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82-525: The lake, which is privately owned, is used by the university's rowing team, and is home to the US Olympic rowing team . It is, however, available for public use for activities such as ice skating , fishing , and picnicking . Fish species include largemouth bass , carp , pickerel , crappie , channel catfish and occasionally a few rainbow and brown trout that make their way into Carnegie Lake from Stony Brook . Years of pollution have led to

164-494: A smokestack . Although this is a point source, due to the distributional nature, long-range transport, and multiple sources of the pollution, it can be considered as nonpoint source in the depositional area. Atmospheric inputs that affect runoff quality may come from dry deposition between storm events and wet deposition during storm events. The effects of vehicular traffic on the wet and dry deposition that occurs on or near highways, roadways, and parking areas creates uncertainties in

246-402: A barrier of grass in between impervious paving material like parking lots and roads, and the closest body of water. This allows the soil to absorb any pollution before it enters the local aquatic system. Retention ponds can be built in drainage areas to create an aquatic buffer between runoff pollution and the aquatic environment. Runoff and storm water drain into the retention pond allowing for

328-415: A body of water, the oxygen can also be depleted or reduced to a level that is harmful to the species living in that area. High turbidity levels also inhibit drinking water purification systems. Sediments are also transported into the water column due to waves and wind. When sediments are eroded at a continuous rate, they will stay in the water column and the turbidity level will increase. Sedimentation

410-766: A club sport before then – and competes in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . The Tigers have the honor of being one of only two teams since the formation of the EIVA in 1988 to win the EIVA championship and advance to the NCAA Men's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship , with every other title having been won by the Penn State Nittany Lions . The Tigers bested the Nittany Lions in

492-414: A commonly used indicator of water pollution, but not an actual cause of disease. Pathogens may contaminate runoff due to poorly managed livestock operations, faulty septic systems , improper handling of pet waste, the over application of human sewage sludge , contaminated storm sewers, and sanitary sewer overflows . Urban and suburban areas are a main sources of nonpoint source pollution due to

574-557: A dandy Carnegie. Carnegie returned to Princeton the following spring to attend the lake's first regatta . Wilson attempted to secure a second donation from Carnegie, who answered, "I have already given you a lake." Wilson's reported reply was, "We needed bread and you gave us cake." Albert Einstein sailed often on Lake Carnegie during his years in Princeton which began in 1933. Due to its initially shallow depth, flooding and siltation (carried by Stony Brook ) became problems for

656-438: A dangerous decrease in the lake's safety levels. Efforts to improve the water quality of Carnegie Lake are ongoing. An aerial view of this lake appears in the opening title sequence of the drama series House M.D. Prior to the construction of the lake, Princeton's varsity crew rowed on the narrow Delaware and Raritan Canal , sharing the busy waterway with commercial shipping. The team had discussed their desire to construct

738-551: A distance of 35 feet from the shoreline. In its 2002 report on water quality, the United States Environmental Protection Agency rated Lake Carnegie as "impaired." This status indicates that the lake cannot support one or more of its designated uses. The sources of this nonpoint source pollution are varied— litter , chemicals ( fertilizers and pesticides ), automotive waste (oil and gas), and goose droppings have all contributed to

820-627: A forest are also examples of non-point source pollution. Nonpoint sources Sediment (loose soil ) includes silt (fine particles) and suspended solids (larger particles). Sediment may enter surface waters from eroding stream banks, and from surface runoff due to improper plant cover on urban and rural land. Sediment creates turbidity (cloudiness) in water bodies, reducing the amount of light reaching lower depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and consequently affect species which are dependent on them, such as fish and shellfish . With an increased sediment load into

902-429: A lake in Princeton, but no plans were ever developed. In 1902, one of the team's former members ( Howard Russell Butler , class of 1876) was asked to paint a portrait of noted philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. While sitting for Butler, Carnegie discussed the many lochs he had built in his native Scotland . Butler relayed the plans he and his teammates had discussed previously to Carnegie, who took an immediate interest in

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984-560: A point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby surface waters . However, not all urban runoff flows through storm drain systems before entering water bodies. Some may flow directly into water bodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it

