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58-523: "Logan elm" originally referred to a large individual elm tree where Logan the Orator gave a speech. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,062 people, 425 households, and 295 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,073.2 inhabitants per square mile (800.5/km). There were 438 housing units at an average density of 855.0 per square mile (330.1/km). The racial makeup of

116-656: A distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. Eight species are endemic to North America and three to Europe, but the greatest diversity is in Asia with approximately two dozen species. The oldest fossils of Ulmus are leaves dating Paleocene , found across the Northern Hemisphere. The classification adopted in the List of elm species is largely based on that established by Brummitt. A large number of synonyms have accumulated over

174-661: A few days. They are planted in sandy potting soil at a depth of 1 cm, and germinate in three weeks. Slow-germinating American elm will remain dormant until the second season. Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the fall and germinate in the spring. Since elms may hybridize within and between species, seed propagation entails a hybridisation risk. In unfavourable seasons, elm seeds are usually sterile. Elms outside their natural range, such as English elm U. minor 'Atinia' , and elms unable to pollinate because pollen sources are genetically identical, are sterile and are propagated by vegetative reproduction . Vegetative reproduction

232-498: A household in the CDP was $ 39,250, and the median income for a family was $ 48,558. Males had a median income of $ 39,911 versus $ 25,208 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 17,584. About 7.4% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.0% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older. Elm tree See Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising

290-472: A result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years. Elm wood is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wagon -wheel hubs, chair seats, and coffins . The bodies of Japanese Taiko drums are often cut from the wood of old elm trees, as the wood's resistance to splitting

348-534: A single variety that possessed of any significant resistance. The first, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi , arrived in Europe from Asia in 1910, and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1928. It was steadily weakened by viruses in Europe and had all but disappeared by the 1940s. However, the disease had a much greater and longer-lasting impact in North America, owing to

406-445: Is hermaphroditic , having apetalous perfect flowers which are wind-pollinated. Elm leaves are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly, doubly serrate margins, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex . The fruit is a round wind-dispersed samara flushed with chlorophyll , facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge. The samarae are very light, those of British elms numbering around 50,000 to

464-612: Is a nationwide trial to assess strengths and weaknesses of the 19 leading cultivars raised in the US over a 10-year period; European cultivars have been excluded. Meanwhile, in Europe, American and European cultivars are being assessed in field trials started in 2000 by the UK charity Butterfly Conservation . The oldest American elm trees in New York City's Central Park were planted in the 1860s by Frederick Law Olmsted , making them among

522-458: Is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original London Bridge , but this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact. The Romans, and more recently the Italians, planted elms in vineyards as supports for vines. Lopped at 3 m,

580-480: Is also used to produce genetically identical elms (clones). Methods include the winter transplanting of root suckers ; taking hardwood cuttings from vigorous one-year-old shoots in late winter, taking root cuttings in early spring; taking softwood cuttings in early summer; grafting ; ground and air layering ; and micropropagation . A bottom heat of 18 °C and humid conditions are maintained for hard- and softwood cuttings. The transplanting of root suckers remains

638-574: Is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Italy, the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per year. Elm bark , cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of Norway during the great famine of 1812. The seeds are particularly nutritious, containing 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass. Elm has been listed as one of

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696-401: Is caused by phytoplasmas that infect the phloem (inner bark) of the tree. Infection and death of the phloem effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees. Occasionally, cutting the infected tree before the disease completely establishes itself and cleanup and prompt disposal of infected matter has resulted in

754-485: Is highly desired for nailing the skins to them, and a set of three or more is often cut from the same tree. The elm's wood bends well and distorts easily. The often long, straight trunks were favoured as a source of timber for keels in ship construction. Elm is also prized by bowyers ; of the ancient bows found in Europe, a large portion are elm. During the Middle Ages , elm was also used to make longbows if yew

812-551: Is invariably carried by the female parent. Some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian elm ( Ulmus pumila ) in their ancestry, lack the forms for which the iconic American elm and English elm were prized. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the maritime climate conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations invariably included

