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31-505: Unlike New York TRACON , LTCC uses Class A airspace. Therefore, VFR operation is prohibited. The centre was opened as RAF West Drayton , a military air traffic control facility, located roughly midway between the then London airport (now London Heathrow) and RAF Northolt . The civilian control function present at this centre in 1971 became the London Air Traffic Control Centre (LATCC), operating alongside

62-628: A congested area (town, settlement, etc.) it must fly high enough so that in the case of an engine failure, it is able to land clear safely AND it must not fly less than 300 m (1000 ft) above the highest fixed object within 600 m of the aircraft. Member states are allowed to modify the low flying rule to suit their jurisdiction, for instance in the UK, the "500 ft Rule" allows pilots to fly below 500 ft as long as they are no closer than 500 ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, building or structure. The rules for flying near congested areas are

93-470: A flight may only operate under IFR. IFR operations have specific training requirements and certification required of the pilot, and increased equipment requirements for the aircraft. Additionally, an IFR flight plan must usually be filed in advance. For efficiency of operations, some ATC operations will routinely provide "pop-up" IFR clearances for aircraft operating VFR, but that are arriving at an airport that does not meet VMC requirements. For example, in

124-557: A pilot to be able to see outside the cockpit to control the aircraft's altitude, navigate, and avoid obstacles and other aircraft. Governing agencies establish specific requirements for VFR flight, including minimum visibility, and distance from clouds, to ensure that aircraft operating under VFR are visible from enough distance to ensure safety. Under visual meteorological conditions , the minimum visual range, distance from clouds, or cloud clearance requirements to be maintained above ground vary by jurisdiction, and may also vary according to

155-422: A set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e., in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to

186-430: A small cloud forming over the airport at less than 1000 feet technically requires the airport to allow only IFR flights using instrument approaches/departures. A VFR flight intending to land there would normally be denied clearance, and would either have to divert to another field with VMC, or declare an emergency and override the denial of clearance, which can prompt an inquiry and possibly result in adverse consequences for

217-474: Is located in the East Garden City neighborhood of Uniondale , on Long Island , New York . New York TRACON , also known as N90 , is a type of Federal Aviation Administration air traffic control facility known as a consolidated TRACON, meaning that a single location provides approach service for several large airports. It is headquartered at 1515 Stewart Avenue. The primary responsibility of

248-602: The Military Area Services Operations Room opened. In 1992 the Heathrow and Gatwick approach control units moved to West Drayton to share facilities with the CCF. The CCF and the two approach control units were moved into the new Terminal Control room in 1995, and thus became a separate entity to Area Control. To reflect the fact that there were now two civil control rooms (Area and Terminal)

279-725: The Northern California TRACON (NCT). Unlike smaller TRACONs which only utilize one radar, the New York TRACON uses many different airport surveillance radar (ASR) sites, including: The New York TRACON is divided into five areas. Sectors, along with their frequencies and radio sites, are given below. The LaGuardia area of the TRACON controls LaGuardia Airport and several busy satellite airports and heliports: JRA ( West 30th Street Heliport ) JRB ( Wall Street Heliport ), 6N5 ( East 34th Street Heliport ). To

310-582: The FAR 91 minimums, so long as their operation is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface. In all EU member states, the Standardised European Rules of the Air apply: these set out a minimum altitude of 150 m (500 ft) above any obstacle within a radius of 150 m (500 ft), except with permission, or when taking off or landing. If an aircraft is flying over

341-539: The New York TRACON is the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of arrival, departure, and en-route traffic. N90 is responsible for three major airports, all located within the same New York Class B airspace : John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport . Additionally, N90 is responsible for dozens of smaller but busy fields, including Long Island MacArthur Airport , Teterboro Airport , Tweed New Haven Regional Airport , and Westchester County Airport . N90 also controls

