64-724: Lady Eleanor Butler may refer to: Lady Eleanor (Charlotte) Butler (1739–1829), Irish noblewoman, one of the Ladies of Llangollen Eleanor Butler, Lady Wicklow , (1915–1997), Irish architect and politician Lady Eleanor Talbot (died 1468), whose married name was Butler, alleged wife of King Edward IV of England Eleanor Beaufort (1431–1501), daughter of Edmund Beaufort and Eleanor Beauchamp Eleanor Butler, Countess of Desmond , (c. 1545 – c.1636), Irish countess and politician See also [ edit ] Lady Butler (disambiguation) Eleanor Butler [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
128-403: A fully informed choice whether or not to marry, and are often influenced by their families. In Western countries, during the past decades, the nature of marriage—especially with regard to the importance of marital procreation and the ease of divorce —has changed dramatically, which has led to less social and familial pressure to get married, providing more freedom of choice concerning choosing
192-462: A dispute between families, where the dispute is 'resolved' by giving a female from one family to the other. Vani is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan wherein a young girl is forcibly married as part of the punishment for a crime committed by her male relatives. Vani is a form of forced child marriage , and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named jirga . Widow inheritance, also known as bride inheritance,
256-402: A forced marriage even if both parties enter with full consent if one or both are later forced to stay in the marriage against their will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage , in which both parties presumably consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party such as a matchmaker in finding and choosing a spouse. There is often a continuum of coercion used to compel
320-508: A forced marriage harder. In the United States, Unchained At Last is the only nonprofit organization operating to help people in the U.S. escape forced or arranged marriages by providing free legal and social services. Forced marriages are often related to violence, both in regard to violence perpetrated inside the marriage ( domestic violence ), and in regard to violence inflicted in order to force an unwilling participant to accept
384-472: A haven for visitors travelling between Dublin and London, including writers such as Anna Seward , Robert Southey , William Wordsworth , Percy Shelley , Lord Byron and Sir Walter Scott , but also the military leader the Duke of Wellington and the industrialist Josiah Wedgwood ; aristocratic novelist Lady Caroline Lamb , who was born a Ponsonby, came to visit too. Anne Lister from Yorkshire visited
448-563: A law went into effect known as the Hakkaoui law because Bassima Hakkaoui drafted it; among other things, it includes a ban on forced marriage. Forced marriage is common in Niger . Niger has the highest prevalence of child marriage in the world; and also the highest total fertility rate . Girls who attempt to leave forced marriages are most often rejected by their families and are often forced to enter prostitution in order to survive. Due to
512-421: A marriage lack education and are often illiterate. Young ones tend to drop out of school shortly before they get married. Forced marriage often means a lifetime of rape, abuse and domestic servitude, and the loss of reproductive rights, financial rights and basic human rights. For women and girls, forced marriage often means forced motherhood. Ending a forced marriage may be extremely difficult in many parts of
576-438: A marriage, ranging from outright physical violence to subtle psychological pressure. Though now widely condemned by international opinion, forced marriages still take place in various cultures across the world, particularly in parts of South Asia and Africa . Some scholars object to use of the term "forced marriage" because it invokes the consensual legitimating language of marriage (such as husband/wife) for an experience that
640-487: A modest income from intolerant relatives, and eventually a civil list pension . They "improved" Plas Newydd in the Gothic style with Welsh oak panelling, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and an extensive library, in which they received their many guests. They hired a gardener, a footman , and two maids. This led to significant debt, and they had to rely on the generosity of friends. They devoted their time to hosting
704-407: A pension. Eventually their families came to tolerate them. Butler and Ponsonby lived together for 50 years. Their books and glassware carried both sets of initials and their letters were jointly signed. Towards the end of their lives, they both dressed in black riding habits and men's top hats; some visitors thought it was eccentric and outdated – especially the hair powder – but neighbours thought
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#1732794395677768-537: A petition against the bill, including representatives of the Mogadishu -based Elman Peace and Human Rights Center . More than 45% of young women in Somalia marry or are "in union" before the age of 18. In South Africa, ukuthwala is the practice of abducting young girls and forcing them into marriage, often with the consent of their parents. The practice occurs mainly in rural parts of South Africa , in particular
832-425: A range of friends and curious visitors, extensive correspondence, private studies of literature and languages, and improving their estate. Over the years they added a circular stone dairy and created a sumptuous garden. Eleanor kept a diary of their activities. Llangollen people simply referred to them as "the ladies". After a couple of years, their life attracted the interest of the outside world. Their house became