1066-562: A safety hazard for the players they could recruit. This conclusion led Princeton to drop sprint football in April 2016. The men's golf team have won 12 national championships , and they have won the Ivy League title 26 times. They have had seven NCAA individual champions: Louis Bayard, Jr. (1987), Percy Pyne (1899), Frank Reinhart (1903), Albert Seckel (1909), Simpson Dean (1921) and George Dunlap (1930 and 1931). The women's golf team

1148-496: A scholar and social justice advocate, played tennis for Princeton in 1952, 1953, and 1954. Princeton's women's track & field team experienced success under coach Peter Farrell, winning a combined 18 Ivy League titles for its outdoor and indoor team. Farrell was the one who founded the women's track and field team in 1977 and stayed their head coach until 2016 when he retired. The men's volleyball program achieved varsity status in 1997 – though it had competed for two decades as

1230-476: A score of six "runs" to Princeton's four. The 1869 game between Rutgers and Princeton is notable because it is the first documented game of any sport called "football" between two American colleges. It is also noteworthy because it occurred two years before a codified rugby game would be played in England. The Princeton/Rutgers game was significantly different from American rules football today but, nonetheless, it

1312-480: A share of the league title eight times, five of those being from between 1937 and 1942. Their last championship, split with the Army Cadets , came in 1989. The Tigers sprint squad collapsed in 1999, which began a losing streak that spanned parts of 17 seasons and 106 games (a collegiate football record), including at least four forfeits; by the end of the 2015 season, Princeton's athletics department determined that

1394-477: A significant role in the history of American cheerleading . Cheers have been noted on the Princeton campus at least as early as 1860 (though not necessarily in an athletic context). By 1869, cheers were common at athletic events, including baseball and football home and away games, and at practices. Thomas Peebles , Princeton class of 1882, brought the Princeton cheers to the University of Minnesota where he

1476-435: A single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to point source pollution which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff , precipitation, atmospheric deposition , drainage , seepage , or hydrological modification (rainfall and snowmelt) where tracing pollution back to

1558-444: A single source is difficult. Nonpoint source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source air pollution affects air quality, from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes . Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of

1640-444: A variety of sources including human sewage sludge, mining operations, vehicle emissions, fossil fuel combustion, urban runoff, industrial operations and landfills. Other toxic contaminants include organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fire retardants, and many agrochemicals like DDT , other pesticides, and fertilizers. These compounds can have severe effects to

1722-444: A well-planned placement of both logging trails, also called skid trails, can reduce the amount of sediment generated. By planning the trails location as far away from the logging activity as possible as well as contouring the trails with the land, it can reduce the amount of loose sediment in the runoff. Additionally, by replanting trees on the land after logging, it provides a structure for the soil to regain stability as well as replaces

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1804-828: Is a concept used to reduce runoff while planting a new crop. The farmer leaves some crop reside from the previous planting in the ground to help prevent runoff during the planting process. Nutrients are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer; animal manure ; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues , irrigation water, wildlife , and atmospheric deposition . Farmers can develop and implement nutrient management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients. To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control ) to maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect water quality . With

1886-616: Is a form of agricultural pollution . Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such as factory farms , are often point source dischargers. These facilities are called "concentrated animal feeding operations" or "feedlots" in the US and are being subject to increasing government regulation. Agricultural operations account for a large percentage of all nonpoint source pollution in the United States. When large tracts of land are plowed to grow crops , it exposes and loosens soil that

1968-685: Is a nutrient that occurs in many forms that are bioavailable . It is notoriously over-abundant in human sewage sludge . It is a main ingredient in many fertilizers used for agriculture as well as on residential and commercial properties and may become a limiting nutrient in freshwater systems and some estuaries . Phosphorus is most often transported to water bodies via soil erosion because many forms of phosphorus tend to be adsorbed on to soil particles. Excess amounts of phosphorus in aquatic systems (particularly freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) leads to proliferation of microscopic algae called phytoplankton . The increase of organic matter supply due to

