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27-566: La Caricature ( The Caricature ) may refer to: La Caricature (1830–1843) , a satirical weekly published in Paris between 1830 and 1843 during the July Monarchy La Caricature (1880–1904) , a satirical journal that was published in Paris between 1880 and 1904 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

54-540: A caricature is a distorted representation of a person in a way that exaggerates some characteristics and oversimplifies others. The term is derived for the Italian caricare —to charge or load. An early definition occurs in the English doctor Thomas Browne 's Christian Morals , published posthumously in 1716. Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and Caricatura representations. with

81-649: A humorous caricature sketched in a few minutes for a small fee. Caricature artists can sometimes be hired for parties, where they will draw caricatures of the guests for their entertainment. There are numerous museums dedicated to caricature throughout the world, including the Museo de la Caricatura of Mexico City , the Muzeum Karykatury in Warsaw , the Caricatura Museum Frankfurt ,

108-447: A system proposed by Akleman et al. provides warping tools specifically designed toward rapidly producing caricatures. There are very few software programs designed specifically for automatically creating caricatures. Computer graphic system requires quite different skill sets to design a caricature as compared to the caricatures created on paper. Thus, using a computer in the digital production of caricatures requires advanced knowledge of

135-532: Is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon ). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons , while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines . In literature,

162-492: Is in order – or the art can be employed to make a serious social or political point. A caricaturist draws on (1) the natural characteristics of the subject (the big ears, long nose, etc.); (2) the acquired characteristics (stoop, scars, facial lines etc.); and (3) the vanities (choice of hair style, spectacles, clothes, expressions, and mannerisms). There have been some efforts to produce caricatures automatically or semi-automatically using computer graphics techniques. For example,

189-541: Is known for his frescoes in the Villa Falconieri of Frascati . Ghezzi was a draughtsman, and theatrical designer. In 1729 he staged an impressive fireworks display in the Piazza Navona for the dauphin of France . As a painter, his style changes quite much through the years, sometimes under the influence of French portraiture. Ghezzi worked as a serious artist, but it is his caricatures for which he

216-449: Is most well known. He was possibly the first professional caricaturist. His pen and gouache caricatures are much freer in emotion than his state portraiture, and were much admired. They often depict named individuals or professions in satirical fashion. Ghezzi made an extensive and eclectic use of drawings and watercolors. Recent scientific discoveries include watercolors reproducing stones and marbles, which were in 1727 collected in

243-459: Is used for any other form of comic image, including political satire. Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci , who actively sought people with deformities to use as models. The point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait. Caricature became popular in European aristocratic circles, notably through the works of

270-524: The 1784 Westminster election . Their skills continued to be in high demand; in the turbulent period of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars caricature became an increasingly important communication medium. Gillray became the leading political caricaturist of his time, famous across Europe, while Rowlandson's vast output used caricature for both political and social caricature and for comic book illustration. Published from 1868 to 1914,

297-905: The Wilhelm Busch Museum in Hanover and the Cartoonmuseum in Basel . The first museum of caricature in the Arab world was opened in March, 2009, at Fayoum , Egypt. Pier Leone Ghezzi Ghezzi was born and died in Rome. He was the godson of Carlo Maratta . He trained under his father, Giuseppe Ghezzi , who also trained Antonio Amorosi . His father was secretary of the Roman Accademia di San Luca , and Pier Leone joined

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324-644: The Academy in 1705. His essay painting, the Allegory of Gratitude , was donated to the institution for his admission, as was customary. He painted for various churches such as the Cappuccini of Frascati and San Onofrio of Urbino. In 1708, he was appointed painter to the Camera Apostolica by Pope Clement XI . In 1710 Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma awarded him the cross of a knight. Pier Leone

351-595: The Italian Rococo artist Pier Leone Ghezzi . Caricature portraits were passed around for mutual enjoyment. and the fashion spread to Britain from visitors returning from the Grand Tour ; the much greater freedom of the press in England allowed its use in biting political satire and furthered its development as an art form in its own right. While the first book on caricature drawing to be published in England

378-518: The London weekly magazine Vanity Fair became famous for its caricatures of famous people in society. In a lecture titled The History and Art of Caricature , the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle mockery

