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65-584: Chrétien calls her " la dame de Landuc ", i.e. the noblewoman in command of the territory and castle of "Landuc", located near a supernatural fountain within the enchanted forest of Brocéliande . The lady Laudine's fountain, which magically generated a powerful storm when its water was poured into a nearby basin, was guarded by her husband, Esclados the Red , until his defeat by Yvain. After learning about his cousin Calogrenant 's encounter with Esclados, in which

130-555: A Romani fortune-teller's prophecy about his youngest daughter making his household lucky. Once they arrive at the castle, the Beast receives Beauty with great ceremony. The merchant is sent home with a reward. The Beast gives Beauty lavish clothing and food, along with animal servants, and carries on lengthy conversations with her. She notes that he is inclined to stupidity rather than savagery. Every night he asks Beauty to marry him , and she refuses. After each proposal Beauty dreams of

195-566: A beast unless he earned someone's love. Beauty and the Prince are married, and live happily ever after. A widowed merchant lives in a mansion in a city with his twelve children: six sons and six daughters. All his daughters are very beautiful, but the youngest , Beauty, is the loveliest. Beauty is also kind and pure of heart; her elder sisters, in contrast, are cruel, selfish, and jealous of Beauty. The merchant and his children become poor when their house burns down, and his ships are either in

260-603: A beggar and could only be disenchanted by a poor but kind-hearted maiden. Unlike in Beaumont's version, it is not mentioned that the protagonist's sisters are punished at the end. The tale is popular in the Italian oral tradition. Christian Schneller  [ de ] collected a variant from Trentino titled The Singing, Dancing and Music-making Leaf (German: Vom singenden, tanzenden und musicirenden Blatte ; Italian: La foglia, che canta, che balla e che suona ) in which

325-549: A cannibalistic witch in the forest; Vasilissa the Beautiful encountered Baba Yaga herself; Molly Whuppie and her sisters ran into a giant . It was in a forest that the king of The Grateful Prince lost his way, and rashly promised his child for aid, where the heroines, and their wicked stepsisters, of The Three Little Men in the Wood and The Enchanted Wreath met magical tests, and where Brother and Sister found

390-520: A fire, along with his belongings, forcing him and his family to move to their country home in the forest. His ships are lost at sea, captured by pirates, etc., except one, which returns later. Unlike the other two versions, the sisters in Lang's story are not jealous of Beauty. Also, Lang maintained the lavish descriptions of the Beast's palace. This version in particular is one of the most commonly told, along with those of Villeneuve and Beaumont. This version

455-881: A forest that was enchanted specifically by the presence of Oberon and Titania , the fairy king and queen; like many forests in Shakespeare's works, it becomes a place of metamorphosis and resolution. Others of his plays, such as As You Like It , take place in a forest, which contains no enchantments but acts much as the forest of folklore. Often forests will be the home of dragons , dwarves , elves , fairies , nymphs , giants , gnomes , satyrs , goblins , orcs , trolls , dark elves , leprechauns , halflings , centaurs , half-elves , and unicorns . There may be trees that talk or with branches that will push people off their horses, thorny bushes which will open to let people in but close and leave people stuck inside, and other plants that move or turn into animals at night, or

520-703: A greedy couple to kill the Princess . When the King of the Fortunate Island believed both his wife and daughter to be dead, he banished the Evil Fairy. But the Good Fairy had secretly rescued her infant niece. She had turned into a bear and killed the would-be murderers. The Good Fairy then brought the Princess to a cottage with three sleeping nursesmaids and a baby girl the same age as her. The baby

585-412: A handsome Prince with whom she begins to fall in love, along with an apparition of a fairy who tells her not to be deceived by appearances. For several months Beauty lives a life of luxury at the Beast's castle. Eventually she becomes homesick and begs the Beast to allow her to go see her family again. He allows it on the condition that she returns exactly two months later. Beauty agrees to this and

650-473: A labyrinthine complexity. The significance of their encounters is often explained to the knights – particularly those searching for the Holy Grail – by hermits acting as wise old men – or women . Still, despite their perils and chances of error, such forests are places where the knights may become worthy and find the object of their quest ; one romance has a maiden urging Sir Lancelot on his quest for