2050-833: Is a process by which sediment is transported to a body of water. The sediment will then be deposited into the water system or stay in the water column. When there are high rates of sedimentation, flooding can occur due to a build-up of too much sediment. When flooding occurs, waterfront properties can be damaged further by high amounts of sediment being present. Sediment can also be discharged from multiple different sources. Sources include construction sites (although these are point sources, which can be managed with erosion controls and sediment controls ), agricultural fields, stream banks, and highly disturbed areas. Nutrients mainly refers to inorganic matter from runoff, landfills , livestock operations and crop lands. The two primary nutrients of concern are phosphorus and nitrogen. Phosphorus

2132-537: Is an increasingly common result of eutrophication in marine systems and can impact large areas of estuaries, bays, and near shore coastal waters. Each summer, hypoxic conditions form in bottom waters where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico . During recent summers, the aerial extent of this "dead zone" is comparable to the area of New Jersey and has major detrimental consequences for fisheries in

2214-434: Is easily eroded by precipitation like rain , snow , and hail . Additionally, discarded debris on the site can be carried away by runoff waters and enter the aquatic environment. Contaminated stormwater washed off parking lots, roads and highways, and lawns (often containing fertilizers and pesticides ) is called urban runoff . This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it

2296-527: Is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true nonpoint sources as municipalities work to abate them. An example of this is in Michigan, through a NPS (nonpoint source) program. This program helps stakeholders create watershed management plans to combat nonpoint source pollution. Typically, in suburban areas, chemicals are used for lawn care. These chemicals can end up in runoff and enter

2378-648: Is often a summer base for U.S. national teams in training, and many Princeton rowers and coaches have gone on to compete at the World Rowing Championships and the Olympics. Princeton has a long tradition in the game of rugby in the US, having played Rutgers University in 1869 the first United States intercollegiate game , which, according to U.S. Soccer , used rules that resembled rugby union and association football and had little resemblance to gridiron American football Princeton rugby

2460-614: Is played at Jadwin Gymnasium . Ice hockey is played at Baker Rink . Soccer is played at Roberts Stadium . Lacrosse is played at Class of 1952 Stadium . The men's and women's volleyball teams and the wrestling team compete at Dillon Gymnasium . All crews train at Shea Rowing Center and compete on Lake Carnegie . The Rugby Team plays at Rickerson Field on West Windsor Fields. Nonpoint source pollution Nonpoint source ( NPS ) pollution refers to diffuse contamination (or pollution ) of water or air that does not originate from

2542-404: Is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or

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2624-539: The Premo-Porretta Power Poll . Princeton's varsity women's basketball program is the strongest in the Ivy League, carrying on the tradition of the men's championship basketball program. The team had an especially good season in 2015 , with a 31–0 record, a national NCAA Division 1 ranking among the top 25 teams, and entering the field of 32 teams remaining in the 2015 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament . The football team competes in

2706-414: The athletic teams of Princeton University . The school sponsors 35 varsity teams in 20 sports . The school has won several NCAA national championships, including one in men's fencing , three in women's lacrosse , six in men's lacrosse , and eight in men's golf . Princeton's men's and women's crews have also won numerous national rowing championships. The field hockey team made history in 2012 as

2788-469: The 1940s. The Princeton University Band was founded in 1919, and played its first public performance at the Princeton-Maryland football game of October 9, 1920 . The band started as a formal marching band, but by the 1970s had transformed into a scramble band. The stadium is Princeton Stadium , which replaced Palmer Stadium in 1998. Baseball is played at Bill Clarke Field . Basketball

2870-559: The 1965 NCAA Tournament and won the NIT championship in 1975. The deliberate " Princeton offense " is a legacy of his coaching career. From 1992 to 2001, a nine-year span, the men's basketball team entered the NCAA tournament four times. Notably, the Ivy League has never had an at-large entry in the NCAA tournament. For the last half-century, Princeton and the University of Pennsylvania have traditionally battled for men's basketball dominance in

2952-577: The 1975 and 1981 NCAA Wrestling Championships. The current head coach is Joe Dubuque. Princeton has two national champions to its credit: Bradley Glass in 1951 and Pat Glory in 2023. Princeton has 24 NCAA team national championships. † The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Princeton played

3034-678: The 1998 EIVA semifinals, and they then went on to beat Rutgers-Newark ; as a result, they won the 1998 EIVA championship and gained a spot in the NCAA tournament. The Tigers have had three players earn All-American honors – Marin Gjaja '91, Derek Devens '98 and Cody Kessel '14. The Princeton Tiger Wrestling team was started in 1905. The Princeton wrestling team competes in Dillon Gym. Jadwin Gym has served host to five previous EIWA Championships (1969, 1979, 1981, 1987 and 2012), as well as both