870-495: Is no longer monitored. Sapsucker woodpeckers have a great love of young elm trees. One of the earliest of ornamental elms was the ball-headed graft narvan elm, Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera' , cultivated from time immemorial in Persia as a shade tree and widely planted in cities through much of south-west and central Asia. From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms, whether species, hybrids, or cultivars , were among

928-551: Is not favoured by the vector bark beetles. Thus it becomes colonized and infected only when no other elms are available, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain has suggested that it may be the presence of a triterpene , alnulin , which makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease. This possibility, though, has not been conclusively proven. More recently, field elms Ulmus minor highly resistant to DED have been discovered in Spain, and form

986-463: Is thought to have originated in Asia. The two subspecies have now hybridized in Europe where their ranges have overlapped. The hypothesis that O. novo-ulmi arose from a hybrid of the original O. ulmi and another strain endemic to the Himalayas , Ophiostoma himal-ulmi , is now discredited. No sign indicates the current pandemic is waning, and no evidence has been found of a susceptibility of

1044-600: The Iliad , when the River Scamander , indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself ("ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην". The nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the Thracian Chersonese of "great-hearted Protesilaus " ("μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου"), the first Greek to fall in

1102-597: The Siberian elm is drought tolerant, in dry countries, new varieties of elm are often root-grafted onto this species. Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. It derives its name "Dutch" from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by Dutch botanists Bea Schwarz and Christina Johanna Buisman . Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far remained unaffected by DED, as have

1160-475: The Southern Hemisphere , notably Australasia . Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from Dutch elm disease , caused by a microfungus dispersed by bark beetles . In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and landscaping . The genus

1218-460: The pound (454 g ). (Very rarely anomalous samarae occur with more than two wings. ) All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage. The elm tree can grow to great height, the American elm in excess of 30 m (100 ft), often with a forked trunk creating a vase profile. There are about 30 to 40 species of Ulmus (elm);

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1276-467: The 19th century, while in northern Japan Japanese elm ( U. davidiana var. japonica ) was widely planted as a street tree. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the 'Camperdown' elm ( U. glabra 'Camperdownii') , a contorted, weeping cultivar of the wych elm grafted on to a nonweeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading, and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces. In northern Europe, elms were among

1334-654: The 38 substances that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies , a kind of alternative medicine . Chinese elm ( Ulmus parvifolia ) is a popular choice for bonsai owing to its tolerance of severe pruning. In 1997, a European Union elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm genetic resources of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing. Many elm trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy. Many artists have admired elms for

1392-694: The American elm ( U. americana ), resulting in the release of DED-resistant clones, notably the cultivars 'Valley Forge' and 'Jefferson' . Much work has also been done into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and cultivars. In 1993, Mariam B. Sticklen and James L. Sherald reported the results of experiments funded by the US National Park Service and conducted at Michigan State University in East Lansing that were designed to apply genetic engineering techniques to

1450-547: The CDP was 96.70% White , 1.79% African American , 0.09% Native American , 0.75% Asian , 0.09% from other races , and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.75% of the population. There were 425 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who

1508-583: The Himalayan elm ( Ulmus wallichiana ) as a source of antifungal genes and have proven more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. However, the susceptibility of the cultivar 'Lobel', used as a control in Italian trials, to elm yellows has now (2014) raised a question mark over all the Dutch clones. Several highly resistant Ulmus cultivars have been released since 2000 by

1566-662: The Institute of Plant Protection in Florence, most commonly featuring crosses of the Dutch cultivar 'Plantijn' with the Siberian elm to produce resistant trees better adapted to the Mediterranean climate. Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The National Elm Trial in North America, begun in 2005,

1624-545: The Netherlands in 1928 and continued, uninterrupted by World War II, until 1992. Similar programmes were initiated in North America (1937), Italy (1978) and Spain (1986). Research has followed two paths: In North America, careful selection has produced a number of trees resistant not only to DED, but also to the droughts and cold winters that occur on the continent. Research in the United States has concentrated on

1682-520: The absence of the predators in their native lands. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus . These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Circa 2000, the Asian Zig-zag sawfly Aproceros leucopoda appeared in Europe and North America, although in England, its impact has been minimal and it