715-407: A messenger retrieve her ring and inform her absent husband that he was not allowed back. After a resultant period of madness (spent as a wild man in the woods), Yvain engaged in a new series of adventures, fighting to aid others (such as the lion that gave him his nickname) rather than gain glory for himself, and eventually proved himself to Laudine, who accepted her husband back into her castle. In

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780-480: A place of magic and danger is found among folklore wherever the natural state of wild land is forest: a forest is a location beyond which people normally travel, where strange things might occur, and strange people might live, the home of monsters , witches , and fairies . Peasants who seldom if ever traveled far from their villages could not conclusively say that it was impossible that an ogre could live an hour away. Hence, in fairy tales , Hansel and Gretel found

845-476: A place of transformation. The German fairy tale has an unusual tendency to take place in the forest; even such neighboring countries as France or Italy are less like to have fairy tales situated in the forest. Even in folklore, forests can also be places of magical refuge. Snow White found refuge with dwarfs from her stepmother, The Girl Without Hands found a hut to stay in when she had been slandered to her husband, and Genevieve of Brabant found not only

910-469: A refuge from slander but a doe magically came to her aid. Even Brother and Sister hid in the forest after their stepmother turned the brother into a deer. At other times, the marvels they meet are beneficial. In the forest, the hero of a fairy tale can meet and have mercy on talking animals that aid him. The king in many variants of the ballad The Famous Flower of Serving-Men finds an enchanted hind that leads him astray uncanny, but it brings him to

975-467: A rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose. The merchant quickly plucks the loveliest rose he can find. He is then confronted by a hideous "Beast" who tries to kill him for stealing his most precious possession even after accepting his hospitality. The merchant begs to be let go, revealing that he had only picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter. The Beast agrees to let him go, but only if he brings one of his daughters back to live with

1040-407: A rose when he returns. His hopes for a new fortune are dashed when he learns the ship has been sold already. Upon trying to go home, he gets caught in a snowstorm, and finds shelter in a castle with food seemingly laid out by an invisible host who welcomes him to stay. The next morning he finds a rose garden outside and plucks one to bring to his daughter. A horrible Beast appears and tries to kill

1105-573: A storm at sea or from being robbed by pirates . The family of thirteen is forced to move to a small cottage in the countryside and work for a living. While Beauty makes a firm resolution to adjust to rural life with a cheerful disposition, her sisters do not and mistake her determination for stupidity. Two years later, the merchant hears that one of his trade ships has returned. Before leaving to retrieve it, and possibly their fortune, he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them. His oldest daughters ask for clothing, jewels, and

1170-405: A talking bird that reveals to him a murder and that a servant of his is actually a woman, whom the king then marries. It is in the forest that the dwarf of Rumpelstiltskin and the fairy of Whuppity Stoorie reveal their true names and therefore the heroines of those tales have a way to free themselves. In Schippeitaro , the cats reveal their fear of the dog Schippeitaro when the hero of

1235-416: A terrible price, before relaying what had happened during his absence. Her brothers say that they will go to the castle and fight the Beast, while his older daughters refuse to leave and place blame on Beauty, urging her to right her own wrong. The merchant dissuades them, forbidding his children from ever going near the Beast. Beauty willingly decides to go to the Beast's castle, moving her father who remembers

1300-536: A variant from Montale titled Bellindia , in which Bellindia is the heroine's name, while her two eldest sisters are called Carolina and Assunta. Vittorio Imbriani  [ it ] included a version titled Zelinda and the Monster ( Zelinda e il Mostro ), in which the heroine, called Zelinda, asks for a rose in January. Instead of going to visit her family, staying longer than she promised, and then returning to

1365-427: A version from Rome titled The Enchanted Rose-Tree where the heroine does not have any sisters. Antonio De Nino collected a variant from Abruzzo , in eastern Italy, that he also titled Bellindia , in which instead of a rose, the heroine asks for a golden carnation. Instead of a seeing it on a magic mirror, or knowing about it because the Beast tells her, here Bellinda knows what happens in her father's house because in