3116-534: The CWA section 319 grant program in 1987. Grants are provided to states, territories, and tribes in order to encourage implementation and further development in policy. The law requires all states to operate NPS management programs. EPA requires regular program updates in order to effectively manage the ever-changing nature of their waters, and to ensure effective use of the 319 grant funds and resources. The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 created

3198-532: The Civil Rights Act. In 1991, the university committed to supporting a varsity women's golf program. After becoming a varsity team, women's golf too the Northeast championships in 1995, and Mary Moan won the first Ivy League individual championship in 1997. The team won its first Ivy League title in 1999. Princeton University had an ice hockey team organized already during the 1894–95 season, when

3280-508: The Final Four in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004 and 2005. 35 Princeton women have been named All-Americans. The team will become Princeton's 19th varsity program for women starting in the 2022–23 academic year. Princeton's soccer roots trace to the first de facto college football game held in 1869 v Rutgers University , with rules based on The Football Association ) is considered the first "not official" collegiate soccer match and

3362-580: The Football Championship Subdivision of NCAA Division I with the rest of the Ivy League. As of 2021, Princeton claims 28 national football championships, which would make it the most of any school, although the NCAA only recognizes 15 of the wins. Twenty-one former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . The first football game played between teams representing American colleges

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3444-480: The Ivy League; Princeton had its first losing season in 50 years of Ivy League basketball in 2005. Princeton tied the record for fewest points in a Division I game since the 3-point line started in 1986–87 when they scored 21 points in a loss against Monmouth University on December 14, 2005. The 1924–25 team was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and

3526-614: The Squash Sloane Award for Team Sportsmanship. The men have a long history of success in the Ivy League, winning the Ivy League title 30 times. The program's history also includes NCAA relay titles in 1989 and 1990, and 1992 Olympic gold medalist Nelson Diebel . Pablo Eisenberg , who went on to become a professional tennis player at Wimbledon and a gold medal winner in the Maccabiah Games in Israel, as well as

3608-722: The University of Pennsylvania. They play at the Hobey Baker Memorial Rink. In the 2019–2020 season, they won their first ECAC championship, defeating #1 ranked Cornell by a score of 3–2 in overtime. The university's men's lacrosse team has enjoyed significant success since the early 1990s and is widely recognized as a perennial powerhouse in the Division I ranks. The team has won 27 Ivy League titles and six national titles . The Princeton Tigers women's lacrosse team has won 3 NCAA championships. Rowing

3690-457: The addition of several schools whose sole football team was a sprint squad (and thus were teams that could get all of the best players at their respective schools) and the loss of most of the Ivy League schools, along with the inability of Princeton to recruit more and better players for the team without compromising its other athletic programs or its academic standards, meant that the team would likely be hopelessly outmatched and that this would pose

3772-428: The amount of runoff that is produced due to the large amount of paved surfaces. Paved surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete are impervious to water penetrating them. Any water that is on contact with these surfaces will run off and be absorbed by the surrounding environment. These surfaces make it easier for stormwater to carry pollutants into the surrounding soil. Construction sites tend to have disturbed soil that

3854-405: The amount of sediment and large material draining into the nearby water body. Secondly, laying grass or straw along the border of construction sites also work to reduce nonpoint source pollution. In areas served by single-home septic systems, local government regulations can force septic system maintenance to ensure compliance with water quality standards. In Washington (state) , a novel approach

3936-477: The aquatic environments by degrading water quality by lowering levels of oxygen, which can inturn induce algal blooms and eutrophication . Other agrochemicals such as pesticides and fungicides can enter environments from agricultural lands through runoff and deposition as well. Pesticides such as DDT or atrazine can travel through waterways or stay suspended in air and carried by wind in a process known as "spray drift" . Sediment (loose soil ) washed off fields

