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51-611: The Research Station is commonly known for developing Ribena , a still-popular vitamin C -rich drink that was widely distributed in the UK during the Second World War , and for the development of the Long Ashton Nutrient Solution ( LANS ). Research on cider making began privately in 1893 at Robert Neville-Grenville's farm near Glastonbury . Prompted by a letter from Frederick James Lloyd (1852–1923),

102-647: A blackcurrant squash . Development research into pure fruit syrups for the manufacture of milkshakes had been done at the Long Ashton Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station in North Somerset using a pectinase enzyme process; Ribena was developed by biochemist Audrey Green and Vernon Charley, a scientist at the University of Bristol in 1933. The blackcurrant variety was found to contain high levels of vitamin C . The drink

153-589: A book, Science and Fruit , edited by Thomas Wallace and Ralph Warren Marsh . At LARS, Wallace was the deputy director from 1923 to 1943 and the director from 1943 to 1957. Marsh was a research mycologist at LARS from 1926 to 1965. The 1950s were a time of rapid expansion for Long Ashton with the opening of the Kearns and Hewitt Laboratories (1956) and the Wallace Laboratory, Refectory and Conference Room (1959). The first Long Ashton International Symposium

204-510: A deficiency state that compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient intakes such as the United States Dietary Reference Intake , are based on the amount required to prevent deficiency and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both lower and upper limits of intake. In many countries, regulations require that food product labels display information about

255-593: A dietary inadequacy". In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. For example, for vitamin C , recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India to 155 mg/day for the European Union. The table below shows U.S. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins and minerals, PRIs for

306-597: A dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment. Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from air and soil as carbon dioxide and water. Other nutrients are absorbed from soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants). Counting these, there are 17 important nutrients for plants: these are macronutrients; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), carbon (C), oxygen(O) and hydrogen (H), and

357-597: A formulation of the diluted Ribena cordial, sold as Ribena Toothkind (and endorsed by the British Dental Association as being less damaging to teeth than other soft drinks), was judged by the United Kingdom Advertising Standards Authority to have been advertised in a misleading manner, and claims that the drink did not encourage tooth decay should be removed from the packaging. The opinion was upheld by

408-647: A hearing in the High Court. In 2003, the Food Commission in the United Kingdom criticised the sugar levels in regular Ribena as contributing to childhood obesity . In 2004, Jenny Suo and a classmate in a New Zealand secondary school conducted a science experiment to determine the vitamin C levels of their favourite fruit drinks. They discovered that the "Ready to Drink Ribena" product they tested had undetectable levels of vitamin C, contrary to

459-624: A nutrient does harm to an organism. In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of

510-400: A range of different plant species. Hewitt 's and Hoagland 's solution formulations led to increased growth of nursery fig trees in high-tunnel and open-field conditions, respectively. Numerous current research papers on plant nutrition use these standard feeding recipes to grow plants, and frequently without explicit description of the recipes. This series of international conferences

561-522: A significant impact on health. Dietary fiber is not absorbed in the human digestive tract. Soluble fiber is metabolized to butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids by bacteria residing in the large intestine. Soluble fiber is marketed as serving a prebiotic function with claims for promoting "healthy" intestinal bacteria. Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) is not an essential nutrient, but it does supply approximately 29 kilojoules (7 kilocalories) of food energy per gram. For spirits (vodka, gin, rum, etc.)

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612-726: A standard serving in the United States is 44 millilitres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 US fluid ounces), which at 40%   ethanol (80   proof) would be 14 grams and 410 kJ (98 kcal). At 50%   alcohol, 17.5 g and 513 kJ (122.5 kcal). Wine and beer contain a similar amount of ethanol in servings of 150 and 350 mL (5 and 12 US fl oz), respectively, but these beverages also contribute to food energy intake from components other than ethanol. A 150 mL (5 US fl oz) serving of wine contains 420 to 540 kJ (100 to 130 kcal). A 350 mL (12 US fl oz) serving of beer contains 400 to 840 kJ (95 to 200 kcal). According to

663-568: A study conducted by the Australian Consumers' Association for Choice magazine reported that blackcurrant juice (from concentrate) only constituted 5% of the Ribena fruit drink product. By 2013, the brand had annual worldwide sales of about £500 million. In April 2013, GSK put Ribena, along with Lucozade , up for sale to focus on its pharmaceutical business. The eventual sale to Japanese company Suntory for £1.35 billion