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1430-422: Is a forest under, or containing, enchantments . Such forests are described in the oldest folklore from regions where forests are common, and occur throughout the centuries to modern works of fantasy. They represent places unknown to the characters, and situations of liminality and transformation. The forest can feature as a place of threatening danger, or one of refuge, or a chance at adventure . The forest as

1495-418: Is described as having a mastiff jaw, a lizard 's back legs, and a salamander 's body. The ending is closer to Villeneuve's and Beaumont's versions with Rose rushing back to the castle and finding the Beast lying dying beside a fountain. When the Beast asks if she knows that he can't live without her, Rose answers yes, and the Beast turns into a human. He explains to Rose that he was a prince cursed for mocking

1560-464: Is given leave to remain there for a week, and when she arrives, her sisters feign fondness to entice her to remain another week in hopes that the Beast will devour her in anger. Again, she returns to him dying and restores his life. The two then marry and live happily ever after. A variant of Villeneuve's version appears in Andrew Lang 's The Blue Fairy Book . The Merchant's mansion is burned in

1625-492: Is happening. When she finally does, the castle crumbles and the wolf dies. Henri Pourrat collected a version from Auvergne in south-central France, titled Belle Rose (sometimes translated in English as Lovely Rose ). In this version, the heroine and her sisters are the daughters of a poor peasant and are named after flowers, the protagonist being Rose and her sisters Marguerite (Daisy) and Julianne, respectively. The Beast

1690-433: Is presented with an enchanted ring, which allows her to wake up in her family's new home in an instant. Her older sisters are surprised to find her well-fed and dressed in finery, and their old jealousy quickly flares when their suitors' gazes turn to Beauty, even though she bestows lavish gifts on them. Her brothers do all they can to prevent her from going back to his castle, and she reluctantly agrees to stay longer. When

1755-900: The Hercynian Forest , in Germania, as an enchanted place; though most references in their works are to geography, Julius Caesar mentioned unicorns said to live there, and Pliny the Elder , birds with feathers that glowed. The figure of an enchanted forest was taken up into chivalric romances ; the knight-errant would wander in a trackless forest in search of adventure. As in the fairy tales, he could easily find marvels that would be disbelieved closer to home. John Milton wrote in Paradise Regained (Bk ii. 359) of "Fairy damsels met in forest wide / By knights of Logres, or of Lyones," and such ladies could be not only magical aid to

1820-514: The "Dolopathos" variant of the Swan Children , a lord finds a mysterious woman – clearly a swan maiden or fairy – in an enchanted forest and marries her. Genevieve of Brabant , having rebuffed a would-be lover and found herself accused of adultery by him, escaped to the forest. This forest could easily bewilder the knights. Despite many references to its pathlessness, the forest repeatedly confronts knights with forks and crossroads, of

1885-728: The 13th-century Welsh tale of Owain , one of the Three Welsh Romances associated with the Mabinogion , the corresponding character is left unnamed, known only by her title: Lady, or Countess , of the Fountain. Her first husband is referred to as the Black Knight . The name Laudine is generally associated with Lodonensis (or Laudonensis ), a Latinized form of the toponym Lothian . Enchanted forest In folklore and fantasy , an enchanted forest

1950-603: The 19th century. Zémire and Azor is based on the second version of the tale. Amour pour amour ( Love for Love ) by Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée is a 1742 play based on de Villeneuve's version. According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon , the story originated about 4,000 years ago. A merchant's family loses their fortune, and years later, their father receives news that one ship he owned might still be left. He has to leave home to secure it, but before he does he promises his youngest daughter, Beauty,

2015-412: The Beast dying alone, and hurries back to the castle to see that it is true. Beauty realizes that she has fallen in love with him and agrees to marry him at last. When she accepts, the Beast transforms into the Prince from her dreams. The fairy from them appears as well. It is revealed that she had been sending Beauty the dreams in the first place, after an evil fairy had cursed the Prince to always remain

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2080-586: The Beast has transformed into the Prince from her dreams. This is followed by the arrival of the Fairy who had previously advised her, along with a woman she does not recognize. The woman turns out to be the Prince's mother the Queen whose joy quickly falters when she finds out that Beauty is not of noble birth. The Fairy chastises the Queen and reveals that Beauty is actually a Princess and their niece. Her birth father