1740-679: The age of three, the infant goddess Artemis practised her newly acquired silver bow and arrows, made for her by Hephaestus and the Cyclopes , by shooting first at an elm, then at an oak, before turning her aim on a wild animal: The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the Iliad . When Eetion , father of Andromache , is killed by Achilles during the Trojan War , the mountain nymphs plant elms on his tomb ("περί δὲ πτελέας ἐφύτευσαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo"). Also in

1798-455: The ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the Ulmus field elm ( Ulmus minor ) group. Oliver Rackham describes Ulmus as the most critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are

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1856-451: The basis of a major breeding programme. Owing to their innate resistance to DED, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees that are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced a range of reliable hybrid cultivars now commercially available in North America and Europe. Disease resistance

1914-484: The beetles, invade the xylem or vascular system. The tree responds by producing tyloses , effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over 300 clones of the European species failed to find

1972-647: The countryside, the former in northern areas including Scandinavia and northern Britain , the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch elm ( U. × hollandica ) , occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In much of England, the English elm later came to dominate the horticultural landscape. Most commonly planted in hedgerows, it sometimes occurred in densities over 1000/km . In south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, large numbers of English and Dutch elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in

2030-579: The development of DED-resistant strains of American elm trees. In 2007, A. E. Newhouse and F. Schrodt of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse reported that young transgenic American elm trees had shown reduced DED symptoms and normal mycorrhizal colonization. In Europe, the European white elm ( U. laevis ) has received much attention. While this elm has little innate resistance to DED, it

2088-511: The ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, John Constable , Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller , Frederick Childe Hassam , Karel Klinkenberg , and George Inness . In Greek mythology, the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the eight hamadryads , nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas. In his Hymn to Artemis , poet Callimachus (third century BC) tells how, at

2146-422: The easiest most and common propagation method for European field elm and its hybrids. For specimen urban elms, grafting to wych-elm rootstock may be used to eliminate suckering or to ensure stronger root growth. The mutant-elm cultivars are usually grafted, the "weeping" elms 'Camperdown' and 'Horizontalis' at 2–3 m (7–10 ft), the dwarf cultivars 'Nana' and 'Jacqueline Hillier' at ground level. Since

2204-451: The elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade, and root suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood. Ovid in his Amores characterizes the elm as "loving the vine": ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum (the elm loves the vine, the vine does not desert the elm), and the ancients spoke of the "marriage" between elm and vine . The mucilaginous inner bark of

2262-580: The few trees tolerant of saline deposits from sea spray, which can cause "salt-burning" and die-back. This tolerance made elms reliable both as shelterbelt trees exposed to sea wind, in particular along the coastlines of southern and western Britain and in the Low Countries, and as trees for coastal towns and cities. This belle époque lasted until the First World War , when the elm began its slide into horticultural decline. The impact of

2320-551: The fungus to a disease of its own caused by d-factors : naturally occurring virus-like agents that severely debilitated the original O. ulmi and reduced its sporulation. Elm phloem necrosis (elm yellows) is a disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts. This very aggressive disease, with no known cure, occurs in the Eastern United States , southern Ontario in Canada, and Europe. It

2378-787: The genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae . They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical - montane regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward in the Middle East to Lebanon and Israel, and across the Equator in the Far East into Indonesia. Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests . Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and cultivars were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in Europe , North America, and parts of

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2436-517: The greater susceptibility of the American elm, Ulmus americana , which masked the emergence of the second, far more virulent strain of the disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi . It appeared in the United States sometime in the 1940s, and was originally believed to be a mutation of O. ulmi . Limited gene flow from O. ulmi to O. novo-ulmi was probably responsible for the creation of the North American subspecies O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana . It

2494-522: The hostilities on Germany , the origin of at least 40 cultivars, coincided with an outbreak of the early strain of DED, Ophiostoma ulmi . The devastation caused by the Second World War , and the demise in 1944 of the huge Späth nursery in Berlin , only accelerated the process. The outbreak of the new, three times more virulent, strain of DED Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in the late 1960s, brought