4018-472: The area surrounding Carnegie Lake. Another problem was the rapid deposit of sewage carried by the Millstone River from nearby towns, where expansion of treatment facilities had not kept pace with rapid population growth. The lake has been dredged three times since its opening—first in 1927, in the late 1930s, and most recently in 1971. The 1971 dredging gave the lake a uniform depth of nine feet at

4100-531: The atmosphere. Forestry and mining operations can have significant inputs to nonpoint source pollution. Forestry operations reduce the number of trees in a given area, thus reducing the oxygen levels in that area as well. This action, coupled with the heavy machinery (harvesters, etc.) rolling over the soil increases the risk of erosion . Active mining operations are considered point sources, however runoff from abandoned mining operations contribute to nonpoint source pollution. In strip mining operations,

4182-417: The basis for Michigan Wolverines football team's famed winged helmets, as introduced by Fritz Crisler , the coach at Princeton before he was hired as the coach of the University of Michigan . In addition to the varsity Tigers, Princeton, like a number of other Ivy League schools, also fielded a sprint football squad for players 172 pounds and lighter from 1934 to 2015. The lightweight Tigers won at least

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4264-521: The birth of the sport in the United States. The team is one of the oldest active soccer clubs in the United States, playing their first official match in November 1906. The team has won ten Ivy League and eight ICSFA tournaments. Princeton's softball team appeared in the Women's College World Series in 1995 and 1996. The men have won 18 Ivy League championships. They are a four-time winner of

4346-529: The contaminants to settle out and become trapped in the pond. The use of porous pavement allows for rain and storm water to drain into the ground beneath the pavement, reducing the amount of runoff that drains directly into the water body. Restoration methods such as constructing wetlands are also used to slow runoff as well as absorb contamination. Construction sites typically implement simple measures to reduce pollution and runoff. Firstly, sediment or silt fences are erected around construction sites to reduce

4428-478: The decline in water quality. Unsafe levels of mercury in the lake have led to an advisory on fish consumption. A number of local volunteer groups have undertaken efforts to improve the quality of water in Lake Carnegie and surrounding waterways. These efforts include litter removal, water sample testing, and educational programs. Princeton Tigers Other conferences : The Princeton Tigers are

4510-1075: The ecosystem and water-bodies and can threaten the health of both humans and aquatic species while being resistant to environmental breakdown, thus allowing them to persist in the environment. These compounds can also be present in the air and water environments, causing damage to the environment and risking harmful exposure to living species. These toxic chemicals could come from croplands, nurseries, orchards, building sites, gardens, lawns and landfills. Acids and salts mainly are inorganic pollutants from irrigated lands, mining operations, urban runoff, industrial sites and landfills. Other inorganic toxic contaminants can come from foundries and other factory plants, sewage, mining, and coal-burning power stations. Pathogens are bacteria and viruses that can be found in water and cause diseases in humans. Typically, pathogens cause disease when they are present in public drinking water supplies. Pathogens found in contaminated runoff may include: Coliform bacteria and fecal matter may also be detected in runoff. These bacteria are

4592-764: The everyday activities of many different people, such as lawn fertilization , applying pesticides , road construction or building construction . Controlling nonpoint source pollution requires improving the management of urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, forestry operations and marinas. Types of nonpoint source water pollution include sediment , nutrients , toxic contaminants and chemicals and pathogens . Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots , roads and highways, called urban runoff ,

4674-434: The excessive growth of the phytoplankton is called eutrophication . A common symptom of eutrophication is algae blooms that can produce unsightly surface scums, shade out beneficial types of plants, produce taste-and-odor-causing compounds, and poison the water due to toxins produced by the algae. These toxins are a particular problem in systems used for drinking water because some toxins can cause human illness and removal of

4756-469: The finest rowing facilities in the country. With 150 athletes, 60 rowing shells, and 12 coaches, trainers, and boat riggers, crew is the largest varsity sport at Princeton, and one of the most successful. In recent years, from 2000 through 2010, Princeton varsity crews (both men's and women's) won a total of 14 Eastern Sprints , IRA (national), and NCAA championships, as well as two international events at Henley Royal Regatta . The Princeton boathouse