2145-435: The Beast instead. He makes it clear that she must agree while under no illusions about her predicament. The merchant is upset, but accepts this condition for the sake of his own life. The Beast sends him on his way with wealth, jewels, and fine clothes for his sons and daughters, and stresses that he must not lie to his daughters. Upon arriving home, the merchant hands Beauty the rose she requested and informs her that it had

2210-480: The Beast takes the form of a snake . Instead of going to visit her family alone, the heroine can only go to her sister's wedding if she agrees to let the snake go with her. During the wedding, they dance together, and when the girl kicks the snake's tail, he turns into a beautiful youth, who is the son of a count . Sicilian folklorist Giuseppe Pitrè collected a variant from Palermo titled Rusina 'Mperatrici ( The Empress Rosina ). Domenico Comparetti included

2275-431: The Beast" was "an older form" of the animal husband narrative, and that subtypes 425A, "Animal as Bridegroom", and 425B, "The Disenchanted Husband: The Witch's Tasks", were secondary developments, with motifs incorporated into the narrative. The tale is one of the most popular in oral tradition. Emmanuel Cosquin collected a version with a tragic ending from Lorraine titled The White Wolf ( Le Loup blanc ), in which

2340-619: The Holy Grail, "which quickens with life and greenness like the forest." Dante Alighieri used this image in the opening of the Divine Comedy story Inferno , where he depicted his state as allegorically being lost in a dark wood. In the Renaissance, both Orlando Furioso and The Faerie Queene had knight-errants who traveled in the woods. In Jerusalem Delivered by Torquato Tasso (1581), enchantments placed on

2405-596: The King of Fortunate Island but Beauty's mother had married him instead. As revenge the Evil Fairy revealed her crime of having a mortal husband and child to the Fairy Queen , thus causing her imprisonment in Fairyland shortly after Beauty's birth. Another fairy cursed the infant Princess to marry a Beast as a further punishment. Meanwhile, on Fortunate Island, the people had faked their imprisoned Queen's death after they were unable to find her. The Evil Fairy hired

2470-587: The Monster's castle to find him dying on the ground, here the Monster shows Zelinda her father dying on a magic mirror and says the only way she can save him is saying that she loves him. Zelinda does as asked, and the Monster turns into a human, who tells her he is the son of the King of the Oranges. Both Comparetti's and Imbriani's versions were included in Sessanta novelle popolari montalesi by Gherardo Nerucci. British folklorist Rachel Harriette Busk collected

2535-496: The Prince revealed to Beauty that the animals in the castle were those same servants, and that the Good Fairy had caused her to see the Prince's true self in dreams. The Good Fairy then summons the King Of Fortunate Island to meet Beauty, and having reunited the family, brings the petrified servants back to life. She tells them all how years ago the Evil Fairy, the Prince's godmother, had been plotting to marry

2600-408: The Prince would be a Beast forever . After the Prince's godmother left, the Good Fairy arrived to help him by turning the castle's servants to stone to prevent them from revealing the curse to outsiders , and promising to protect his mother from the Evil Fairy. The Good Fairy also summoned her genie servants to keep the Prince company while he waited for Beauty's arrival. At the end of his story,

2665-461: The Prince's mother commands that their tale be written in books so that everyone could know the story of Beauty and the Beast. Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and pruned the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity. The story begins in much the same way as Villeneuve's version, although now the merchant has only six children: three sons and three daughters of which Beauty is one. Unlike Villeneuve's version, Beaumont's version treats

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2730-410: The castle to ensure her father is safe but refuses the Beast's proposals. Beauty starts dreaming about a handsome Prince whom she falls in love with, and a fairy who tells her not to judge appearances. Eventually, Beauty misses her family and wishes to return home. The Beast allows it on the condition that she comes back in a certain time. She does go home, but upon staying there she has a nightmare of

2795-548: The castle, having been freed by the Fairy Queen. With the entire Royal Family reunited, Beauty's aunt summons the merchant, his children, and the suitors to the castle. Beauty's surrogate family members are told the whole truth and, with the Royal Family's blessing, are made members of the Princess's court and the suitors marry her jealous sisters. Beauty and the Prince are married and they live happily ever after, and

