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60-415: In 1604 Hernando Arias de Saavedra was the first European explorer to reach the area; it was later explored by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera in 1662. But it was not until the 18th century that Spanish colonists established permanent settlements here. Resistance of the local indigenous people prevented much expansion until the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas . It did not cease until Julio Roca 's conquest of

120-422: A dairy industry of 300 centres of extraction and 25 cheese factories, honey production, and salt extraction from salt basins. La Pampa is home to hundreds of oil and gas wells, as well as deposits of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and copper. Tourism is an underdeveloped activity, however. Visitors start at Santa Rosa and reach Lihué Calel National Park , Parque Luro Provincial Reserve or visit one of

180-450: A cold or warm front if the conditions aloft change. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing opposite to each other, indicating no significant movement. When stationary fronts become smaller in scale and stabilizes in temperature, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines. A shearline

240-414: A high pressure area, implying fair or clear weather. An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation and storms . Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones and vice versa. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on

300-404: A label of outflow boundary . Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. Convective precipitation (showers, thundershowers, heavy rain and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air. If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and

360-470: A new governor of the province of Rio de la Plata . Hernandarias was elected unanimously by the caudillo in Asunción as the governor of Rio de la Plata province, including Buenos Aires. Hernandarias served three terms as governor: 1597–1599, 1602–1609, and 1615–1617. As governor, he enacted a number of policies to stimulate the growth of what was at that time a small port town. These included

420-725: A pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise. Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in

480-406: A sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cold air mass receding from the warm front and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the cold air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air mass receding from the warm front and rides over the colder air while lifting

540-610: Is a boundary separating air masses for which several characteristics differ, such as air density , wind , temperature , and humidity . Disturbed and unstable weather due to these differences often arises along the boundary. For instance, cold fronts can bring bands of thunderstorms and cumulonimbus precipitation or be preceded by squall lines , while warm fronts are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog . In summer, subtler humidity gradients known as dry lines can trigger severe weather . Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there

600-601: Is a special type of weather map which provides a top view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations. Weather maps are created by detecting, plotting and tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea-level pressure , temperature , and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation , or other important information. For example, an H may represent

660-453: Is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes. Stationary fronts may bring light snow or rain for a long period of time. A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the dry line , which is the boundary between air masses with significant moisture differences instead of temperature. When the westerlies increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered pressure will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to

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720-488: Is formed with a cold front. A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in moisture . When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal thunderstorms . The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between desert areas and warm seas. The southern plains west of the Mississippi River in

780-446: Is invariably a wind shift . Cold fronts generally move from west to east, whereas warm fronts move poleward , although any direction is possible. Occluded fronts are a hybrid merge of the two, and stationary fronts are stalled in their motion. Cold fronts and cold occlusions move faster than warm fronts and warm occlusions because the dense air behind them can lift as well as push the warmer air. Mountains and bodies of water can affect

840-429: Is more dense than warm air, lifting as well as pushing the warm air preceding the boundary. The lifting motion often creates a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms if enough humidity is present as the lifted moist warm air condenses. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is too simplistic, as the upward motion is really part of a maintenance process for geostrophic balance on

900-436: Is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in light rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas. Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in

960-512: Is one of the most important factors that influence the climate on a regional scale. During summer, the South Atlantic High is displaced to the southeast, which brings hot and humid air masses from the north and northeast. The South Pacific High in summer is responsible for bringing cooler air masses from the southwest which when these two contrasting air masses meet lead to precipitation occurring. In contrast, winters are dry due to

1020-577: Is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the La Pampa Provincial Police . The province is divided in 22 departments (Spanish: departamentos). Department (Capital) Hernando Arias de Saavedra Hernando Arias de Saavedra (10 September 1561 – 1634), commonly known as Hernandarias , was a soldier and politician of criollo ancestry. He was the first person born in

1080-408: Is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall. A cold front is located along and on the bounds of the warm side of a tightly packed temperature gradient. On surface analysis charts, this temperature gradient is visible in isotherms and can sometimes also be identified using isobars since cold fronts often align with a surface trough . On weather maps,

