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19-399: The London Defence Positions were a late 19th-century scheme of earthwork fortifications in the southeast of England , designed to protect London from foreign invasion landing on the south coast. The positions were a carefully surveyed contingency plan for a line of entrenchments , which could be quickly excavated in a time of emergency. The line to be followed by these entrenchments

38-499: A computer and specialized software , including optimisation on haul cost and not haul distance (as haul cost is not proportional to haul distance). Earthwork software is generally a subset of CAD software, in which case it often an add-on to a more general CAD package such as AutoCAD . In that case, earthwork software is principally used to calculate cut and fill volumes which are then used for producing material and time estimates. Most products offer additional functionality such as

57-543: A fort at Shooters Hill to defend the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich , but it was never acted upon. Following a number of proposals by senior military figures, an 1888 memorandum written by Colonel John Charles Ardagh envisaged a scheme of simple earthworks for infantry and moveable armaments, intended to be dug and manned in an emergency by the Volunteer Force , the line being supported by permanent works,

76-571: A magazine and storehouses for the mobilisation of troops, with limited defences. The intention was that the centres would, in addition to holding ammunition and other supplies, act as strong points in an almost continuous line of field fortifications. The trench lines joining the Defence Positions could be rapidly excavated on the outbreak of war. Related stores were set up at Tilbury , Warley and possibly Caterham . They were quickly viewed as obsolete, and all were sold off in 1907, with

95-508: Is usually used due to the amounts of material to be moved — up to millions of cubic metres. Earthwork construction was revolutionized by the development of the ( Fresno ) scraper and other earth-moving machines such as the loader , the dump truck , the grader , the bulldozer , the backhoe , and the dragline excavator . Engineers need to concern themselves with issues of geotechnical engineering (such as soil density and strength) and with quantity estimation to ensure that soil volumes in

114-638: The North Downs from Guildford to the Darenth valley and across the River Thames in Essex . Thirteen sites were chosen, at Pewley Hill , Henley Grove, Denbies, Box Hill , Betchworth , Reigate , East Merstham , Fosterdown, Woldingham , Betsom's Hill , Halstead , Farningham and (to the northeast of London) North Weald . The design of each site varied, but they were never very elaborate, just

133-426: The cuts match those of the fills , while minimizing the distance of movement. In the past, these calculations were done by hand using a slide rule and with methods such as Simpson's rule . Earthworks cost is a function of hauled amount x hauled distance. The goal of mass haul planning is to determine these amounts and the goal of mass haul optimization is to minimize either or both. Now they can be performed with

152-660: The Biffaward, the Heritage Lottery grant and the National Trust itself has enabled the Trust to restore the building. The first phase of the repairs was carried out in 2000 and was funded by a grant of £ 104,000 from the Biffaward. A second phase cost £ 174,000. The fort opened to the public free of charge in 2007, though restoration work is ongoing. Information boards have been installed to tell visitors about

171-591: The Digital Skills for Heritage Fund, a £3.5m fund for grants to support digital volunteering in the heritage sector, launched in November 2021. The chair of the trustees is appointed by the Prime Minister ; René Olivieri served as interim chair from January 2020 following Sir Peter Luff 's retirement at the end of 2019. Dr Simon Thurley CBE , former Chief Executive of English Heritage , became

190-741: The London Mobilisation Centres, at 5 mile (8 km) intervals, which acted as stores and magazines . The London Defence Scheme was announced in Parliament in March 1889 by the Secretary of State for War , Edward Stanhope , by which time the 13 sites for the Mobilisation Centres had already been purchased at a cost of £25,000. The London Mobilisation Centres were built along a 70-mile (113-kilometre) stretch of

209-719: The National Lottery Heritage Fund launched the Parks for People program with the aim to revitalize historic parks and cemeteries. From 2006 to 2021, the Fund had granted £254 million to 135 projects. In January 2019 it simplified its funding schemes under one banner – National Lottery Grants for Heritage – with awards from £3,000 to £5 million. Funding requests for projects over £5 million will be considered as part of two time-limited national competitions to be held in 2020–21 and 2022–23. Its funding routes include

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228-668: The ability to takeoff terrain elevation from plans (using contour lines and spot heights ); produce shaded cut and fill maps; produce cross sections and visualize terrain in 3D. The means by which volumes are calculated in software can differ quite considerably leading to potentially different results with the same input data. Many software products use methods based on triangulated irregular networks (TINS) and triangular prism volume algorithms, however other calculation methods are in use based on rationalizing elevations into high density grids or cross-sections. A few programs are specialised in earthworks transport optimization and planning

247-465: The buildings. A teacher's pack is available and educational visits can be arranged. 51°15′14″N 0°12′02″W  /  51.2539°N 0.2005°W  / 51.2539; -0.2005 Earthworks (engineering) An incomplete list of possible temporary or permanent geotechnical shoring structures that may be designed and utilised as part of earthworks: Excavation may be classified by type of material: Excavation may be classified by

266-723: The construction works. Heritage Lottery grant The National Lottery Heritage Fund , formerly the Heritage Lottery Fund ( HLF ), distributes a share of National Lottery funding, supporting a wide range of heritage projects across the United Kingdom. The fund's predecessor bodies were the National Land Fund , established in 1946, and the National Heritage Memorial Fund , established in 1980. The current body

285-658: The exception of Fort Halstead , now used by DSTL . During World War I , part of the London Defence Positions scheme was resurrected to form a stop line of trenches, in case of a German invasion. North of the Thames, the line was continued to the River Lea at Broxbourne rather than stopping at Epping . South of the Thames, it was continued to Halling , via Wrotham , linking to the Chatham defences . At

304-678: The purpose: Typical earthworks include road construction , railway beds , causeways , dams , levees , canals , and berms . Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes. In military engineering , earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats , sod walls , motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts . Modern examples include trenches and berms . Heavy construction equipment

323-534: The western end the line was stopped short at Buckland Hill, just beyond Reigate Fort. At Guildford, houses have been built on the Pewley Hill site, but Henley Fort (aka Henley Grove) has been well preserved as a youth education centre. It could be seen on a Heritage Open Day. Reigate Fort has been owned by the National Trust since 1932. The structure was falling into disrepair, but grant money from

342-618: Was established as the "Heritage Lottery Fund" in 1994. It was re-branded as the National Lottery Heritage Fund in January 2019. The fund's income comes from the National Lottery , which was managed until 2024 by Camelot Group . Its objectives are "to conserve the UK's diverse heritage, to encourage people to be involved in heritage and to widen access and learning". As of 2019, it had awarded £7.9 billion to 43,000 projects. In 2006,

361-466: Was supported by thirteen permanent small polygonal forts or redoubts called London Mobilisation Centres , which were equipped with all the stores and ammunition that would be needed by the troops tasked with digging and manning the positions. The 1859 Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom report on Britain 's defences believed that London was practically undefendable; they proposed

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