2552-514: The last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list of Elm synonyms and accepted names . Botanists who study elms and argue over elm identification and classification are called "pteleologists", from the Greek πτελέα (elm). As part of the suborder urticalean rosids , they are distantly related to cannabis , mulberries , figs , hops , and nettles . Elm propagation methods vary according to elm type and location, and

2610-750: The majority of the trees, although several are still lost each year. Younger American elms that have been planted in Central Park since the outbreak are of the DED-resistant 'Princeton' and 'Valley Forge' cultivars. Several rows of American elm trees that the National Park Service (NPS) first planted during the 1930s line much of the 1.9-mile-length (3 km) of the National Mall in Washington, DC. DED first appeared on

2668-408: The most widely planted ornamental trees in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. Their quick growth and variety of foliage and forms, their tolerance of air-pollution, and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their leaf litter in the fall were further advantages. In North America,

2726-651: The oldest stands of American elms in the world. Along the Mall and Literary Walk four lines of American elms stretch over the walkway forming a cathedral-like covering. A part of New York City's urban ecology , the elms improve air and water quality, reduce erosion and flooding, and decrease air temperatures during warm days. While the stand is still vulnerable to DED, in the 1980s the Central Park Conservancy undertook aggressive countermeasures such as heavy pruning and removal of extensively diseased trees. These efforts have largely been successful in saving

2784-550: The pandemic, and a number may survive, or have regenerated, unrecognised. Enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the Netherlands, sales of elm cultivars slumped from over 56,000 in 1989 to just 6,800 in 2004, whilst in the UK , only four of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2008. Efforts to develop DED-resistant cultivars began in

2842-480: The plant's survival via stump sprouts. Most serious of the elm pests is the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola , which can decimate foliage, although rarely with fatal results. The beetle was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe. Another unwelcome immigrant to North America is the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica . In both instances, the beetles cause far more damage in North America owing to

2900-434: The plantsman's needs. Native species may be propagated by seed. In their natural setting, native species, such as wych elm and European white elm in central and northern Europe and field elm in southern Europe, set viable seed in "favourable" seasons. Optimal conditions occur after a late warm spring. After pollination, seeds of spring-flowering elms ripen and fall at the start of summer (June); they remain viable for only

2958-402: The provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada . DED is caused by a micro fungus transmitted by two species of Scolytus elm-bark beetles , which act as vectors . The disease affects all species of elms native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved antifungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by

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3016-596: The slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra ) has long been used as a demulcent , and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the US with approval for sale as a nutritional supplement by the Food and Drug Administration . Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder , with the leafy branches cut to feed livestock . The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation. As fossil fuel resources diminish, increasing attention

3074-402: The species most commonly planted was the American elm ( U. americana ), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use - rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning . In Europe, the wych elm ( U. glabra ) and the field elm ( U. minor ) were the most widely planted in

3132-452: The tree to its nadir. Since around 1990, the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to DED. Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. Some of the latter, however, were by today's standards inadequately described or illustrated before

3190-406: The trees during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS used a number of methods to control the epidemic , including sanitation , pruning , injecting trees with fungicide , and replanting with DED-resistant cultivars. The NPS combated the disease's local insect vector , the smaller European elm bark beetle ( Scolytus multistriatus ), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides . As

3248-446: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.79. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.3 males. The median income for

3306-533: Was first recognized in Britain in the early 1970s, believed to have been introduced via a cargo of Canadian rock elm destined for the boatbuilding industry, and rapidly eradicated most of the mature elms from western Europe. A second subspecies, O. novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi , caused similar devastation in Eastern Europe and Central This subspecies, which was introduced to North America, and like O. ulmi ,

3364-605: Was unavailable. The first written references to elm occur in the Linear B lists of military equipment at Knossos in the Mycenaean period . Several of the chariots are of elm (" πτε-ρε-ϝα ", pte-re-wa ), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood. Hesiod says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm. The density of elm wood varies between species, but averages around 560 kg/m . Elm wood

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