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19-520: Fossils of Yaguarasaurus columbianus were said to be found in this formation (listed as "La Frontera Member"), although the geological mapping of the area state the time-equivalent Hondita Formation as the stratigraphic unit present in the Quebradas El Ocal and Itaibe in Huila. The La Frontera Formation does not outcrop south of Cundinamarca. A high diversity of ammonites has been found in

38-534: A Spaniard geologist who was forced into exile in Colombia during the Spanish Civil War . His contribution to the study of geology in Colombia can be traced back all the way to the days of the foundation of the geological survey as he was called to take part of the newly created Servicio Geológico Nacional de Colombia just nine days after his arrival to the country. Throughout José Royo y Gómez' time at

57-624: A cranial length of 47 centimetres (19 in) and a total length of 5 metres (16 ft); an additional skull that measures 87 centimetres (34 in) long implies a larger size. This reptile is a member of the family of marine lizards Mosasauridae characteristic of Middle and Upper Cretaceous , with global distribution, but in South America known only through isolated remains (Price, 1957, Pierce and Welles, 1959 ; Bonaparte, 1978; Ameghino , 1918). This mosasaur discovered in Yaguará,

76-415: A high diversity of ammonites ; Wrightoceras munieri , Vascoceras cf. constrictum , Vascoceras cf. venezolanum , Kamerunoceras sp. , Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense , Hoplitoides cf. lagiraldae , Codazziceras ospinae , Coilopoceras cf. newelli , Hoplitoides wohltmanni , Neoptychites crassus , Hoplitoides ingens , Mammites sp. , ?Fagesia sp. , and Prionocycloceras sp . Also

95-537: A public for profit organization in charge of exploiting mineral resources in the country, to consolidate the Colombian Geological Survey into a scientific for research only government agency. In 2011 INGEOMINAS leaves all matters of mining to newly formed Agencia Nacional de Minería and attains the name Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC). The Colombian Geological Survey operates a network of volcanic and seismic observatories throughout

114-463: Is a scientific agency of the Colombian government in charge of contributing to the socioeconomic development of the nation through research in basic and applied geosciences of the subsoil, the potential of its resources, evaluating and monitoring threats of geological origin, managing the geoscientific knowledge of the nation, and studying the nuclear and radioactive elements in Colombia. The CGS

133-608: Is overlain by the Conejo Formation , all units belong to the Villeta Group . The age has been estimated to be Turonian . Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Chipaque , Hondita and La Luna Formations . The formation has been deposited in an open marine platform to submarine fan setting. The deposition is represented by a maximum flooding surface . The formation contains concretions and

152-771: The José Royo y Gómez Geological Museum to showcase the different types of rocks, minerals, and fossils found throughout the first research expeditions carried out in the country. In 1968 the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geológico-Mineras (INGEOMINAS) was formed by combining the Geological Service, the Mining Inventory, and the National Chemical Laboratory. In 2004, the national government merged MINERCOL,

171-639: The Late Cretaceous ( Turonian ) period of Colombia , South America . The remains discovered (an articulated skull, some vertebrae and ribs) were defined as a new genus and species of mosasaurid, Yaguarasaurus columbianus , by the Colombian paleontologist María Páramo , former director of the Museo de Geología José Royo y Gómez of INGEOMINAS in Bogotá . The first fossils remains of this animal suggested

190-1389: The braincase . In the second scenario, the two species of Yaguarasaurus are paraphyletic with respect to more derived plioplatecarpines, with Y. regiomontanus lying further up the tree. Tethysaurus nopscai Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus Yaguarasaurus columbianus Russellosaurus coheni Romeosaurus fumanensis Angolasaurus bocagei Selmasaurus johnsoni Ectenosaurus clidastoides Plesioplatecarpus planiforms Latoplatecarpus willistoni Platecarpus tympanticus Plioplatecarpus spp. Tylosaurinae Tethysaurus nopscai Russellosaurus coheni Yaguarasaurus columbianus KUVP 97200 Yaguarasaurus regiomontanus Ectenosaurus everhartorum Ectenosaurus clidastoides Angolasaurus bocagei Plesioplatecarpus planiforms Platecarpus tympanticus Latoplatecarpus willistoni Plioplatecarpus nichollsae Plioplatecarpus brachycephalus Plioplatecarpus coryphaeus Plioplatecarpus primaevus Plioplatecarpus peckensis Plioplatecarpus houzeaui Plioplatecarpus marshi Selmasaurus johnsoni Selmasaurus russelli Gavialimimus almaghribensis Goronyosaurus nigeriensis INGEOMINAS The Colombian Geological Survey ( CGS ) ( Spanish : Servicio Geológico Colombiano ; formerly known as INGEOMINAS )

