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28-480: (Redirected from LXXXIV ) 84 may refer to: 84 (number) one of the years 84 BC , AD 84 , 1984 , AD 2084 84 Lumber , a building materials supply company Eighty Four, Pennsylvania , an unincorporated census-designated place in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States Seksendört , a Turkish pop group whose name means 84 84 Klio ,

56-405: A Hurwitz curve . The theorem is named after Adolf Hurwitz , who proved it in ( Hurwitz 1893 ). Hurwitz's bound also holds for algebraic curves over a field of characteristic 0, and over fields of positive characteristic p >0 for groups whose order is coprime to p , but can fail over fields of positive characteristic p >0 when p divides the group order. For example, the double cover of

84-417: A compact Riemann surface of genus g  > 1, stating that the number of such automorphisms cannot exceed 84( g  − 1). A group for which the maximum is achieved is called a Hurwitz group , and the corresponding Riemann surface a Hurwitz surface . Because compact Riemann surfaces are synonymous with non-singular complex projective algebraic curves , a Hurwitz surface can also be called

112-795: A discrete set of automorphisms. Hurwitz's theorem claims that in fact more is true: it provides a uniform bound on the order of the automorphism group as a function of the genus and characterizes those Riemann surfaces for which the bound is sharp . Theorem : Let X {\displaystyle X} be a smooth connected Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2 {\displaystyle g\geq 2} . Then its automorphism group Aut ⁡ ( X ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Aut} (X)} has size at most 84 ( g − 1 ) {\displaystyle 84(g-1)} . Proof: Assume for now that G = Aut ⁡ ( X ) {\displaystyle G=\operatorname {Aut} (X)}

140-462: A hyperbolic surface that realizes the maximum order of the automorphism group for the surfaces of a given genus, can be obtained by the construction given. This is the last part of the theorem of Hurwitz. The smallest Hurwitz group is the projective special linear group PSL(2,7) , of order 168, and the corresponding curve is the Klein quartic curve . This group is also isomorphic to PSL(3,2) . Next

168-640: A minor planet part of the Asteroid belt See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing 84 List of highways numbered 84 [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same number. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=84&oldid=1232417223 " Category : Lists of ambiguous numbers Hidden categories: Short description

196-675: A total of 84 digits. A hepteract is a seven- dimensional hypercube with 84 penteract 5-faces. 84 is the limit superior of the largest finite subgroup of the mapping class group of a genus g {\displaystyle g} surface divided by g {\displaystyle g} . Under Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem , a smooth connected Riemann surface X {\displaystyle X} of genus g > 1 {\displaystyle g>1} will contain an automorphism group A u t ( X ) = G {\displaystyle \mathrm {Aut} (X)=G} whose order

224-411: A vertex, and a face, while the full symmetry group would also include a reflection. The polygons in the tiling are not fundamental domains – the tiling by (2,3,7) triangles refines both of these and is not regular. Wythoff constructions yields further uniform tilings , yielding eight uniform tilings , including the two regular ones given here. These all descend to Hurwitz surfaces, yielding tilings of

252-510: Is a branched cover X → P 1 {\displaystyle X\to \mathbf {P} ^{1}} with three ramification points, of indices 2 , 3 and 7 . By the uniformization theorem, any hyperbolic surface X – i.e., the Gaussian curvature of X is equal to negative one at every point – is covered by the hyperbolic plane . The conformal mappings of the surface correspond to orientation-preserving automorphisms of

280-515: Is classically bound to | G | ≤ 84   ( g − 1 ) {\displaystyle |G|\leq 84{\text{ }}(g-1)} . 84 is the thirtieth and largest n {\displaystyle n} for which the cyclotomic field Q ( ζ n ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {Q} (\zeta _{n})} has class number 1 {\displaystyle 1} (or unique factorization ), preceding 60 (that

308-431: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 84 (number) 84 is a semiperfect number , being thrice a perfect number, and the sum of the sixth pair of twin primes ( 41 + 43 ) {\displaystyle (41+43)} . It is the number of four-digit perfect powers in decimal . It is the third (or second) dodecahedral number , and

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336-538: Is finite (this will be proved at the end). Now call the righthand side | G | R {\displaystyle |G|R} and since g ≥ 2 {\displaystyle g\geq 2} we must have R > 0 {\displaystyle R>0} . Rearranging the equation we find: In conclusion, | G | ≤ 84 ( g − 1 ) {\displaystyle |G|\leq 84(g-1)} . To show that G {\displaystyle G}

364-561: Is finite, note that G {\displaystyle G} acts on the cohomology H ∗ ( X , C ) {\displaystyle H^{*}(X,\mathbf {C} )} preserving the Hodge decomposition and the lattice H 1 ( X , Z ) {\displaystyle H^{1}(X,\mathbf {Z} )} . This is a contradiction, and so fix ⁡ ( φ ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {fix} (\varphi )}

392-595: Is infinite. Since fix ⁡ ( φ ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {fix} (\varphi )} is a closed complex sub variety of positive dimension and X {\displaystyle X} is a smooth connected curve (i.e. dim C ⁡ ( X ) = 1 {\displaystyle \dim _{\mathbf {C} }(X)=1} ), we must have fix ⁡ ( φ ) = X {\displaystyle \operatorname {fix} (\varphi )=X} . Thus φ {\displaystyle \varphi }