896-584: A spouse. Historically, forced marriage was also used to require a captive ( slave or prisoner of war ) to integrate with the host community, and accept his or her fate. One example is the English blacksmith John R. Jewitt , who spent three years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast in 1802–1805. He was ordered to marry, because the council of chiefs thought that
960-403: A wife and family would reconcile him to staying with his captors for life. Jewitt was given a choice between forced marriage for himself and capital punishment for both him and his "father" (a fellow captive). "Reduced to this sad extremity, with death on the one side, and matrimony on the other, I thought proper to choose what appeared to me the least of the two evils" (p154). Forced marriage
1024-451: Is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a kinsman of her late husband, often his brother. It is prevalent in certain parts of Africa. The practice of wife inheritance has also been blamed for the spread of HIV/AIDS . "In conflict areas, women and girls are sometimes forced to marry men on either side of the conflict. This practice has taken place recently in countries such as Syria , Sierra Leone , Uganda and
1088-577: Is also practiced in Malawi. After marriage, wives have very limited rights and freedoms; and general preparation of young girls for marriage consists in describing their role as that of being subordinated to the husband. Forced marriage in Mauritania takes three principal forms: forced marriage to a cousin (known as maslaha ); forced marriage to a rich man for the purpose of financial gain; and forced polygamous marriage to an influential man. In 2018,
1152-461: Is an amount of money or property or wealth paid by the groom (or his family) to the parents of the bride upon marriage. Marriage by abduction, also known as bride kidnapping, is a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry. Marriage by abduction has been practiced throughout history around the world and continues to occur in some countries today, particularly in Central Asia ,
1216-491: Is central to their life and dignity , and their equality as a human being. The Roman Catholic Church deems forced marriage grounds for granting an annulment —for a marriage to be valid both parties must give their consent freely. The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery also prohibits marriage without right to refusal by both parties and requires a minimum age for marriage to prevent this. Similarly,
1280-517: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ladies of Llangollen The " Ladies of Llangollen ", Eleanor Butler (1739–1829) and Sarah Ponsonby (1755–1831), were two upper-class Irish women who lived together as a couple. Their relationship scandalised and fascinated their contemporaries. The pair moved to a Gothic house in Llangollen , North Wales, in 1780 after leaving Ireland to escape
1344-489: Is however often difficult to draw, due to the implied familial and social pressure to accept the marriage and obey one's parents in all respects. The rejection of an offer to marry was sometimes seen as a humiliation of the prospective groom and his family. In Europe, during the late 18th century and early 19th century, the literary and intellectual movement of romanticism presented new and progressive ideas about love marriage , which started to gain acceptance in society. In
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#17327943956771408-504: Is now a museum run by Denbighshire County Council. Butler's Hill, near Plas Newydd, is named in honour of Eleanor Butler. The Ponsonby Arms public house, a Grade II listed building on Mill Street in Llangollen, claims to take its name from Sarah Ponsonby. Forced marriage Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without their consent or against their will. A marriage can also become
1472-427: Is precisely the opposite. A variety of alternative terms have been proposed, including "forced conjugal association" and "conjugal slavery". The United Nations views forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse , since it violates the principle of the freedom and autonomy of individuals. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that a person's right to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage
1536-525: The Caucasus and parts of Africa . A girl or a woman is kidnapped by the groom-to-be, who is often helped by his friends. The victim is often raped by the groom-to-be, for her to lose her virginity , so that the man is able to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage. The future bride then has no choice in most circumstances, but to accept: if the bride goes back to her family, she (and her family) will often be ostracized by
1600-523: The Democratic Republic of the Congo . Historically, this was common throughout the world, with women from the communities of the war enemy being considered "spoils of war", who could be kidnapped, raped and forced into marriage or sexual slavery". Because women were regarded as property, it seemed reasonable to see them as the chattel of the war enemy, which could now be appropriated and used by
1664-703: The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal . The girls who are involved in this practice are frequently under-aged, including some as young as eight. The practice received negative publicity, with media reporting in 2009 that more than 20 Eastern Cape girls are forced to drop out of school every month because of ukuthwala. In Tanzania, the practices of forced marriage and child marriage impacts the human rights and childhood of girls. Families sell their girls to older men for financial benefits, causing pain among young girls. Oftentimes, girls are married off as soon as they hit puberty, which can be as young as seven years old. To