4838-633: The first Ivy League team to win the NCAA Division I Championship in field hockey . Source: Princeton's basketball team is perhaps the best-known team within the Ivy League. Its most notable upset was the 1996 defeat of defending NCAA champion UCLA in the tournament's opening round, Carril's final collegiate victory. In 1989, the team almost became the only #16 seed to win, losing to Georgetown 50–49. During that 29-year span, Pete Carril won thirteen Ivy League championships and received eleven NCAA berths and two NIT bids. Princeton placed third in

4920-511: The least costly method to reduce the greatest amount of pollution. BMPs can be implemented for both agricultural and urban runoff, and can also be either structural or nonstructural methods. Federal agencies, including EPA and the Natural Resources Conservation Service , have approved and provided a list of commonly used BMPs for the many different categories of nonpoint source pollution. Congress authorized

5002-438: The logged environment. Installing shut off valves on fuel pumps at a marina dock can help reduce the amount of spillover into the water. Additionally, pump-out stations that are easily accessible to boaters in a marina can provide a clean place in which to dispose of sanitary waste without dumping it directly into the water. Finally, something as simple as having trash containers around a marina can prevent larger objects entering

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5084-620: The magnitudes of various atmospheric sources in runoff. Existing networks that use protocols sufficient to quantify these concentrations and loads do not measure many of the constituents of interest and these networks are too sparse to provide good deposition estimates at a local scale Highway runoff accounts for a small but widespread percentage of all nonpoint source pollution. Harned (1988) estimated that runoff loads were composed of atmospheric fallout (9%), vehicle deposition (25%) and highway maintenance materials (67%) he also estimated that about 9 percent of these loads were reentrained in

5166-544: The pH in the aquatic environment. Chemicals used for boat maintenance, like paint , solvents , and oils find their way into water through runoff. Additionally, spilling fuels or leaking fuels directly into the water from boats contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Nutrient and bacteria levels are increased by poorly maintained sanitary waste receptacles on the boat and pump-out stations. To control nonpoint source pollution, many different approaches can be undertaken in both urban and suburban areas. Buffer strips provide

5248-433: The pollutant make it a nonpoint source of pollution; if the discharges were to occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location, the pollution would be single-point. Nonpoint source water pollution may derive from many different sources with no specific solutions or changes to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Nonpoint source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from

5330-476: The project. He asked Butler to investigate the potential cost and feasibility of constructing such a lake in Princeton. After working with a New York engineering company, Butler informed Carnegie that the estimated construction costs would be US$ 118,000. Carnegie visited the university campus to view the construction site, and soon after authorized Butler to begin construction. In 1903, a group of Princeton alumni began purchasing farmland that occupied areas of

5412-449: The projected basin . They, in turn, sold this land to Carnegie. This was done in order to avoid arousing the suspicions of local residents, and to allow Carnegie to purchase the land for the lowest possible price. By 1905, the needed land was purchased and the work of clearing the area and constructing the bridges and dam began. Carnegie attended the official opening ceremony on December 5, 1906, arriving by train with dozens of friends. He

5494-688: The region. Nitrogen is most often transported by water as nitrate (NO 3 ). The nitrogen is usually added to a watershed as organic-N or ammonia (NH 3 ), so nitrogen stays attached to the soil until oxidation converts it into nitrate. Since the nitrate is generally already incorporated into the soil, the water traveling through the soil (i.e., interflow and tile drainage ) is the most likely to transport it, rather than surface runoff. Toxic chemicals mainly include organic compounds and inorganic compounds . Inorganic compounds, including heavy metals like lead , mercury , zinc , and cadmium are resistant to breakdown. These contaminants can come from

5576-653: The school still went by the name of College of New Jersey. On March 3, 1895 the university ice hockey team faced a Baltimore aggregation at the North Avenue Ice Palace  in Baltimore, Maryland and won by a score of 5–0. The players on the 1895 team were Chester Derr, John Brooks, Howard Colby, James Blair, Frederick Allen, Ralph Hoagland and Art Wheeler . On November 24, 1979, the Princeton Tigers played their first varsity game against

5658-616: The steps to implement their own management programs for places such as their coastlines, all of which have to be approved by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the EPA. The goals of these programs and those alike are to create foundations that encourage statewide pollution reduction by growing and improving systems that already exist. Programs within these state and local governments look to best management practices (BMPs) in order to accomplish their goals of finding