714-445: Is a component of Vitamin B 12 which is essential. There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as boron and silicon . Choline is an essential nutrient. The cholines are a family of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds . Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to

765-559: Is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to several causes, including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism. Some of the conditions that can interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater-than-normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion. Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of

816-795: Is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a dietary source. Apart from water , which is universally required for the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals, essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular metabolic processes and for the maintenance and function of tissues and organs. The nutrients considered essential for humans comprise nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen vitamins , fifteen minerals and choline . In addition, there are several molecules that are considered conditionally essential nutrients since they are indispensable in certain developmental and pathological states. An essential amino acid

867-597: Is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids. Sulfur is essential, but again does not have a recommended intake. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine . The essential nutrient trace elements for humans, listed in order of Recommended Dietary Allowance (expressed as a mass), are potassium , chloride , sodium , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , iron , zinc , manganese , copper , iodine , chromium , molybdenum , and selenium . Additionally, cobalt

918-474: Is an accepted version of this page A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals , plants , fungi and protists . Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures such as hair , scales , feathers , or exoskeletons . Some nutrients can be metabolically converted into smaller molecules in

969-469: Is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized de novo by it, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. Out of the twenty standard protein-producing amino acids, nine cannot be endogenously synthesized by humans: phenylalanine , valine , threonine , tryptophan , methionine , leucine , isoleucine , lysine , and histidine . Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because

1020-410: Is available in bottles, cans and multi-packs. Originally of English origin, it was produced by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) until 2013, when the brand was sold to Japanese beverage conglomerate Suntory . The brand originally had a strong reputation as a healthy product for children, stemming from its distribution to children as a vitamin C supplement during World War II by

1071-500: Is conditional, as people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, synthesize vitamin D in the skin. Minerals are the exogenous chemical elements indispensable for life. Although the four elements: carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , and nitrogen ( CHON ) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen

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1122-1045: Is essential to humans and some animal species but most other animals and many plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron , selenium , and zinc , while organic nutrients include, protein, fats, sugars and vitamins. A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into macronutrients and micronutrients . Consumed in relatively large amounts ( grams or ounces ), macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats , proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts ( milligrams or micrograms ); they have subtle biochemical and physiological roles in cellular processes, like vascular functions or nerve conduction . Inadequate amounts of essential nutrients or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in

1173-643: Is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. PRI Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed. Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels. ND ULs have not been determined. NE EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient). Plant nutrients consist of more than

1224-533: Is one of the elements essential for plant growth . For optimal plant growth, the LANS micronutrients can be combined with the macronutrients of the Hoagland solution . According to Hewitt iron is plant-available as ferric citrate or it may be supplied as ferric EDTA complex according to Jacobsen . The Long Ashton or Hewitt solution is widely used and is considered to be suitable for supporting normal growth of

1275-740: The Letcombe Laboratory (1985) and the Weed Research Organisation (1986) and their staff and programmes were moved to Long Ashton. With Rothamsted it became part of the Institute of Arable Crops Research (IACR) in 1986. Although the new Treharne Library and Fryer Laboratory were built in 1987, as a junior partner in IACR, Long Ashton was now vulnerable in the event of further restructuring. The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, formed from

1326-470: The nitrate -type are shown below: In particular, the composition and concentration of the micronutrients ( B , Mn , Zn , Cu , and Mo ) is still commonly used in plant science today (cf. Table (1)). Table (1) to prepare the stock solutions of micronutrients and a full micronutrient solution of LANS Micronutrient salts such as MnSO 4 •4H 2 O (cf. Table (1)) can be substituted with an equivalent amount of MnCl 2 •4H 2 O because chloride

1377-540: The Board of Agriculture sponsored a conference held at Bristol on October 15, 1902 in order to create an institute for research in fruit growing, fruit utilisation, and making cider and perry. The conference was presided over by Sir Thomas Elliott, 1st Baronet and was attended by representatives from more than ten counties. This led to the formation of the National Fruit and Cider Institute in 1903 in fields south of