405-408: The average person, in his caricature the ears will be much larger than normal. Brennan's system implemented this idea in a partially automated fashion as follows: the operator was required to input a frontal drawing of the desired person having a standardized topology (the number and ordering of lines for every face). She obtained a corresponding drawing of an average male face. Then, the particular face

432-549: The footnote: When Men's faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura Thus, the word "caricature" essentially means a "loaded portrait". In 18th-century usage, 'caricature' was used for any image that made use of exaggerated or distorted features; thus both for comic portraits of specific people and for general social and political comic illustrations such as

459-440: The other hand, Liang et al. argue that caricature varies depending on the artist and cannot be captured in a single definition. Their system uses machine learning techniques to automatically learn and mimic the style of a particular caricature artist, given training data in the form of a number of face photographs and the corresponding caricatures by that artist. The results produced by computer graphic systems are arguably not yet of

486-463: The political and public-figure satire, most contemporary caricatures are used as gifts or souvenirs, often drawn by street vendors. For a small fee, a caricature can be drawn specifically (and quickly) for a patron. These are popular at street fairs, carnivals, and even weddings, often with humorous results. Caricature artists are also popular attractions at many places frequented by tourists, especially oceanfront boardwalks , where vacationers can have

513-400: The population variance of the feature should be taken into account. For example, the distance between the eyes varies less than other features, such as the size of the nose. Thus even a small variation in the eye spacing is unusual and should be exaggerated, whereas a correspondingly small change in the nose size relative to the mean would not be unusual enough to be worthy of exaggeration. On

540-485: The program's functionality. Rather than being a simpler method of caricature creation, it can be a more complex method of creating images that feature finer coloring textures than can be created using more traditional methods. A milestone in formally defining caricature was Susan Brennan's master's thesis in 1982. In her system, caricature was formalized as the process of exaggerating differences from an average face. For example, if Charles III has more prominent ears than

567-472: The same quality as those produced by human artists. For example, most systems are restricted to exactly frontal poses, whereas many or even most manually produced caricatures (and face portraits in general) choose an off-center "three-quarters" view. Brennan's caricature drawings were frontal-pose line drawings. More recent systems can produce caricatures in a variety of styles, including direct geometric distortion of photographs. Brennan's caricature generator

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594-555: The satires of James Gillray , Thomas Rowlandson and many others. The title of the British Caricature Magazine (1807-1819) exemplifies this usage. In modern usage, 'caricature' is used predominantly for a portrait of a recognizable individual (much as originally used to describe the works of Pier Leone Ghezzi ), while the more recent term 'cartoon', popularised in the 19th century from its use in Punch magazine,

621-468: The title La Caricature . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Caricature&oldid=613575826 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Caricature A caricature

648-513: Was Mary Darly's A Book of Caricaturas ( c.  1762 ), the first known North American caricatures were drawn in 1759 during the battle for Quebec. These caricatures were the work of Brig.-Gen. George Townshend whose caricatures of British General James Wolfe , depicted as "Deformed and crass and hideous" (Snell), were drawn to amuse fellow officers. In the 18th century, because of England's liberal political traditions, relative freedom of speech, and burgeoning publishing industry, London

675-498: Was a hot bed for the development of modern forms of caricature. William Hogarth (1697–1764) elevated satirical art into an accepted art form and a succeeding generation of talented artists including names such as James Gillray (1757–1815), Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827) and Isaac Cruikshank (1757–1815) advanced it further. Caricature became a valuable tool for political campaigning and both Gillray and Rowlandson established their reputations as caricaturists working as 'hired guns' in

702-410: Was caricatured simply by subtracting from the particular face the corresponding point on the mean face (the origin being placed in the middle of the face), scaling this difference by a factor larger than one, and adding the scaled difference back onto the mean face. Though Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work. Mo et al. refined the idea by noting that

729-424: Was used to test recognition of caricatures. Rhodes, Brennan and Carey demonstrated that caricatures were recognised more accurately than the original images. They used line drawn images but Benson and Perrett showed similar effects with photographic quality images. Explanations for this advantage have been based on both norm-based theories of face recognition and exemplar-based theories of face recognition. Beside

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