420-550: Is the Macbeath curve , with automorphism group PSL(2,8) of order 504. Many more finite simple groups are Hurwitz groups; for instance all but 64 of the alternating groups are Hurwitz groups, the largest non-Hurwitz example being of degree 167. The smallest alternating group that is a Hurwitz group is A 15 . Most projective special linear groups of large rank are Hurwitz groups, ( Lucchini, Tamburini & Wilson 2000 ). For lower ranks, fewer such groups are Hurwitz. For n p

448-399: Is the composite index of 84), and 48 . There are 84 zero divisors in the 16-dimensional sedenions S {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} } . Eighty-four is also: Hurwitz%27s automorphisms theorem In mathematics , Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem bounds the order of the group of automorphisms , via orientation-preserving conformal mappings , of

476-535: Is the identity, and we conclude that h {\displaystyle h} is injective and G ≅ h ( G ) {\displaystyle G\cong h(G)} is finite. Q.E.D. Corollary of the proof : A Riemann surface X {\displaystyle X} of genus g ≥ 2 {\displaystyle g\geq 2} has 84 ( g − 1 ) {\displaystyle 84(g-1)} automorphisms if and only if X {\displaystyle X}

504-589: The Harada–Norton group , the third Conway group Co 3 , the Lyons group , and the Monster , ( Wilson 2001 ). The largest |Aut( X )| can get for a Riemann surface X of genus g is shown below, for 2≤ g ≤10, along with a surface X 0 with |Aut( X 0 )| maximal. In this range, there only exists a Hurwitz curve in genus g =3 and g =7. The concept of a Hurwitz surface can be generalized in several ways to

532-720: The Ree groups of type 2G2 are nearly always Hurwitz, ( Malle 1990 ). Other families of exceptional and twisted Lie groups of low rank are shown to be Hurwitz in ( Malle 1995 ). There are 12 sporadic groups that can be generated as Hurwitz groups: the Janko groups J 1 , J 2 and J 4 , the Fischer groups Fi 22 and Fi' 24 , the Rudvalis group , the Held group , the Thompson group ,

560-444: The area is Thus we are asking for integers which make the expression strictly positive and as small as possible. This minimal value is 1/42, and gives a unique triple of such integers. This would indicate that the order | G | of the automorphism group is bounded by However, a more delicate reasoning shows that this is an overestimate by the factor of two, because the group G can contain orientation-reversing transformations. For

588-493: The context of compact Riemann surfaces X , via the Riemann uniformization theorem , this can be seen as a distinction between the surfaces of different topologies: While in the first two cases the surface X admits infinitely many conformal automorphisms (in fact, the conformal automorphism group is a complex Lie group of dimension three for a sphere and of dimension one for a torus), a hyperbolic Riemann surface only admits

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616-485: The hyperbolic plane. By the Gauss–Bonnet theorem , the area of the surface is In order to make the automorphism group G of X as large as possible, we want the area of its fundamental domain D for this action to be as small as possible. If the fundamental domain is a triangle with the vertex angles π/p, π/q and π/r, defining a tiling of the hyperbolic plane, then p , q , and r are integers greater than one, and

644-479: The order of p modulo 7, one has that PSL(2, q ) is Hurwitz if and only if either q =7 or q = p . Indeed, PSL(3, q ) is Hurwitz if and only if q = 2, PSL(4, q ) is never Hurwitz, and PSL(5, q ) is Hurwitz if and only if q = 7 or q = p , ( Tamburini & Vsemirnov 2006 ). Similarly, many groups of Lie type are Hurwitz. The finite classical groups of large rank are Hurwitz, ( Lucchini & Tamburini 1999 ). The exceptional Lie groups of type G2 and

672-452: The orientation, we can join the triangles in pairs and obtain an orientation-preserving tiling polygon. A Hurwitz surface is obtained by 'closing up' a part of this infinite tiling of the hyperbolic plane to a compact Riemann surface of genus g . This will necessarily involve exactly 84( g − 1) double triangle tiles. The following two regular tilings have the desired symmetry group; the rotational group corresponds to rotation about an edge,

700-404: The orientation-preserving conformal automorphisms the bound is 84( g − 1). To obtain an example of a Hurwitz group, let us start with a (2,3,7)-tiling of the hyperbolic plane. Its full symmetry group is the full (2,3,7) triangle group generated by the reflections across the sides of a single fundamental triangle with the angles π/2, π/3 and π/7. Since a reflection flips the triangle and changes

728-465: The projective line y = x − x branched at all points defined over the prime field has genus g =( p −1)/2 but is acted on by the group PGL 2 ( p ) of order p − p . One of the fundamental themes in differential geometry is a trichotomy between the Riemannian manifolds of positive, zero, and negative curvature K . It manifests itself in many diverse situations and on several levels. In

756-411: The sum of the first seven triangular numbers (1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28), which makes it the seventh tetrahedral number . The number of divisors of 84 is 12. As no smaller number has more than 12 divisors, 84 is a largely composite number . The twenty-second unique prime in decimal , with notably different digits than its preceding (and known following) terms in the same sequence , contains

784-413: The surfaces (triangulation, tiling by heptagons, etc.). From the arguments above it can be inferred that a Hurwitz group G is characterized by the property that it is a finite quotient of the group with two generators a and b and three relations thus G is a finite group generated by two elements of orders two and three, whose product is of order seven. More precisely, any Hurwitz surface, that is,

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