governments, other non-governmental organizations , landowners, and private citizens to restore and manage areas that have been degraded and to prevent further degradation of existing wetlands. DU is also active in working with others to recommend government policies that will influence wetlands and the environment. DU generated more than $ 201 million in revenues during their 2019 fiscal year;

384-695: Is probable cause to believe that a violation has occurred". This includes "public restaurants, public and private markets, stores, and places where wild birds, game quadrupeds, fish, or other aquatic life or any parts thereof may be kept and offered for sale, for the purpose of ascertaining whether any laws or regulations under the jurisdiction of the department have been violated." This also includes inspecting commercial licenses required for retail and/or wholesale of commercial fish and bait fish. The "search with or without warrant" provision, involving any wildlife with or without cause, extends to private property, even if fenced and posted with no trespassing signs, using

448-546: Is raised by commissioning artists to create duck artwork, with a portion going to the artist and the majority share of revenue going to Ducks Unlimited. Eric Thorsen is one wildlife artist who has contributed artwork for fundraising. In 2019, Ducks Unlimited Canada and the University of Saskatchewan partnered to establish the "Ducks Unlimited Canada Endowed Chair in Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation". The position will aid

512-677: Is the State of Louisiana . From the beginning there were border disputes. In 1795, the Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States , known as Pinckney's Treaty , had set the stage for long nonviolent negotiations. An area between the Mississippi River and Perdido River (excluding New Orleans) was claimed by Spain as part of the West Florida Controversy . Also at issue

576-839: The Battle of Liberty Place (September 14, 1874), and the Second Battle of the Cabildo (January 1877), are instances of whites attacking blacks that involved the Redeemers and the White League , an insurgent paramilitary group. The Freedmen's Bureau had reported a multitude of physical attacks on freedmen and their supporters in Louisiana from 1865 to 1868, when the Bureau was closed and no authority recorded this data. After

640-599: The Boone and Crockett Club was created specifically for sport bird management and operated until 1930 as the American Wild Fowlers. Membership included such people as Arthur Bartley and Nash Buckingham , who would later be involved in the conservation movement. In 1930, Joseph P. Knapp , a publishing tycoon who successfully obtained such notable publications as The Associated Sunday Magazine , Crowell Publishing Company, Collier’s Weekly , Farm and Fireside, and

704-635: The Ironclad oath that was implemented by the Radical Republicans and used until repealed by President Arthur in May, 1884. The oath excluded ex- Confederate soldiers, anyone holding office in a state that seceded from the Union, or supporters of the Confederacy . This created further tension between persons of color and ex-Confederate soldiers. The lack of voting rights, Black codes , and

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768-605: The Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In 1804, the land the United States purchased from France was divided in two territories: 1) the Louisiana Territory (upper territory) and 2) the area below the 33rd parallel (current Louisiana-Arkansas state line), the Orleans Territory each as an organized incorporated territory of the United States . The Territory of Orleans formed the bulk of what today

832-738: The Mississippi Flyway Council Technical Committee collects technical data used to set annual waterfowl hunting regulations. Louisiana, as well as all other states such as Texas , participate in the HIP Program. This is an acronym for Migratory Bird Harvest Information Program that is operated jointly by each state and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), for anyone wanting to hunt ducks, coots , geese, brant , swans , doves , band-tailed pigeons , woodcock , rails , snipe , sandhill cranes , or gallinules , all hunters must register, and

896-716: The Radical Republicans and the Southern Democrats . With the Democrats resumption of power in 1877, the Solid South coalition was formed. The period of time from 1868 to 1879 was marked with violence against freedmen, as seen in the First Battle of the Cabildo (March 5, 1873) and the Colfax massacre April 13, 1873), both events that arose from the disputed gubernatorial election of 1872. Charges related to

960-832: The Reconstruction Acts , was ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The constitution, adopted in conference March 7, 1868, was the first one in Louisiana to provide a formal bill of rights. It eradicated the Black Codes of 1865, removed property qualifications for holding office, and former Confederates were still disfranchised. Black men secured full citizenship with equal civil and political rights, state funded public education that prohibited segregated schools (Title VII; article 135) funded by one-half of

1024-695: The Waterfowl Program that includes waterfowl-wetlands management, research, and monitoring. Two biologists coordinate the program, the Waterfowl Study Leader and the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP). The program offers technical assistance to improve wetland habitat on both public and private land that includes providing food for wintering geese and ducks , nest sites, brooding habitat, for breeding wood ducks . Biologists form

