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Lake Caliraya

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Lake Caliraya is a man-made lake situated in the municipalities of Lumban , Cavinti , and Kalayaan in Laguna , Philippines. Created in 1939, the lake has developed as a popular spot for water sports and outdoor recreation including fishing. Surrounding the lake are a number of resorts and vacation homes which cater to tourists.

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41-536: Lake Caliraya was created after the construction of Caliraya Dam , an embankment dam started in 1939 by US Army Corps of Engineers Chief in the Philippines, Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Hugh J. Casey , with the approval of Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon . The Caliraya River was dammed at its outlet from a large flat plateau area providing a large water reservoir for generating hydroelectric power for Southern Luzon . The dam

82-629: A 2.3 km (1.4 mi) underground penstock . Later still the dam and lake were used as the upper reservoir for the Kalayaan Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric plant located west of Lake Caliraya, with Laguna de Bay as the lower reservoir. In the early years of American occupation, the Bureau of Engineering of the Philippine Commission investigated possible sources for hydroelectric development in

123-418: A dam and the filling of the reservoir behind it places a new weight on the floor and sides of a valley. The stress of the water increases linearly with its depth. Water also pushes against the upstream face of the dam, a nonrigid structure that under stress behaves semiplastically, and causes greater need for adjustment (flexibility) near the base of the dam than at shallower water levels. Thus the stress level of

164-483: A dam on the river, the water would be diverted into a canal 3.75 kilometres (2.33 mi) long to the brow of the bluff, where it would fall through penstocks 240 metres (800 ft) to the powerhouse near the Lumbang River. The power would then be transmitted to Manila, a distance of 98 kilometres (61 mi). To meet the dry-season flow and conserve the flood waters, storage reservoirs would be established on

205-509: A moderate storage, was estimated at only about 6,000, which could be increased for about one-half of the year during the rainy season. In 1937, Major General Hugh John Casey was sent to the country by US Army Corps of Engineers upon request by the Philippine Commonwealth to provide assistance in hydroelectric power and flood control for the recently created National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR). The dam construction

246-542: A new generation of developments, both private and commercial, are slowly coming onstream. Lake Caliraya is situated approximately 1,200 feet above sea level, and is perched high in the Sierra Madre . The lake experiences cool climate all year round. Winds start blowing in Lake Caliraya from the beginning of September up to late May. Lake Caliraya's bottom, as well as the surrounding hills, are characterized by

287-421: A reddish clay topsoil. The lake's floor has a very soft clay bottom. Local residents of the lake's surroundings still tell stories about certain areas in the lake that are reputed to have sucked boats down - an unfounded claim typical among superstitious locals. The lake's surroundings have been compared to various North American resorts, as suggested by the abundance of pine trees which were introduced by some of

328-434: A simple embankment of well-compacted earth. A homogeneous rolled-earth dam is entirely constructed of one type of material but may contain a drain layer to collect seep water. A zoned-earth dam has distinct parts or zones of dissimilar material, typically a shell of locally plentiful material with a watertight clay core. Modern zoned-earth embankments employ filter and drain zones to collect and remove seep water and preserve

369-404: A small sustained overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil from the mass of the dam within hours. The removal of this mass unbalances the forces that stabilize the dam against its reservoir as the mass of water still impounded behind the dam presses against the lightened mass of the embankment, made lighter by surface erosion. As the mass of the dam erodes, the force exerted by

410-686: A thick suspension of earth, rocks and water. Therefore, safety requirements for the spillway are high, and require it to be capable of containing a maximum flood stage. It is common for its specifications to be written such that it can contain at least a one-hundred-year flood. A number of embankment dam overtopping protection systems were developed in the early 21st century. These techniques include concrete overtopping protection systems, timber cribs , sheet-piles , riprap and gabions , Reinforced Earth , minimum energy loss weirs , embankment overflow stepped spillways , and precast concrete block protection systems. All dams are prone to seepage underneath

451-441: Is a large artificial dam . It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi- plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes the dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion . Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds

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492-630: Is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan , about 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Islamabad . Its height of 485 ft (148 m) above the river bed and 95 sq mi (250 km ) reservoir make it the largest earth-filled dam in the world. The principal element of the project is an embankment 9,000 feet (2,700 m) long with a maximum height of 465 feet (142 m). The dam used approximately 200 million cubic yards (152.8 million cu. meters) of fill, which makes it one of

533-614: The De Padua families) seeded the lake with largemouth bass , and through the years, the lake has remained the most popular bass fishing spot in the country. Caliraya Dam Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of Laguna , in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines . The reservoir created by the dam, Lake Caliraya , initially supplied one of

574-637: The asphalt make such dams especially suited to earthquake regions. For the Moglicë Hydro Power Plant in Albania the Norwegian power company Statkraft built an asphalt-core rock-fill dam. Upon completion in 2018 the 320 m long, 150 m high and 460 m wide dam is anticipated to be the world's highest of its kind. A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face. This design provides