1140-474: The trowal , the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression or storm. Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel. The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines. The warm sector is a near-surface air mass in between

1200-635: The African slave trade . During his term as governor of Buenos Aires, Hernandarias started several expeditions, including ones to Uruguay and Brazil to rein in the Portuguese bandeirantes , explore Patagonia , survey the navigability of rivers and to find the mythical City of the Caesars . Eventually in 1604, he was captured by the native Mapuche around 1,000 km south of Buenos Aires. He escaped and survived. In 1603, Hernandarias changed

1260-593: The United States are a particularly favored location. The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night. A dry line is depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion. Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun actively existing cold fronts in

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1320-414: The warm front and the cold front , usually found on the equatorward side of an extratropical cyclone . With its warm and humid characteristics, this air is susceptive to convective instability and can sustain thunderstorms , especially if lifted by the advancing cold front. A stationary front is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace

1380-532: The "Natural Peoples Protector" title and two islands at the confluence of Uruguay and negro rivers, present day Vizcaíno and Lobos islands. In 1611 Hernandarias disembarked fifty heifers and some bulls in Lobos Island and reached an agreement with the natives to protect animals with calves. He repeated the operation in 1617 with another fifty animals and the same number in San Gabriel Island on

1440-736: The Americas to become a governor of a European colony in the New World , serving two terms as governor of Governorate of the Río de la Plata , 1597–1599 and 1602–1609, and one of the Governorate of Paraguay 1615–1617. Hernandarias was born in Asunción , colonial Paraguay as the second son of María de Sanabria and Martín Suárez, an officer under Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca . He had a sister, Juana de Saavedra, who later married Juan de Garay ,

1500-597: The Colonia coast. This act originated a great cattle herd in the region, the exploitation of which was determinant in the historical processes lending to colonization of present day Uruguay, so far overlooked by Spaniards. The territory pastures proved to be very favourable for bovine reproduction, and the abundance of cattle attracted portuguese incursions from Brazil, Colonia del Sacramento foundation by Portugal (1678) and Montevideo foundation by Spain (1726). Weather front#Precipitation produced A weather front

1560-660: The age of 72. His remains and those of his wife were interred at the convent of San Francisco, in Santa Fe. In 1604 Hernandarias traveled six month along Uruguay and Negro rivers looking for wood, coal and canes supplies on the Uruguay River Eastern Bank (Spanish: Banda Oriental ). On his return to Buenos Aires he reported to King Felipe III of Spain describing those lands as excellent for cattle raising, and suggesting they be populated. The King didn´t heed his advice but in 1610 he deeded Hernandarias with

1620-606: The air mass which is being lifted. Fronts are generally guided by winds aloft , but do not move as quickly. Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold or occluded front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and

1680-518: The church's roof was deteriorating, and, in the course of repairs, the church collapsed. 1618 Hernandarias led the effort to construct the Cathedral of Buenos Aires . Working with carpenter Pascual Ramírez, Hernandarias secured a supply of lumber from Paraguay as well as labor from Spanish colonists and converted natives. On the construction of the Cathedral, Hernandarias wrote in a letter about

1740-644: The construction of the Cathedral: On 7 September 1614 Hernandarias was named governor of Buenos Aires for his third and final term. He assumed the post on 29 May 1615. He introduced an initiative to split the Río de la Plata district in two: the Province of Buenos Aires , and the Province of Paraguay, including the settlements of Asunción, Santiago de Jerez, Villa Rica and Ciudad Real. Though ordered in 1617,

1800-582: The creation of the first primary schools , kilns for creating bricks and tiles to replace adobe as a construction material, and the rebuilding of a fortress to protect the city from pirates . Following the capture of two anchored ships by English privateers on 18 March 1607, he ordered the construction of a larger fort at the mouth of the Matanza River , in what is now the neighborhood of Vuelta de Rocha. He also enacted measures against smuggling caused by prohibitions on import , export and

1860-478: The day. These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a haboob may result. Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or squal line , while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with

La Pampa Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-478: The desert in the 19th century. The territory was divided between the officers, and they erected the first Argentine settlements. The Territorio Nacional de La Pampa Central was erected in 1884, containing the Río Negro Province and parts of other surrounding provinces. It had around 25,000 inhabitants. By 1915 there were 110,000 residents, a reflection of movement to that area. In 1945 the territory