1088-439: The "counties" of Acadia, Lafourche, Attakapas, Opelousas, Rapides, Ouachita, Pointe Coupee, and Iberville, as well as representative delegates from parishes. Some notable articles in the constitution: The Constitution of 1852 included an increase in the number of Louisiana Supreme Court justices to five, restricted the governor's powers, and created a public works. The fourth district included Imperial Calcasieu Parish , before

1152-607: The "open fields doctrine", per Hester v. United States and Oliver v. United States , and does not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or the Louisiana Constitution. The Second Circuit of the Court of Appeal of Louisiana concluded that there is no expectation of privacy where hunting and fishing are allowed, and agents can enter property without suspicion. The "balancing test",

1216-490: The "promotion of legitimate governmental interests against the intrusion of the procedure" (authority for application is Johnson v. United States (2015) ), was provided in Delaware v. Prouse , 440 U.S. 648 (1979). United States v. Greenhead, Inc., 256 F. Supp. 890 (N.D. Cal. 1966), affirms that agents can enter a locked gate, without any suspicion of criminal wrongdoing. The Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Foundation (LWFF)

1280-716: The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, Ducks Unlimited became involved with multiple clean-up efforts in Gulf states. The organization worked with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service to protect approximately 79,000 acres of waterfowl and other waterbird habitats. In 2015, Ducks Unlimited partnered with The Trust for Public Land to build an online database that tracked conservation and cleanup efforts following

1344-607: The Bureau closed in 1872, atrocities were largely buried by local communities and seldom taken to court. Federal courts, as well as the Louisiana Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court, did not generally hear charges at the state level. Following the end of Reconstruction, the rate of lynchings of blacks increased, reaching a peak at the end of the 19th century, when Louisiana and other southern states passed new constitutions and laws to effectively disenfranchise African Americans . The Louisiana Constitution of 1898,

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1408-665: The Colfax events reached the US Supreme Court. In United States v. Cruikshank (1876), it supported federal restrictions on the civil freedoms supposedly guaranteed by the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States and the Louisiana Constitution. It denied African-American citizens the constitutional rights of the Fourteenth Amendment and the right to bear arms . The Coushatta Massacre (1874),

1472-558: The Court of Appeals may be called in for a third division to reduce backlogs. Section 6; Justices to be elected for a period of fourteen years. The constitution, the longest in Louisiana history (as of 2020), lasted fifty-three years. It removed all references to the French language and mandated that "the general exercises in the public schools... be conducted in the English language". We, the people of Louisiana, grateful to Almighty God for

1536-646: The Deepwater Horizon spill. On August 16, 2018, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced a $ 1.8 million cooperative agreement with Ducks Unlimited to clean up oil spills and hazardous waste in the State of Texas from releases originating from the Gulf of Mexico. Ducks Unlimited produces a television show, Ducks Unlimited TV a.k.a. DUTV . This show is hosted by Field Hudnall, Wade Bourne, and Ainsley Beeman. The show highlights conservation and waterfowl hunting across

1600-643: The Legislature shall meet in regular session and how "Extraordinary Sessions" (special sessions) can be convened (either by the Governor or by the leaders of both the House and Senate upon petition of the majority of the members of both houses). The regular session times and lengths, as well as what can be enacted, depend on the year: It also contains prohibitions against certain "local and special laws" (i.e., laws which make an act legal or illegal in one portion of

1664-522: The Louisiana Constitution of 1974 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Louisiana Constitution is legally named the Constitution of the State of Louisiana and commonly called the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 , and the Constitution of 1974 . The constitution is the cornerstone of the law of Louisiana ensuring the rights of individuals , describing the distribution and power of state officials and local government, establishes

1728-606: The Louisiana Purchase. On Dec. 27, U.S. Representative Nathaniel Macon submitted a petition based on the inclusion of the territory of West Florida. Confrontations were heated in the house that ranged from; the West Florida territory belonged to the Mississippi Territory (U.S. Representative William Bibb of Georgia), that the entire idea of expansion was unconstitutional without the vote of

1792-704: The Orleans territory. Senator William Giles of Virginia had already submitted a petition for statehood, in March 1810, based on the ordinance of 1787. The senate passed the petition on April 27, 1810, by a vote of 15 to 8, and ordered the territory to assemble a convention to draft a constitutional amendment. Because the president incorporated the area of West Florida into the Orleans Territory, Representative Julien Poydras (Orleans Territory) on December 17, 1810, petitioned for statehood based on Article III of