615-549: The concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure without concern for uplift pressure. In addition, the CFRD design is flexible for topography, faster to construct and less costly than earth-fill dams. The CFRD concept originated during the California Gold Rush in the 1860s when miners constructed rock-fill timber-face dams for sluice operations . The timber was later replaced by concrete as

656-406: The core is separated using a filter. Filters are specifically graded soil designed to prevent the migration of fine grain soil particles. When suitable building material is at hand, transport is minimized, leading to cost savings during construction. Rock-fill dams are resistant to damage from earthquakes . However, inadequate quality control during construction can lead to poor compaction and sand in

697-650: The country. Initial surveying were done in Botocan Falls, Caliraya River, Angat River and Agno River. Mr. A. H. Perkins, assistant engineer began investigations of the Caliraya project on November 11, 1903, and his report was submitted to the Philippine Commission on March 23, 1904. Further studies were needed for more accurate and extended data on minimum discharge, rainfall, and area of watershed. Mr. H. F. Labelle, an assistant engineer, performed

738-406: The dam must be calculated in advance of building to ensure that its break level threshold is not exceeded. Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam beyond its spillway capacity will cause its eventual failure . The erosion of the dam's material by overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic forces acting to move the dam. Even

779-523: The dam was sabotaged by retreating combined American and Filipino soldiers to prevent its use by invading Japanese who rebuilt it, but later sabotaged it themselves as their own defeat approached. On June 1, 1948, Republic Act No. 216 was passed approving expenditures for the construction of several hydroelectric dams in the Philippines; the act included the diversion of the Lumot River via Lumot Dam to Caliraya Lake for more available water and to raise

820-490: The dam, but embankment dams are prone to seepage through the dam as well; for example, the Usoi landslide dam leaks 35-80 cubic meters per second. Sufficiently fast seepage can dislodge a dam's component particles, which results in faster seepage, which turns into a runaway feedback loop that can destroy the dam in a piping-type failure. Seepage monitoring is therefore an essential safety consideration. gn and Construction in

861-491: The dam. The core can be of clay, concrete, or asphalt concrete . This type of dam is a good choice for sites with wide valleys. They can be built on hard rock or softer soils. For a rock-fill dam, rock-fill is blasted using explosives to break the rock. Additionally, the rock pieces may need to be crushed into smaller grades to get the right range of size for use in an embankment dam. Earth-fill dams, also called earthen dams, rolled-earth dams or earth dams, are constructed as

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902-456: The design was applied to irrigation and power schemes. As CFRD designs grew in height during the 1960s, the fill was compacted and the slab's horizontal and vertical joints were replaced with improved vertical joints. In the last few decades, design has become popular. The tallest CFRD in the world is the 233 m-tall (764 ft) Shuibuya Dam in China , completed in 2008. The building of

943-490: The early developers to replace many of the coconut trees, as well as year-round cool climate, and verdant hills. Also, numerous islands of various shapes and sizes have been formed during the creation of the dam lake. All are unnamed. The biggest island is approximately as big as Rizal Park, while the smallest is actually a sandbar about 3 square meters often submerged during high water. This tiny island can be viewed from Lagos del Sol Resort. The early developers (Kalaw, Nieto and

984-578: The embankment which can lead to liquefaction of the rock-fill during an earthquake. Liquefaction potential can be reduced by keeping susceptible material from being saturated, and by providing adequate compaction during construction. An example of a rock-fill dam is New Melones Dam in California or the Fierza Dam in Albania . A core that is growing in popularity is asphalt concrete . The majority of such dams are built with rock and/or gravel as

1025-489: The height of Caliraya Dam. The dam was rebuilt, raised and inaugurated in 1953 by the (NAPOCOR). In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines bestowed upon Casey the honorary title of "the father of water power development in the Philippines, for his pioneering endeavors in the country. The pumped-storage hydroelectric project was commissioned on February 23, 1983, with an initial output of 300 MW from two turbines. Embankment dam An embankment dam

1066-453: The integrity of the downstream shell zone. An outdated method of zoned earth dam construction used a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core. Rolled-earth dams may also employ a watertight facing or core in the manner of a rock-fill dam. The frozen-core dam is a temporary earth dam occasionally used in high latitudes by circulating a coolant through pipes inside the dam to maintain a watertight region of permafrost within it. Tarbela Dam

1107-527: The lake to Manila's elite and expatriate communities. By the acquisition and consolidation of land titles surrounding the lake, they constructed a residential resort subdivision known as Sierra Lakes and the Dos Lagos Club for residents (now known as Lagos del Sol ). Property values increased even more so when the main road to the lake was paved courtesy of a grant from the Japanese government and