209-852: The Colombia which are located in Manizales , Popayán , and Pasto . The volcanic and seismic observatory in Manizales was established in 1985, post the Armero tragedy , to monitor the Nevado del Ruiz volcano. The volcanic and seismic observatory in Popayán was established in 1990 to monitor the Nevado del Huila volcano complex. Today, the observatory also constantly monitors the Puracé and Sotará volcanoes. The volcanic and seismic observatory in Pasto

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228-555: The La Frontera Formation. The formation was first described by Hubach in 1931 and elevated to formation in 1969 by Cáceres and Etayo . The formation is named after the quarry La Frontera near Albán , Cundinamarca. The La Frontera Formation is characterised by a lower part consisting of limestones and an upper part comprising lydites . The La Frontera Formation overlies the Simijaca Formation and

247-548: The bivalves Anomia colombiana and Inoceramus sp. have been found in the La Frontera Formation. Fossils of Yaguarasaurus columbianus were described as coming from the "La Frontera Member", part of the "Villeta Formation", in the Quebrada El Ocal, 26 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Neiva , Huila , and in the Quebrada Itaibe 78 kilometres (48 mi) southwest of Neiva, although in these areas

266-479: The classification of Yaguarasaurus . Topology A represents the traditional view of the genus belonging to the subfamily Yaguarasaurinae following Palci et al. (2013). Topology B follows Rivera-Sylva et al. (2023) and depicts a new hypothesis holding Yaguarasaurus as a basal member of the Plioplatecarpinae , which was first proposed by Polcyn et al. (2023) based on the discovery of symapomorphies in

285-612: The growing mining and petroleum industry, the Colombian government decided to re-organize the National Scientific Commission in 1938 and place it under the supervision of the newly established Ministry of Mines and Energy as the National Geological Survey ( Spanish : Servicio Geológico Nacional ). In 1944, the CGS published the first official geological map of Colombia, and established

304-474: The time-equivalent Hondita Formation is mapped. The La Frontera Formation is apart from its type locality , found at surface in the north of the Bogotá savanna , in the Tabio anticlinal , along the road Ubaté - Carmen de Carupa , north and east of Chiquinquirá , south of Cachipay , to a thin band east of Viotá . Yaguarasaurus Yaguarasaurus is an extinct genus of mosasauroid from

323-473: Was at the moment of discovery the most complete material known in South America. The remains were found in a limestone bed (Upper Turonian) of the La Frontera Formation , member of the Villeta Group , near Yaguará , Huila , in a site called Cueva Rica. Its name means "Yaguará lizard of Colombia". The following cladograms illustrate the phylogenetic analyses of two competing hypotheses on

342-751: Was established to monitor the Galeras volcano following its reactivation in 1989. Today, the observatory also monitors the Chiles and the Cerro Negro de Mayasquer volcanoes on the international border between Colombia and Ecuador , and the Azufral , Cumbal , and Doña Juana volcanoes in the Department of Nariño . The Colombian Geological Survey runs a network of museums located in Bogotá , Medellín , and Cali which are named after José Royo y Gómez,

361-568: Was initially created as the National Scientific Commission ( Spanish : Comisión Científica Nacional ) by the Congress of Colombia on December 22, in 1916, with the mission of mapping the geological resources of the nation and exploring the national territory in search of mineral deposits. Following a series of earthquakes throughout the nation in the early 1920s, the eruption of the Galeras volcano in 1925, and

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