1856-593: The United Kingdom to assist the State of Louisiana with the foundation of a civil - common "hybrid" Court of cassassion, although attempts have been made following the cohesion difficulties identified (justice system of the state) following on from the Katrina disaster. Unusual among state Constitutions, several Articles of the Louisiana Constitution contain Parts which are further organized into sections. Defines

1920-546: The beginning. The period gave renewed fever to abolitionists and in 1814 the founding of the Manumission Society of Tennessee furthered anti-slavery sentiment. According to the Constitution of 1812, originally called the Constitution or Form of Government of the State of Louisiana , that while the candidates for governor would be voted upon, the constitution provided that the legislature chose from

1984-543: The blessings of freedom and justice to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution. Contains provisions similar to the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution , plus additional provisions unique to the State, such as Article I.27, which protects the freedom of the people to engage in traditional pastimes of hunting, trapping, and fishing, subject only to laws and regulations designed to "protect, conserve, and replenish

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2048-553: The bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved.", and "The constitution is a political compact from which the original parties would be released if the assumed principle of this bill became law." As a reaction to these comments House of Representative territorial delegate George Poindexter of Mississippi accused Quincy of treason. This resulted in a vote that Quincy won by a narrow margin of 56-53. With vindication Quincy continued; Louisiana statehood would produce states that were free "from their moral obligation, and that, as it will be

2112-562: The book publisher P.F. Collier & Sons, founded More Game Birds in America and American Wild Fowlers was quickly absorbed into the new organization. In 1937, Knapp, Robert Winthrop, E.H.Low and a small group of conservation philanthropists decided to focus on the decreasing waterfowl populations, and the habitat necessary to sustain them in Canada. Ducks Unlimited was incorporated on January 29, 1937. Local Winnipeg artist Ernie Wilson created

2176-600: The branch is limited to no more than 20 departments comprising all functions. Sets forth the qualifications for each branch member, term limits (two terms for the Governor, and three terms for members of certain appointed boards), determination of inability to serve and how. Sets forth the organization of the Louisiana Supreme Court and the various lower courts, as well as the provisions for qualifications of jurors and, under Section V.29, parish coroners . There are currently no known public commissions from

2240-420: The civil, political, economic, and religious liberties we enjoy, and desiring to protect individual rights to life, liberty, and property; afford opportunity for the fullest development of the individual; assure equality of rights; promote the health, safety, education, and welfare of the people; maintain a representative and orderly government; ensure domestic tranquility; provide for the common defense; and secure

2304-505: The composition of parishes (as counties are called in Louisiana) and municipalities, provisions for home rule charters, and other allowances and limitations. Places limitations on taxation and issuance of bonds for parishes, municipalities, and local school boards Allows for the creation of special levee districts in coastal parishes. Allows the Legislature to create new port commissions and districts, and grandfathers existing ones at

2368-568: The convention at which the 1898 constitution was developed and adopted contains the word "supremacy" at least eight times, including: A constitutional convention was called to re-fund the state debt and enlarge the powers of the New Orleans Sewer and Water Board. Concerns over possible Supreme Court constitutionality decisions led to a longer constitution with all sixty-six amendments to the Constitution of 1898 being included. Supreme Court Justices to be elected, more funding for education

2432-400: The income from a poll tax (article 141), and equal treatment on public transportation. Title VI; article 75 provided a Supreme Court that consisted of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the state Senate, for eight year terms. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, and the Louisiana

2496-592: The information is used to provide statistics on waterfowl harvesting in the US. State law grants broad powers to LDWF officers concerning any aspect of wildlife in the state. Officers have a right to visit, inspect records and search, with or without a search warrant, "any cold storage plant, warehouse, boat, store, car, conveyance, automobile or other vehicle, airplane or other aircraft, basket or other receptacle, or any place of deposit for wild birds, wild quadrupeds, fish, or other aquatic life or any parts thereof whenever there

2560-843: The natural resources" of the State Arranges the state government into the traditional three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, and prohibits any branch from exercising the powers of any other branch. Organizes the Louisiana Legislature into a bicameral one, consisting of the Louisiana House of Representatives (having no more than 105 members) and the Louisiana Senate (having no more than 39 members). Sets qualifications for office, term limits (no more than three consecutive terms), and for filling vacancies. This section also discusses when