1980-610: The father of Jerónima de Contreras. His maternal grandparents were Diego de Sanabria and Mencia Calderón de Sanabria, who were wealthy from their holdings in Paraguay. He entered the military at an early age. He participated in the exploration and conquest of the territory of what is now Paraguay and Argentina . His talents as an officer and administrator led to his being named lieutenant-governor of Asunción in 1592 by Juan Ramírez Velasco. He served three terms. While claiming most officials from Spain or Peru were lazy or corrupt,

2040-433: The formation of a lee trough. Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front. At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the cooler dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when an occlusion or triple point

2100-488: The many estancias , some of which are dedicated to agritourism . The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court. The Constitution of La Pampa Province forms the formal law of the province. In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization

2160-411: The most important activity being cattle ranching, with 3,632,684 (2002) head, which takes place all over the province. Other livestock include 202,428 sheep , 140,498 goats and 64,118 pigs . The Northeast, on the more fertile lands, has also an important activity with wheat (10% of the national production), sunflower (13% of NP), maize , alfalfa , barley , and other cereals. There's also

2220-655: The movement and properties of fronts, other than atmospheric conditions. When the density contrast has diminished between the air masses, for instance after flowing out over a uniformly warm ocean, the front can degenerate into a mere line which separates regions of differing wind velocity known as a shear line . This is most common over the open ocean. The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters: Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along troughs of lower pressure . A surface weather analysis

2280-617: The new governor Diego Rodríguez Valdés Vanda y Lugarteniente wrote about Hernandarias: In the same period, Hernandarias' half-brother, Hernando de Trejo, was named bishop of the Roman Catholic see of Asunción. In 1596 Hernandarias was elected as Lieutenant-Governor of the Rio de la Plata province, including Buenos Aires. In 1597, upon the death of governor Valdés Vanda, King Phillip II ordered captain Francisco de Barraza to name

2340-428: The northeast to −17 °C (1.4 °F) in the southwest. One characteristic of the precipitation in the province is that most of the precipitation occurs from October to March with little precipitation during winter. Mean annual precipitation ranges from a low of 260 mm (10 in) in the southwest to 820 mm (32 in) in the northeast. Precipitation generally decreases from northeast to southwest. Most of

2400-539: The northward displacement of the South Atlantic high and the topographic barrier of the Andes north of 40S which prevents frontal systems that bring precipitation from reaching the province. Any winds from the southwest during winter bring in cold and dry weather since most of the precipitation and humidity are released in the Andes. As such, most of the precipitation occurs during summer. Mean annual temperatures in

2460-539: The other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, especially with parallel winds directions; They usually move in waves but not persistently. There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary with more widely spaced isotherm packing. A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there. Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into

La Pampa Province - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-431: The partition needed the approval of the king, which was granted in 1618. The change was not carried out until 1620. After the expiry of his term in 1617, Hernandarias was succeeded as governor by Diego de Góngora. In his personal life, he was married to Jerónima de Contreras with whom he had three daughters: Gerónima, Isabel and María Hernandarias retired with his wife to Santa Fe, Argentina , where he died in 1634 at

2580-483: The plain has a calcrete crust . The valleys of La Pampa, known as the transverse valleys ( Spanish : valles transversales ) are NE-SW oriented, with breadths of various kilometers and lengths of tens of kilometers. Some of the valleys host very large fossil inland dunes . Formerly functioning as windfunnels for sand at present these valleys are an ecotone region between the Dry and Humid Pampas . While mostly flat,

2640-459: The precipitation is caused by frontal systems . Precipitation is highly variable from year to year. La Pampa, long Argentina's most economically agricultural province, produced an estimated US$ 3.144 billion in output in 2006, or, US$ 10,504 per capita (almost 20% above the national average). Now, the GDP per capita of the province is of US$ 14.000. Agriculture contributes a fourth to La Pampa's economy,