1728-645: The International Labour Organization recognizes forced marriage as a form of modern slavery. In 2009, the Special Court for Sierra Leone 's (SCSL) Appeals Chamber found the abduction and confinement of women for "forced marriage" in war to be a new crime against humanity (AFRC decision). The SCSL Trial Chamber in the Charles Taylor decision found that the term 'forced marriage' should be avoided and rather described
1792-531: The large scale abduction of women , ( kidnapping ) either for marriage or enslavement (particularly sexual slavery ). The practice is surmised to have been common since anthropological antiquity. In the 21st century, forced marriages have come to attention in European countries, within the context of immigration from cultures in which they are common. The Istanbul Convention prohibits forced marriages (see Article 37). The 1956 Supplementary Convention on
1856-518: The 19th century, marriage practices varied across Europe, but in general, arranged marriages were more common among the upper class. Arranged marriages were the norm in Russia before early 20th century, most of which were endogamous . Child marriages were common historically, but began to be questioned in the 19th and 20th centuries. Child marriages are often considered to be forced marriages, because children (especially young ones) are not able to make
1920-571: The Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery defines "institutions and practices similar to slavery" to include: c) Any institution or practice whereby: The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence , also known as the Istanbul Convention, states: Article 32 – Civil consequences of forced marriages Parties shall take
1984-487: The Netherlands, and France and the paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970, it was only in 1985 that a legal reform abolished the stipulation that the husband had the sole power to administer the children's property. An arranged marriage is not the same as a forced marriage: in the former, the spouse can reject the offer; in the latter, they do not. The line between arranged and forced marriage
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2048-418: The clothes were practical for living outdoors. Rumours that they were in a sexual relationship floated around during and after their lives. In 1791, a magazine described them and implied that they were in a sexual relationship. According to Patricia Hampl , they were appalled by this idea, and objected to the magazine's characterisation to the point of consulting Edmund Burke over the possibility of suing
2112-400: The community because the community thinks she has lost her virginity, and she is now 'impure'. A different form of marital kidnapping, groom kidnapping , occurs in some areas where payment of a dowry is generally expected. Money marriage refers to a marriage where a girl, usually, is married off to a man to settle debts owed by her parents. A forced marriage is also often the result of
2176-556: The couple, and was possibly inspired by their relationship to informally marry her own lover. Even travellers from continental Europe had heard of the couple and came to visit them, for instance Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau , the German nobleman and landscape designer, wrote admiringly about them. The ladies were known throughout Britain, but have been said to have led "a rather unexciting life". Queen Charlotte wanted to see their cottage and persuaded King George III to grant them
2240-594: The enjoyment of human rights, such as the right to education, [and] the right to the highest attainable standard of health including sexual and reproductive health", and also states that "the elimination of child, early and forced marriage should be considered in the discussion of the post-2015 development agenda." The elimination of this harmful practice is one of the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 . Arranged marriages were very common throughout
2304-443: The family or community, including honor killings . The term "shotgun wedding" is an American colloquialism , though it is also used in other parts of the world. It is based on a hyperbolic scenario in which the pregnant (or sometimes only "deflowered") woman's father resorts to coercion (such as threatening with a shotgun ) to ensure that the male partner who caused the pregnancy goes through with it, sometimes even following
2368-459: The food crisis, girls are being sold into marriage. Balkissa Chaibou [ ca ; es ; eu ; he ] is known as one of the most famous activists against forced marriage in Niger. Chaibou was 12 when she was informed by her own mother that she was to be married to her cousin, and when she was 16, she took to the courts. With little success, Chaibou was forced to a women's shelter before she
2432-412: The magazine for libel . In sharp contrast to the writings of their contemporary Anne Lister , there is nothing in their extensive correspondence or diaries that indicates a sexual relationship. Some consider Butler's and Ponsonby's relationship to be a Boston marriage , or a romantic relationship between two women who chose to live together and have "marriage-like relationships". Others conclude that
2496-462: The man to the altar to prevent his escape. The use of violent coercion to marry was never legal in the United States , although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such intimidation in the 18th and 19th centuries. Purposes of the wedding include recourse from the man for the act of impregnation and to ensure that the child is raised by both parents as well as to ensure that