2624-851: The original Ducks Unlimited logo. More Game Birds in America was then absorbed by the new waterfowl organization. Ducks Unlimited Canada was incorporated in Winnipeg , Manitoba , on March 10, 1937. As of 2020, Ducks Unlimited Canada has a conservation community of 111,025 people. Ducks Unlimited also works in Mexico through their sister organization, Ducks Unlimited de Mexico. Other chapters have since begun operation in Latin America , Mexico , New Zealand , and Australia . Ducks Unlimited has conserved at least 15 million acres of waterfowl habitat in North America . DU partners with

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2688-482: The people (U.S. Representative Richard Johnson of Kentucky ), the undetermined borders (U.S. Representative Timothy Pitkin of Connecticut ), and U.S. Representative Josiah Quincy 's (Massachusetts) strong opposition; "I address you, Mr. Speaker, with an anxiety and distress of mind with me wholly unprecedented. To me it appears that this measure would justify a revolution in this country. I am compelled to declare it as my deliberate opinion that, if this bill passes,

2752-408: The prairies. Ducks Unlimited has also expanded its operations to include conservation projects in every state of the United States and Mexico. It retains a primary focus on habitats most important to waterfowl, including the restoration of duck breeding habitats in Canada and the northern central states and ducks overwintering habitat, mainly in the coastal and southern states and in Mexico. Following

2816-617: The punishment is necessarily at hard labor" by a verdict of nine out of twelve jurors. This provision survived into the 1974 constitution, but with the change to require a verdict of ten out of twelve. Research by Louisiana’s newspaper of record, The Advocate , shows how this provision has been used to drive incarceration, especially of black people. The series, entitled “Tilting the Scales,” debuted Easter Sunday 2018, and would later win The Advocate its first Pulitzer Prize , as well as

2880-436: The right of all, so it will be the duty of some, to prepare, definitely, for a separation: amicably if they can, violently if they must! After much heated debate, the bill being passed back and forth between the House and Senate over seven times, an agreement was reached, a resolution signed, and a joint conference committee passed an identical bill April 6, 1812. The ninth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase of April 30, 1812,

2944-545: The separation of Cameron , Beauregard , Jefferson Davis and Allen Parishes. The convention of 1861, convened to address concerns arising from the current political conflict, modified the constitution of 1852 to reflect Louisiana's secession (January 26, 1861) from the union . Ordinances included secession from the Union and the adoption of the constitution of the Confederate States of America , The Louisiana Constitution of 1864 abolished slavery throughout

3008-461: The state and city civil service systems, creates and defines the operation of a state lottery , and the manner of revising the constitution. Louisiana's constitution was adopted (adopted in Convention) during the Constitutional Convention in 1974, ratified by the voters of the state on April 20, 1974, and became effective on January 1, 1975. The beginning of statehood for Louisiana began with

3072-510: The state, but not in another), requires appropriations bills to originate in the House, and sets rules for passage of bills and laws. Furthermore, it contains a provision for the "Legislative Auditor", who is responsible for auditing the fiscal records of the State, its agencies and political subdivisions. Organizes the composition of the executive branch. Except for the offices of the Governor of Louisiana and Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana ,

3136-482: The state, but was effective only in the thirteen Louisiana parishes under Union control during the war. Voting rights to black men who fought for the Union , owned property, or were literate, were allowed to be authorized (but not given) by the state legislature. Other persons of color were excluded. A free public school system was allowed for all children aged six to eighteen, but the legislature established schools for whites only. The failed Wade–Davis Bill included

3200-476: The system of law was (and still is) based on Civil law instead of English Common law , and the use of parishes instead of counties. The first constitution was drafted on January 22, 1812, and Louisiana became a U.S. State on April 30, 1812. In Louisiana, the period of time from 1812 until the start of the American Civil War is considered to be the antebellum period , although some use 1789 as

3264-466: The tax, and an annual road tax from twenty-five cents to one dollar for each vehicle, including bicycles, was levied. The state would support the old soldiers home (Article 302) known as Camp Nichols. Loyal, honorably discharged or paroled, indigent Confederate soldiers, referred to as inmates, were provided a pension of eight dollars a month. The home housed confederate soldiers into the 1940s. The 1898 constitution provided for conviction in "cases in which

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3328-480: The time of the 1974 Constitution adoption. Defines certain terms for purposes of this Article only. Provides for the authority to assess and collect various taxes, subject to limitations, as well as for various dedicated funds. Ducks Unlimited Ducks Unlimited (DU) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the conservation of wetlands and associated upland habitats for waterfowl, other wildlife, and people. In 1927, an offshoot of