2700-559: The previous system, it protected them from the ranchers and the encomienda. In 1611, visiting judge Francisco de Alfaro ordered the emancipation of all natives working on encomiendas who had been converted by the Jesuits. His proclamation is known as the Ordenanzas de Alfaro . As Governor of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata , Hernandarias at the beginning of the 17th century opposed the burgeoning mate industry. He thought it

2760-484: The province does also contains mountains like Sierra de Lihuel Calel , where a variety of landforms can be observed; these include inselbergs , flared slopes , domes , nubbins , tors , tafonis , and gnammas . Most of Sierra de Lihuel Calel is made up ignimbrite , a volcanic rock type that was violently erupted by ancient volcanoes. Being located in the Pampas, the province has a cool temperate climate . In general,

2820-416: The province is dominated by two different types of climates: a temperate one in the east and a semi-arid one in the west. Precipitation generally decreases from east to west and from north to south. Being characterized by large thermal amplitudes, the climate of the province has continental characteristics, particularly in the west where thermal amplitudes are much larger. The general atmospheric circulation

2880-425: The province range between 14 and 16 °C (57.2 and 60.8 °F) although the thermal amplitude (difference between temperatures in the warmest and coldest months) is large. In summer, mean temperatures in the warmest month (January) range from 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the north and northeastern parts to 22 °C (71.6 °F) in the west and southwestern parts of the province. Temperatures tend to be cooler in

2940-518: The province: the Colorado ("Red River") on the border with the Province of Río Negro , and the Salado ("Salty River") crossing it. The Salado's level has been dropping, as its tributaries in the Province of Mendoza are diverted for irrigation . The general aspect of the central-eastern part of the province is that of a plain gently tilted to the east that is dissected by valleys. The surface of

3000-525: The rotating Earth in response to frontogenesis . Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous advancing warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to lift from the Earth's surface. This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds appearing ahead of

3060-482: The rules on Amerindian workers, ending the mita and encomienda labor systems. The Spanish had essentially depended on native labor in exchange for nominally converting them to Christianity . He gained approval for this reform from King Phillip III . In 1608 he arranged the creation of the Jesuit and Franciscan reductions in the region of Guayrá (modern Paraguay). While it relocated many natives, compared to

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3120-417: The surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction the air mass is travelling. An occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front, and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas, including cyclones. The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point. It lies within

3180-410: The surface position of the cold front is marked by a blue line with triangles pointing in the direction where cold air travels and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass. Cold fronts often bring rain, and sometimes heavy thunderstorms as well. Cold fronts can produce sharper and more intense changes in weather and move at a rate that is up to twice as fast as warm fronts, since cold air

3240-433: The turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream , " roll clouds " and tornadoes may occur. In the warm season , lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. Orographic precipitation is precipitation created through the lifting action of air due to air masses moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which

3300-425: The warm air. A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is also associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the type of occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with

3360-410: The warm front are mostly stratiform , and rainfall more gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may still continue. On weather maps,

3420-403: The weather map. In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location. There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone. The term " anafront " describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes and heavy precipitation . A " katafront "

3480-426: The west owing to the higher altitudes. In winter, mean temperatures in the coldest month (July) range from 8 °C (46.4 °F) in the north to 6 °C (42.8 °F) in the west and southwest. The northern parts are the warmest parts of the province; absolute maximum temperatures can reach up to 40 to 45 °C (104.0 to 113.0 °F). The lowest temperatures ever recorded range from −10 °C (14.0 °F) in

3540-611: Was an unhealthy bad habit , and that too much of the Indian workforce was consumed the drink. He ordered an end to the production in the Governorate of the Río de la Plata , while seeking approval from the Crown. It rejected his ban, as did the people involved in production, who never complied with the order. Hernandarias was directly involved in the relocation of the church in Buenos Aires in 1603. In 1616 craftsmen determined that

3600-512: Was divided and La Pampa became a province. In 1952 its constitution was written and the province was renamed after Eva Peron . In 1955 after the government changed and the Peróns went into exile, both La Pampa and Chaco , which had been named for Juan Perón , were reverted to their original names. It is noteworthy that this province is larger than Israel , Austria , Taiwan , Ireland or Greece , for example. There are only two major rivers in

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