1148-449: The largest man-made structures in the world. Because earthen dams can be constructed from local materials, they can be cost-effective in regions where the cost of producing or bringing in concrete would be prohibitive. Rock -fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth with an impervious zone. The earth used often contains a high percentage of large particles, hence the term "rock-fill". The impervious zone may be on

1189-471: The observations from April 22, 1904, to September 1, 1904. Extensive gaugings of the stream were made to determine the low-water flow, the watershed area was surveyed, and a rain gauge was established in Barangay San Antonio, Kalayaan a town located within the watershed. A river gauge was also established. The constructive features of the initial study were as follows: By the construction of

1230-423: The oldest hydroelectric plants in the Philippines, and later became a popular recreational area for numerous water sports and fishing. The dam's construction was started in 1939 under the supervision of the architecture firm of Pedro Siochi and Company and a small hydroelectric plant was operated in 1942. Lake Caliraya was later connected with another man-made lake, Lumot Lake , to provide more water through

1271-435: The particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance. Embankment dams come in two types: the earth-filled dam (also called an earthen dam or terrain dam ) made of compacted earth, and the rock-filled dam . A cross-section of an embankment dam shows a shape like a bank, or hill. Most have a central section or core composed of an impermeable material to stop water from seeping through

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1312-424: The primary fill. Almost 100 dams of this design have now been built worldwide since the first such dam was completed in 1962. All asphalt-concrete core dams built so far have an excellent performance record. The type of asphalt used is a viscoelastic - plastic material that can adjust to the movements and deformations imposed on the embankment as a whole, and to settlement of the foundation. The flexible properties of

1353-466: The refurbishing of the hydroelectric plant in 2004. Lake Caliraya eventually became a high-end neighborhood of vacation homes for the elites. During the 1980s, Lake Caliraya's surroundings were occupied by the locals with members of the New People's Army (NPA), which fought against destruction of local livelihood. Nevertheless, since the mid-1980s, there has been major real estate developments along

1394-501: The reservoir begins to move the entire structure. The embankment, having almost no elastic strength, would begin to break into separate pieces, allowing the impounded reservoir water to flow between them, eroding and removing even more material as it passes through. In the final stages of failure, the remaining pieces of the embankment would offer almost no resistance to the flow of the water and continue to fracture into smaller and smaller sections of earth or rock until they disintegrate into

1435-420: The river at suitable points. This development could be carried out at comparatively small cost and would not require exceptional engineering features. The capacity of the plant could also be increased by diverting the Lumot River to the Caliraya. However, the feasibility of the development was still in question because of storage problems. The theoretical horsepower available at the first proposed power house, with

1476-419: The shores of the lake, with the construction of several small resorts and Caliraya Springs , a golf course and country club. Caliraya continues to be a haven for recreation, with activities including largemouth bass fishing , wind surfing , kite boarding , wake boarding , jet skiing, water skiing, boating, golf, camping, and other sporting and recreational outdoor activities. Property values remain high, and

1517-404: The upstream face and made of masonry , concrete , plastic membrane, steel sheet piles, timber or other material. The impervious zone may also be inside the embankment, in which case it is referred to as a "core". In the instances where clay is used as the impervious material, the dam is referred to as a "composite" dam. To prevent internal erosion of clay into the rock fill due to seepage forces,

1558-582: Was $ 5 million, or 10 million pesos, and an output of 40,000 horsepower . During World War II , the dam was sabotaged by retreating Americans to prevent use by invading Japanese who rebuilt it, then, themselves sabotaged it as their own defeat approached. It was rebuilt and inaugurated in 1953 by the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR). Lake Caliraya was rediscovered in the late 60's by the Nieto and De Padua families who then popularized

1599-489: Was constructed several miles west of the lake to the head of a steep slope about 950 feet (290 m) above Laguna de Bay . Large penstocks were constructed diverting water down to the powerhouse below, with a tailrace to the lake. The high head permitted the use of high-speed turbines and generators at relatively low unit costs. Initial estimate for the project was $ 5 million, or 10 million pesos, and an output of 40,000 horsepower (30 megawatts ). During World War II ,

1640-406: Was over 100 feet (30 m) high from which a diversion canal was constructed several miles to the head of a steep slope about 950 feet above Laguna de Bay . Large penstocks were constructed diverting water down to the powerhouse below, with tailrace to the bay. The high head permitted the use of high-speed turbines and generators at relatively low unit costs. Initial estimate for the project

1681-594: Was started in 1939 from the designs planned by Hugh John Casey, upon approval by the Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon . An embankment dam over 100 feet (30 m) high, was constructed across the Caliraya River at its outlet from a large flat plateau area providing a large water reservoir for generating hydroelectric power for Southern Luzon from the Caliraya hydroelectric plant. A diversion canal

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