2860-491: The condition he must give him the first living being that greets him when he returns home (note story of Jephthah and his daughter in Judges 11 ). This turns out to be his youngest daughter. In the castle, the girl discovers that the white wolf is enchanted and can turn into a human at night, but she must not tell anyone about it. Unfortunately, the girl is later visited by her two elder sisters who pressure her to tell them what

2925-440: The finest dresses possible as they think that his wealth has returned. Beauty asks for nothing but her father to be safe, but when he insists on buying her a present, she is satisfied with the promise of a rose . When he arrives to the port to see his ship the merchant is dismayed to learn that his colleagues have already sold the cargo, thus leaving him penniless and unable to buy his daughters' presents. During his trip back home

2990-600: The folkloric forest is an opportunity for the heroes of legend. Among the oldest of all recorded tales, the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh recounts how the heroes Gilgamesh and Enkidu traveled to the Cedar Forest to fight the monsters there and be the first to cut down its trees. In Norse myth and legend, Myrkviðr (or Mirkwood) was dark and dangerous forest that separated various lands; heroes and even gods had to traverse it with difficulty. Romans referred to

3055-434: The former was attacked and beaten for using the well to create a storm, Yvain took revenge on behalf of his kinsman by slaying Esclados in single combat. He then followed the mortally wounded warrior back to the castle, where he fell instantly in love with his victim's widow. Though distraught over her husband's death, Laudine was convinced by her vassals (especially her servant and confidante Lunete ) to marry Yvain to ensure

3120-425: The knight, but ladies for courtly love . Huon of Bordeaux met the fairy king Oberon in the forest. Guillaume de Palerme hid there with the princess he loved, and found a werewolf who would aid him. In Valentine and Orson , the Queen is sent into exile and so forced to give birth in the woods; one child, taken by a bear, turns to a wild man of the woods , who later aids Valentine, his long-lost brother. In

3185-622: The like. Some stories have powerful sorcerers and witches , both good or evil living somewhere in the depths of the forest. The use of enchanted forests shaded into modern fantasy with no distinct breaking point, stemming from the very earliest fantasies. Beauty and the Beast " Beauty and the Beast " is a fairy-tale written by French novelist Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins ( The Young American and Marine Tales ). Villeneuve's lengthy version

3250-465: The merchant as Beauty's biological father and there is no indication of her being royalty by birth. The circumstances leading to her arrival at the Beast's castle unfold in a similar manner, but on this arrival, Beauty is informed that she is a mistress and he will obey her. Beaumont strips most of the lavish descriptions present in Beauty's exploration of the palace and quickly jumps to her return home. She

3315-408: The merchant becomes lost in a vicious snowstorm. Seeking shelter, he comes upon a castle surrounded by lifelike statues . Seeing that no one is home, the merchant sneaks in and finds tables inside laden with food and drink, which seem to have been left for him by the castle's invisible owner. The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there. The next morning, he is about to leave when he sees

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3380-487: The merchant for stealing from him after accepting his food and safe haven. After hearing that the rose is a gift, the Beast agrees to let him go on one condition: the merchant must bring his daughter back so the Beast can marry her, as payment for his life. The merchant accepts. When home again, he tells Beauty everything that had happened, and Beauty agrees to go to the castle. The Beast gives Beauty rich clothes and food, and every night he asks her to marry him. She stays at

3445-453: The merchant the prophecy of "his" youngest child bringing luck to his household. She also decreed that the baby be named "Beauty." She arranged for Beauty and the Prince to meet, the young couple's love both breaking the Evil Fairy's spell and fulfilling the Princess's destiny to marry a Beast. She also testified against the Evil Fairy in Fairyland , who was now imprisoned there. After the Good Fairy finishes her story, her sister arrives at

3510-456: The only forest near Jerusalem prevent the Crusaders from constructing siege engines for most of the epic poem , until they are broken by Rinaldo . While these works were being written, expanding geographical knowledge, and the decrease of woodland for farmland , meant the decrease of forests that could be presumed magical. In A Midsummer Night's Dream , William Shakespeare wrote of