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372-841: The North is HPN ( Westchester County Airport ) and DXR ( Danbury Municipal Airport ). 257.65000 at White Plains 263.0000 at LaGuardia The Kennedy area controls John F. Kennedy International Airport and its only major satellite, Republic Airport . This area controls many international flights from Europe because Kennedy is known in the aviation community as the "Gateway to America". 269.0000 at JFK The Islip area controls all low altitude flights along Long Island including Long Island MacArthur Airport , East Hampton Airport , Brookhaven Airport , Francis S. Gabreski Airport , Sikorsky Memorial Airport , Tweed New Haven Airport , Montauk Airport , Waterbury–Oxford Airport , and Chester Airport . 343.6500 at HT 343.7500 at ISP The Newark area of

403-572: The RAF. In the early 1990s the 'Central Control Facility' (CCF) was formed within the centre to provide terminal control services to aircraft arriving at and departing from the main London airports, subsuming the existing terminal sectors in preparation for the arrival of the London area airport approach units. For this, the CCF Display and Information System ( CDIS ) was developed. During January 1990,

434-543: The TRACON covers Newark Liberty International Airport along with the majority of the TRACON's satellite airports including Teterboro Airport , Morristown Municipal Airport , and Caldwell/ Essex County Airport . In June 2024, the control over the Newark Area will be transferred to Philadelphia TRACON . 379.9000 AT EWR The Liberty area's role is for high altitude departure control for all sectors. The Catskill position has responsibility for numerous satellites to

465-647: The United Kingdom, this is known as a "Traffic Service". In other countries, it is known as "Flight Information Service". In the United States and Canada, any certified pilot who meets specific recency of experience criteria may operate an airworthy aircraft under VFR. In the US, there are specific VFR cruising altitudes, based on the aircraft's course, to assist pilots in separating their aircraft while operating under visual flight above 3,000 ft above

496-544: The United States, California's Oakland ( KOAK ), Monterey ( KMRY ) and Santa Ana ( KSNA ) airports routinely grant temporary IFR clearance when a low coastal overcast forces instrument approaches , while the rest of the state is still under visual flight rules. For pilots without an instrument rating who cannot legally fly by instrument flight rules, the restrictions of VMC minima can be troublesome in locations where weather conditions can change suddenly and unexpectedly or when weather events are highly localized. For instance,

527-421: The United States, Canada, and Australia, a pilot operating under VFR outside Class B, C, D airspace can request "flight following" from ATC, to receive continuous verbal updates on air traffic. This service is provided by ATC if workload permits, but it is an advisory service only. The responsibility for maintaining separation with other aircraft and proper navigation still remains with the pilot in command (PIC). In

558-470: The United States, class A airspace is measured using flight levels , and begins at FL180 up to FL600, which is about 18,000 to 60,000 feet as measured using an altimeter at standard pressure (29.92 inHg, 1013 mbar). An exception to IFR-only flying in this airspace is the occasional allowance of sailplanes within designated wave windows which may be opened by air traffic control when high altitude flights are to be conducted into mountain lee waves . In

589-612: The airspace in which the aircraft is operating. In some countries, VFR flight is permitted at night, and is known as night VFR . This is generally permitted only under more restrictive conditions, such as maintaining minimum safe altitudes , and may require additional training as a pilot at night may not be able to see and avoid obstacles. The VFR pilot is required to "see and avoid" obstacles and other aircraft. Pilots flying under VFR assume responsibility for their separation from all other aircraft and are generally not assigned routes or altitudes by air traffic control (ATC). Depending on

620-473: The category of airspace in which the flight is being conducted, VFR aircraft may be required to have a transponder to help Air Traffic Control identify the aircraft on radar in order that ATC can provide separation to IFR aircraft. Meteorological conditions that meet the minimum requirements for VFR flight are termed visual meteorological conditions (VMC). If they are not met, the conditions are considered instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and

651-626: The centre ceased in November 2007, after Terminal Control moved to Swanwick to be reunited with Area Control. Military operations moved to a new control room also at Swanwick in January 2008. One of the last PDP11 based air traffic control systems from LATCC is now on display at The National Museum of Computing . 51°30′19″N 0°27′36″W  /  51.5053°N 0.4600°W  / 51.5053; -0.4600 New York TRACON The New York Terminal Radar Approach Control ( TRACON )