1428-572: The British government. Beecham , a company that has been part of GSK since 2000, bought the brand in 1955 and developed many soft drink versions. A series of scandals in the 2000s, concerning vitamin C levels, sugar levels, and the amounts of actual fruit in some of the brands, damaged its reputation as a healthy product, and by 2013, the brand was widely regarded as a soft drink. In 2013, annual worldwide sales were around £500 million. That year, GSK sold Ribena and another consumer line, Lucozade , to

1479-501: The European Union (same concept as RDAs), followed by what three government organizations deem to be the safe upper intake. RDAs are set higher than EARs to cover people with higher-than-average needs. Adequate Intakes (AIs) are set when there is insufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs. Countries establish tolerable upper intake levels , also referred to as upper limits (ULs), based on amounts that cause adverse effects. Governments are slow to revise information of this nature. For

1530-571: The Japanese multinational Suntory for £1.35 billion (equivalent to £1.95 billion in 2023). In April 2018, in the United Kingdom, Ribena's longstanding recipe was changed by the addition of artificial sweeteners in response to the introduction of a sugary drinks tax by the UK government. Ribena was originally manufactured in England by the Bristol -based food and drink company HW Carter as

1581-970: The U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on NHANES 2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8   grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol contributions to daily food energy intake are 200 and 450 kJ (48 and 108 kcal), respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered empty calorie foods because, while providing energy, they contribute no essential nutrients. By definition, phytochemicals include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants. Included as nutritional constituents are provitamin A carotenoids , whereas those without nutrient status are diverse polyphenols , flavonoids , resveratrol , and lignans that are present in numerous plant foods. Some phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health. However,

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1632-546: The U.S. values, except calcium and vitamin D, all data date from 1997 to 2004. * The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above

1683-459: The UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source. EAR U.S. Estimated Average Requirements. RDA U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. AI U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there

1734-666: The Vitamin Welfare Scheme in December 1941. This provided blackcurrant syrup and cod liver oil free of charge to children under the age of two. In April 1942, the blackcurrant syrup was replaced by orange juice which was then provided by the US Lend-Lease program. Production moved to the new Royal Forest Factory at Coleford in the Forest of Dean in late 1947, where production takes place today. Carters

1785-836: The amino function. Healthy humans fed artificially composed diets that are deficient in choline develop fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage. Choline was not initially classified as essential because the human body can produce choline in small amounts through phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include premature birth , limited nutrient intake, rapid growth, and certain disease states. Inositol , taurine , arginine , glutamine and nucleotides are classified as conditionally essential and are particularly important in neonatal diet and metabolism. Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have

1836-679: The amount of any macronutrients and micronutrients present in the food in significant quantities. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects. Edible plants also contain thousands of compounds generally called phytochemicals which have unknown effects on disease or health including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called polyphenols which remain poorly understood as of 2024. Macronutrients are defined in several ways. Macronutrients provide energy: Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve metabolic and physiological functions . An essential nutrient

1887-1006: The body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid ) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid ). Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as vitamers . The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as enzymatic cofactors , metabolic regulators or antioxidants . Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols ): vitamins A, C, D, E, K, thiamine (B 1 ), riboflavin (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pantothenic acid (B 5 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), biotin (B 7 ), folate (B 9 ), and cobalamin (B 12 ). The requirement for vitamin D

1938-789: The brand's reputation and advertisements which said that "the blackcurrants in Ribena contain four times the vitamin C of oranges". The television consumer affairs show Fair Go broadcast the story nationwide in October 2004. Following further testing, in March 2007, the New Zealand Commerce Commission brought 15 charges in the Auckland District Court against GlaxoSmithKline under the Fair Trading Act . In March 2007, GSK pleaded guilty and

1989-529: The main road through Long Ashton. Frederick J. Lloyd was appointed Director. His successor was B. T. P. Barker , who was the director from 1905 to 1943. In 1912 the Institute became the University of Bristol 's Department of Agricultural and Horticultural Research and its name was changed to Long Ashton Research Station. Indeed, the Universities of Bath and Bristol ran Master of Science (MSc) courses at