2560-435: The marriage they will be " cursed ". In some cases, the husband is much older than his bride, and when she becomes a widow, she is discriminated and excluded by society. According to Human Rights Watch, Malawi has "widespread child and forced marriage" and half of the girls marry before 18. The practice of bride price, known also as lobolo , is common in Malawi, and plays a major role in forced marriage. Wife inheritance
2624-523: The marriage, or to punish a refusal (in extreme cases women and girls who do not accept the marriage are subjected to honor killings ). Depending by jurisdiction, a forced marriage may or may not be void or voidable . Victims may be able to seek redress through annulment or divorce . In England and Wales , the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 stipulates that a forced marriage is voidable. In some jurisdictions, people who had coerced
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2688-602: The mid-20th century, many Western countries had enacted legislation establishing legal equality between spouses in family law . The period of 1975–1979 saw a major overhaul of family laws in countries such as Italy, Spain, Austria, West Germany, and Portugal. In 1978, the Council of Europe passed the Resolution (78) 37 on equality of spouses in civil law . Among the last European countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were Switzerland, Greece, Spain,
2752-558: The necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that marriages concluded under force may be voidable, annulled or dissolved without undue financial or administrative burden placed on the victim. Article 37 – Forced marriage There are numerous factors which can lead to a culture which accepts and encourages forced marriages. Reasons for performing forced marriages include: strengthening extended family links; controlling unwanted behavior and sexuality; preventing 'unsuitable' relationships; protecting and abiding by cultural values; keeping
2816-480: The older men, these young brides act as symbols of masculinity and accomplishment. Child brides endure forced sex, causing health risks and growth impediments. Primary education is usually not completed for young girls in forced marriages. Married and pregnant students are often discriminated against, and expelled and excluded from school. The Law of Marriage Act currently does not address issues with guardianship and child marriage. The issue of child marriage establishes
2880-523: The perceived need for such measures. Early and forced marriages can contribute to girls being placed in a cycle of poverty and powerlessness. Most are likely to experience mistreatment such as violence, abuse and forced sexual relations. This means that women who marry younger in age are more likely to be dominated by their husbands. They also experience poor sexual and reproductive health. Young married girls are more likely to contract HIV and their health could be in jeopardy. Most people who are forced into
2944-458: The possibility of being forced into unwanted marriages , they left County Kilkenny together in April 1778. Their families found them and forcefully tried to make them give up their plans—but in vain. They moved to Wales and then sent for Sarah's servant, Mary Caryll , who lived with and worked for them for the rest of her life. Mary died first, and they were all three buried in the same plot with
3008-571: The power to initiate a marriage contract on behalf of a child before puberty, but once the child attains puberty he or she can accept or reject the marriage. The marriage contract can be annulled on grounds of coercion. However, in the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, a guardian is not needed to make the marriage valid. Forced marriage is prevalent in Madagascar . Girls are married off by their families, and often led to believe that if they refuse
3072-399: The practice in war as 'conjugal slavery' (2012). In 2013, the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child , early, and forced marriages was adopted; the resolution recognizes child, early, and forced marriage as involving violations of human rights which "prevents individuals from living their lives free from all forms of violence and that has adverse consequences on
3136-532: The same grave marker. Putting their plan into motion, they undertook a picturesque tour of the Welsh countryside, eventually settling in North Wales . Living first in a rented home in the village of Llangollen , they moved in 1780 to a small cottage just outside the village they called Plas Newydd or "new mansion". They proceeded to live according to their self-devised system, though they could rely on only
3200-413: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Eleanor_Butler&oldid=1138046739 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3264-586: The social pressures of conventional marriages. Over the years, numerous distinguished visitors called upon them. Guests included Byron , Shelley , Wellington and Wordsworth , the last of whom wrote a sonnet about them. Eleanor Charlotte Butler (11 May 1739 – 2 June 1829) was a member of the Butler family, the Earls (and later Dukes) of Ormond , as the daughter of Walter Butler, de jure 16th Earl of Ormonde and Eleanor Morres (1711–1793). Her family, whose seat
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#17327943956773328-419: The time and place the marriage would occur. Often, the marriage ceremony would be the first time the future spouses would meet. Parents and other family members were not allowed to participate in selecting the spouse or to attend the marriage ceremony. The Khmer Rouge maintained that parental authority was unnecessary because it "w[as] to be everyone's 'mother and father.'" Raptio is a Latin term referring to