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682-509: The centre was renamed the London Area and Terminal Control Centre, whilst retaining the same LATCC abbreviation. RAF West Drayton formally closed in the 1990s, though military personnel remained on site until 2008. In 1995 Stansted approach control, soon after to be renamed Essex Radar, moved to West Drayton to take their place in the TCR. In 2002 Luton approach control also moved in. In

713-404: The ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft. If the weather is less than VMC, pilots are required to use instrument flight rules , and operation of the aircraft will be primarily through referencing the instruments rather than visual reference. In a control zone , a VFR flight may obtain a clearance from air traffic control to operate as Special VFR . VFR requires

744-885: The large number of VFR aircraft that fly through the New York Class B airspace every day. The New York TRACON is a Level 12 facility and one of seven "Large TRACONs" currently existing throughout the United States. The others include the Atlanta Large TRACON (A80), the Boston Consolidated TRACON (A90), the Potomac Consolidated TRACON (PCT), the Southern California TRACON (SCT), the Dallas/Fort Worth TRACON (D10), and

775-554: The north of the NY TRACON airspace. Three of the higher-traffic volume satellites are Stewart International Airport , Orange County Airport , and Dutchess County Airport . 353.7500 South and west at JFK 363.1000 Catskill at HU (Huguenot) 268.7000 North and East at SW (Stewart) TMU - SC ARR - DIR AMIC DEP - DIR New York TRACON was the setting for the 1999 comedy-drama film Pushing Tin . Visual flight rules In aviation , visual flight rules ( VFR ) are

806-525: The pilot must be flying in VMC by the time they leave the surface footprint of the controlled airspace (otherwise they would be flying VFR in IMC which is illegal). VFR flight is not allowed in airspace known as class A , regardless of the meteorological conditions except after failure of two way radio communications or during declared emergencies such as VFR traffic attempting to avoid severe weather formations. In

837-413: The pilot. To avoid these scenarios, VFR flights intending to land at or take off from an airport experiencing localized conditions marginally below VMC minima may request Special VFR clearance from the tower. SVFR flight is only allowed while within the portion of an airport's controlled airspace (class B, C, or D) that extends to the surface, and it must be explicitly requested by the pilot and granted by

868-597: The same in the UK as the rest of the EU CVFR flight is used in locations where aviation authorities have determined that VFR flight should be allowed, but that ATC separation and minimal guidance are necessary. In this respect, CVFR is similar to instrument flight rules (IFR) in that ATC will give pilots headings and altitudes at which to fly, and will provide separation and conflict resolution. However, pilots and aircraft do not need to be IFR rated to fly in CVFR areas, which

899-670: The same year, the Area Control function moved from West Drayton to the new London Area Control Centre (LACC) in Swanwick, Hampshire. The West Drayton facility was renamed the London Terminal Control Centre (LTCC - though still pronounced "latsea") at this time. In 2004, Thames Radar ( London City and Biggin Hill radar approach control) moved in from its former home at Heathrow Tower. Civilian operations at

930-643: The surface (AGL) but below 18,000 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL). Unofficially, most pilots use these rules at all levels of cruise flight. FAR 91.159 states that any aircraft: In the US, FAR Part 91 (specifically 91.119 ) of the Federal Aviation Regulations controls the minimum safe altitudes by which aircraft can be operated in the National Airspace System . Other aircraft, such as helicopters, powered parachutes, and weight-shift-control aircraft, are not required to meet

961-477: The tower (some airports, primarily large Class B facilities, do not allow SVFR operation in their airspace at all). Visibility on the ground must still be greater than one statute mile, but most other VMC minima such as ceiling are waived. The pilot is required to maintain VFR separation distances from other aircraft and, by requesting SVFR, asserts that they can do so despite the marginal conditions. For departing flights,

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