3575-430: The protection of her lands. When Yvain was invited to pursue knightly exploits with Gauvain (Gawain), Laudine did not want him to go, but relented when he promised to return after a set number of days. She provided her husband with a magic ring that protected true lovers from bodily harm and warned him not to be late; but Yvain, caught up in his chivalric quests , failed to come home on the agreed upon day. Laudine had

3640-476: The second century AD, and " The Pig King ", an Italian fairy-tale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola around 1550. Variants of the tale are known across Europe. In France, for example, Zémire and Azor is an operatic version of the story, written by Jean-François Marmontel and composed by André Grétry in 1771, which had enormous success into

3705-452: The streams that their evil stepmother had enchanted. In Beauty and the Beast , Belle's father is lost in the forest when he finds the Beast's castle. The evil cat-spirits of Schippeitaro live in the forest. Indeed, in Grimm's Fairy Tales , the hero always goes into the forest. It is not itself enchanted, but it contains enchantments and, being outside normal human experience, acts as

3770-530: The tale spends the night in the forest. The creatures of the forest need not be magical to have much the same effect; Robin Hood and the Green Man , living in the greenwood, has affinities to the enchanted forest. Even in fairy tales, robbers may serve the roles of magical beings; in an Italian variant of Snow White , Bella Venezia , the heroine takes refuge not with dwarfs but with robbers. The danger of

3835-514: The two months have passed, she envisions the Beast dying alone on the castle grounds and hastens to return despite her brothers' resolve to prevent her from doing so. Once she is back in the castle, Beauty's fears are confirmed as she finds the Beast near death in a cave on the grounds. Seeing this, Beauty is distraught, realizing that she loves him. She fetches water from a nearby spring, which she uses to resuscitate him. That night she agrees to marry him. When she wakes up next to him, she finds that

3900-421: The war. When the war ended, the Evil Fairy accompanied the Queen and the Prince back to the castle and asked him to marry her. But the Prince refused. The Evil Fairy, in a rage, transformed him into an ugly Beast in front of his shocked mother. Before leaving mother and son, the Evil Fairy warned them that only a maiden's act of true love could break the spell and that if anyone else beside the Queen knew about it,

3965-441: The youngest daughter asks her father to bring her a singing rose when he returns. The man cannot find a singing rose for his youngest daughter, and he refuses to return home until he finds one. When he finally finds singing roses, they are in the castle of the titular white wolf , who initially wants to kill him for daring to steal his roses, but, upon hearing about his daughters, changes his mind and agrees to spare him his life under

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4030-680: Was abridged, rewritten, and published by French novelist Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants ( Children's Collection ) to produce the most commonly retold version. Later, Andrew Lang retold the story in Blue Fairy Book , a part of the Fairy Book series, in 1889. The fairy-tale was influenced by the story of Petrus Gonsalvus as well as Ancient Greek stories such as " Cupid and Psyche " from The Golden Ass , written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis in

4095-509: Was the Queen's brother, the King Of Fortunate Island, who believed Beauty died as a baby; and her birth mother was the Fairy's sister. When the matter of Beauty's background is resolved, she requests that the Prince tell his tale. The Prince informs Beauty that his father died before he was born , and his mother had to fight an enemy to defend the kingdom . The Queen left the Prince in the care of his Evil Fairy Godmother , who tried to seduce him when he became an adult and helped his mother win

4160-422: Was very ill and had been sent to the countryside by her father, the merchant, in hopes that the fresh air would cure her. Tragically, she died instead. The Good Fairy swapped the two infants. Unaware she was not their master's child, the three nursemaids soon returned to the city with the Princess. The Good Fairy followed the nurses to the merchant's mansion, disguised herself as a Romani fortune-teller and told

4225-632: Was written between 1889 and 1913, some time after the original version, so it should be considered as a later version of the story. The tale is classified in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index as type ATU 425C, "Beauty and the Beast". It is related to the general type ATU 425, " The Search for the Lost Husband " and subtypes. In a study about the myth of Cupid and Psyche , Danish folklorist Inger Margrethe Boberg argued that "Beauty and

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