3392-474: The two had a non-sexual romantic friendship . Norena Shopland says that modern attitudes designed to distinguish same-sex relationships from a romantic friendship indicate they had a sexual relationship. According to Fiona Brideoake , the description of queer is more appropriate than the specific label of lesbian , particularly as queerness is a broad concept and significantly defined by its difference from typicality. Brideoake writes that their relationship
3456-426: The victim into marriage may face criminal charges. In Islamic law, consent is needed for a valid marriage. Islamic marriage is concluded (but not excluding the bride) between the guardian ( wali ) of the bride and bridegroom, not between bridegroom and bride but her permission is still necessary and her wali, guardian, merely represents her. The guardian (wali) of the bride can only be a free Muslim . The wali has
3520-445: The wealth in the extended family; dealing with the consequences of pregnancy out of wedlock; considering the contracting of a marriage as the duty of the parents; obtaining a guarantee against poverty; aiding immigration. The traditional customs of dowry and bride price contribute to the practice of forced marriage. A dowry is the property or money that a wife (or wife's family) brings to her husband upon marriage. A bride price
3584-408: The winner. A shotgun wedding is a form of forced marriage occasioned by an unplanned pregnancy . Some religions and cultures consider it a moral imperative to marry in such a situation, based on reasoning that premarital sex or out-of-wedlock births are sinful, not sanctioned by law, or otherwise stigmatized. Giving birth outside marriage can, in some cultures, trigger extreme reactions from
3648-506: The woman has material means of support. In some cases, a major objective was the restoring of social honor to the mother. Shotgun weddings have become less common as the stigma associated with out-of-wedlock births has gradually faded and the number of such births has increased; the increasing availability of birth control , sex education and abortion , as well as material support to unwed mothers, such as Elterngeld , child benefits , parental leave , and free kindergartens have reduced
3712-424: The world until the 18th century. Typically, marriages were arranged by parents, grandparents or other relatives. The actual practices varied by culture, but usually involved the legal transfer of dependency of the woman from her father to the groom. The movement towards the emancipation of women in the 19th and 20th centuries led to major changes to marriage laws , especially regarding property and economic status. By
3776-678: The world. For instance, in parts of Africa, one of the main obstacles for leaving the marriage is the bride price . Once the bride price has been paid, the girl is seen as belonging to the husband and his family. If she wants to leave, the husband may demand back the bride price that he had paid to the girl's family. The girl's family often cannot or does not want to pay it back. Some countries also have Male Guardianship requirements, prohibiting women from paying themselves out, but in other countries it has happened multiple times. British citizens escaping forced marriage abroad are forced to pay their repatriation costs or get into debt. This makes escaping
3840-587: Was Kilkenny Castle , considered her an over-educated bookworm. She was educated in a convent in France and so spoke French. Sarah Ponsonby (1755 – 9 December 1831), by birth member of the Ponsonby family , was orphaned as a child and lived with relatives in Woodstock , County Kilkenny . A daughter of Chambré Brabazon Ponsonby , Irish Member of Parliament and his second wife, Louisa Lyons (1730–1758). She
3904-404: Was a second cousin of Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough , and thus a second cousin once removed of his daughter Lady Caroline Lamb . Their families lived 15 miles (25 km) from each other. The two women met in 1768, and quickly became close. Over the years they formulated a plan for a private rural retreat. It was their dream to live an unconventional life together. Rather than face
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#17327943956773968-527: Was also practiced by authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets. The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia systematically forced people into marriages, to increase the population and continue the revolution. These marriage ceremonies consisted of no fewer than three couples and could be as large as 160 couples. Generally, the village chief or a senior leader of the community would approach both parties and inform them that they were to be married and
4032-426: Was celebrated by the poet Anna Seward as a form of mourning the relationships that she could not form. Eugene Coyle recounts that a "succession of their pet dogs were named ' Sappho '." Mary Caryll died on 22 November 1809. Eleanor Butler died on 2 June 1829 at the age of 90. Sarah Ponsonby died two years later on 9 December 1831, age 76. They are all buried together at St Collen’s Church, Llangollen . Plas Newydd
4096-548: Was finally able to go home where she learned of her parents changed views on forced marriage, that they were now against it. The "Sexual Intercourse Related Crimes Bill" proposed in August 2020 in Somalia would allow both child marriage and forced marriage. The new bill "risks legitimizing child marriage, among other alarming practices," U.N. human rights chief Michelle Bachelet said. Thousands of people in Somalia circulated
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