3392-450: The two who received the most votes. An act entitled, "An act to provide for the calling of a Convention for the purpose of re-adopting, amending or changing the Constitution of the State", was approved March 18, 1845, and the senatorial and representative delegates met August 5, 1844 to update or replace what had been considered to be an outdated constitution of 1812. The Constitutional Convention of 1845 included senatorial delegates from

3456-583: The university faculty and students with environmental education, research, and outreach. In March 2019, Ducks Unlimited named former Florida Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam the new Chief Executive Officer. Traditionally, most Ducks Unlimited wetland conservation projects were conducted on waterfowl breeding areas in the Canadian prairies by its sister organization, Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC). DUC has since expanded its operations to include projects in every Canadian province and territory, not just in

3520-541: Was adopted in Convention May 12, 1898. Article 197 provided restrictions, directed primarily at black voters. An annual poll tax of one dollar was levied (Article 198) on all males, ages twenty-one to sixty to be eligible to vote, with receipt of the two previous years being paid. The money to be used in the parish where the tax is levied and collected for education. For the first time women tax payers were allowed to vote (Article 199). An annual poll tax of one dollar

3584-435: Was adopted in conference July 23, and was ratified December 8, 1879 returning Louisiana to home rule . The new constitution placed more limits on the voting rights of freedmen . The state capital was moved from New Orleans to Baton Rouge . The state Supreme Court retained five members, who were appointed by the governor for twelve-year terms, and for the first time were given supervisory power over inferior courts. A lottery

3648-416: Was authorized (article 167) but gambling (article 172) was considered a vice to be suppressed. From 1872 to 1877 there had been essentially a dual government, as Democrats rejected the election of Republicans. During this period election cycle violence continued to increase as white Democrats sought to suppress the black Republican vote. Louisiana was torn, not unlike during the Civil war, with battles between

3712-409: Was chosen to be the date of admittance. The name of the first new state west of the Mississippi was to be called "Louisiana". The issue of West Florida was solved with statehood but the western border dispute remained unresolved until the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. The first constitution was made after the Constitution of Kentucky with three stark differences. A Bill of Rights was not included,

3776-495: Was completed June 20, 2017. The project was a joint partnership between the LDWF, Ducks Unlimited (DU), LWFF, the Walker Foundation, Biedenharn Foundation, International Paper and other DU sponsors that support America's River Initiative. A North American Wetlands Conservation Act (NAWCA) grant of $ 1,000,000 was matched with partner contributions of $ 2,100,000 to improve 3,500 acres of wetland habitat with an impacted area of 8,547 acres. Constitution of Louisiana#Articles of

3840-469: Was formed December 14, 1995, as a 501(C)(3) tax exempt nonprofit public charitable foundation. The purpose is to aid the LDWF in a broad range of areas, including financial support, in habitat conservation . The foundation receives no funding from the State of Louisiana or the LDWF so is dependent on contributions from private and corporate donations. The Russell Sage Wildlife Management Area Wham Brake enhancement project (Wham Brake Hydrology Enhancement)

3904-405: Was levied on every male between the ages of twenty-one and sixty to be used for public school maintenance (article 231). Parish road districts were created (Article 291) and taxes were authorized to include, an annual road maintenance poll tax of not more than one dollar for each able-bodied male (eighteen to fifty-five years old) authorized, with compulsory road service to be waved on those that paid

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3968-597: Was provided, and six amendments to the Confederate Pension Plan. The Louisiana Constitution of 1921, was adopted in convention June 18, 1921. A major concern was validity of some provisions of the Constitution of 1913. Article IV: section 7; Authority to set minimum wage, regulate hours and working conditions for women and girls, with exceptions for agriculture and domestic service. Article IV: section 16; No law abolishing forced "heirship". Article VII: section 4; The Supreme Court justices increased to seven. Section 5; Supreme Court may sit in divisions of three, and two judges from

4032-556: Was readmitted to the Union. Considered the best constitution in Louisiana history, it did not solve racial discrimination. For the next eight years, political fighting and corruption continued in Louisiana. The Reconstruction era finally came to a close in Louisiana and the rest of the South with the trading of votes at the national level that led to the election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President. Federal troops were withdrawn on April 29, 1877, and mostly white, conservative Democrats regained control of Louisiana. The Constitution of 1879

4096-418: Was the area that became known as the neutral ground on the western border, meaning the territory had undefined borders. These disputes led to an end to diplomatic relations in 1805. Plantation owners proclaimed independence from Spain, establishing the short lived nation of the Republic of West Florida on Sept. 23, 1810, but President James Madison ordered U.S. forces into the area and incorporated it into

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