2040-520: The previous AFRC in 1994) announced in 1999 that Long Ashton was to be closed. The seventeenth and final Long Ashton International Symposium took place in 2002 and the Research Station was duly closed in 2003 having served agriculture and horticulture for exactly 100 years. Some of the remaining staff were moved to Rothamsted during Long Ashton's final years, providing some continuity with the programmes of work under way prior to closure. The site

2091-701: The process of releasing energy such as for carbohydrates , lipids , proteins and fermentation products ( ethanol or vinegar ) leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide . All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins , a subset of fatty acids , vitamins and certain minerals . Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host. Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid ( vitamin C )

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2142-405: The qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties in vivo is that they must first be defined with a Dietary Reference Intake level to enable accurate food labeling, a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to provide antioxidant benefits. See Vitamin , Mineral (nutrient) , Protein (nutrient) An inadequate amount of a nutrient

2193-718: The research station for many years. The first purpose built laboratory, the Barker Laboratory, was ready for use in 1914. Fenswood Farm on the north side of the road was bought by the University in 1920 to extend the space available for experiments, and in 1921 the Campden Research Station was taken under Long Ashton's management. The British Government formed the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in 1931 and this body

2244-541: Was announced in September 2013. A sparkling version released in 2011 but discontinued in 2014. It was brought back to supermarket shelves in 2020, launching in two flavours, blackcurrant and raspberry. This was in response to growth in the flavoured carbonate market that year. In 2022, as part of a promotion with Hasbro , a Ribena themed Monopoly edition was created. This set was distributed to 10,000 customers through an online competition. Nutrient This

2295-473: Was bought out by the Beecham Group in 1955. In 1989, Beecham and SmithKline Beckman merged to form SmithKline Beecham, and in 2000, SmithKline Beecham and GlaxoWellcome merged to form GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Through the years GSK and its predecessors developed many soft drink versions of Ribena but it retained an image as a "healthy food" in the UK and other Commonwealth countries. In 2001,

2346-432: Was fined NZ$ 217,500 (equivalent to NZ$ 285,180 in 2021) by Auckland District Court for misleading consumers, and were ordered to run a series of corrective advertisements and place a statement on its website. GSK maintained the issue only affects Australia and New Zealand, and Ribena products sold in other markets, such as the United Kingdom, contain the levels of vitamin C stated on the product label. In January 2007,

2397-469: Was given a direct role in managing LARS. During World War II a home grown source of Vitamin C was needed and the blackcurrant drink Ribena was developed at Long Ashton. A new Biology Laboratory was completed in 1948 and in 1952, although links with Campden Research Station ended, the ARC Unit of Plant Nutrition was set up at Long Ashton. The Station's 50th year was celebrated by the publication of

2448-729: Was held in 1967. 1981 saw the disbandment of two of Long Ashton's major research divisions, the Pomology and Plant Breeding Division and the Food and Beverage Division . This action by the ARC was a severe blow to the Research Station and began a long period of structural change. The Hirst Laboratory was built in 1983 as part of the reorganisation process, and work on arable crops substantially replaced Long Ashton's long history of work on fruit and cider. The Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC, previously ARC) closed other research sites including

2499-498: Was named Ribena (from the botanical name of the blackcurrant, Ribes nigrum ), by Mr S. M. Lennox of Bristol in 1938. During the Second World War , other fruits rich in vitamin C, like oranges , became very difficult to obtain in the United Kingdom, due to German submarine attacks on cargo ships. Blackcurrant cultivation was encouraged by the government, and the yield of the nation's crop increased significantly. Rose hips were also collected to make syrup. The government started

2550-404: Was sold and subsequently redeveloped for housing, employment space, community uses and playing fields. The Long Ashton Nutrient Solution ( LANS ) was derived from nutrient solutions used at Long Ashton to grow fruit trees . It was first published in 1952 by Eric John Hewitt . The standardized LANS concentrations in ppm for almost all essential elements and sodium in a full solution of

2601-408: Was well respected and attended by scientists from every continent. 51°25′34″N 2°40′08″W  /  51.4262°N 2.6688°W  / 51.4262; -2.6688 Ribena Ribena ( / r aɪ ˈ b iː n ə / rye- BEE -nə ) is a brand of blackcurrant -based soft drink (both uncarbonated and carbonated), and fruit drink concentrate designed to be mixed with water. It

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