5740-649: The surrounding environment via storm drains in the city. Since the water in storm drains is not treated before flowing into surrounding water bodies, the chemicals enter the water directly. Other significant sources of runoff include habitat modification and silviculture (forestry). Nutrients ( nitrogen and phosphorus ) are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer , animal manure , or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues , irrigation water, wildlife , and atmospheric deposition . Nutrient pollution such as nitrates can harm

5822-401: The top of the mountain is removed to expose the desired ore . If this area is not properly reclaimed once the mining has finished, soil erosion can occur. Additionally, there can be chemical reactions with the air and newly exposed rock to create acidic runoff. Water that seeps out of abandoned subsurface mines can also be highly acidic. This can seep into the nearest body of water and change

5904-528: The toxins is difficult and expensive. Bacterial decomposition of algal blooms consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, generating hypoxia with detrimental consequences for fish and aquatic invertebrates. Nitrogen is the other key ingredient in fertilizers, and it generally becomes a pollutant in saltwater or brackish estuarine systems where nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. Similar to phosphorus in fresh-waters, excess amounts of bioavailable nitrogen in marine systems lead to eutrophication and algae blooms. Hypoxia

5986-526: The water. Nonpoint source pollution is the leading cause of water pollution in the United States today, with polluted runoff from agriculture and hydromodification the primary sources. The definition of a nonpoint source is addressed under the U.S. Clean Water Act as interpreted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The law does not provide for direct federal regulation of nonpoint sources, but state and local governments may do so pursuant to state laws. For example, many states have taken

6068-611: Was an unfamiliar ancestor of today's college football because it was played under soccer -style London Football Association rules. The game, between Rutgers College (now Rutgers University ) and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), took place on November 6, 1869, at College Field (now the site of the College Avenue Gymnasium at Rutgers University) in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers won by

6150-912: Was developed through a creation of a "shellfish protection district" when either a commercial or recreational shellfish bed is downgraded because of ongoing nonpoint source pollution. The shellfish protection district is a geographic area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources, and provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control nonpoint sources of pollution. At least two shellfish protection districts in south Puget Sound have instituted septic system operation and maintenance requirements with program fees tied directly to property taxes. To control sediment and runoff, farmers may utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil on their fields. Common techniques include contour plowing , crop mulching , crop rotation , planting perennial crops or installing riparian buffers . Conservation tillage

6232-433: Was football coach. There, Peebles had students lead organized chants during football games. However, the term "cheer-leader" was used at Princeton as early as 1897. The Tiger nickname originated from the practice of football players wearing orange and black stripes on their clothing, which led sportswriters to call them "tigers." An undergraduate dressed as a tiger mascot began appearing at football and basketball games in

6314-465: Was founded as a club sport in 1978, coached by Betty Whelan. A group called "Friends of Women's Golf" began fundraising immediately, and the group began lobbying for inclusion as a varsity sport. After ten years of being denied varsity status by the university, representatives from the team contacted the ACLU asking for assistance and raising the possibility of a lawsuit under the protections of Title IX of

6396-495: Was introduced to Princeton in 1870 by a handful of undergraduates who bought two old boats with their own funds and formed an impromptu "navy" on the Delaware and Raritan Canal . The construction of Lake Carnegie in 1906 enabled the sport to expand and laid the foundation for today's rowing program at Princeton. More recently, an $ 8 million upgrade and expansion of the existing boathouse in 2000 formed Shea Rowing Center , one of

6478-407: Was met by a group including university president Woodrow Wilson . Carnegie and Wilson led an academic procession into Alexander Hall, where Carnegie was greeted enthusiastically by attending students (who had been given the day off). At one point, a group of students began to sing: Carnegie, Carnegie He is giving us a lake You can hear the breakers break; Carnegie, Carnegie Andy, Andy, you're

6560-446: Was once buried. This makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to erosion during rainstorms . It also can increase the amount of fertilizer and pesticides carried into nearby bodies of water. Atmospheric deposition is a source of inorganic and organic constituents because these constituents are transported from sources of air pollution to receptors on the ground. Typically, industrial facilities, like factories , emit air pollution via

6642-426: Was reorganized in 1931 under the leadership of Monte Barak, Hugh Sloan H.F. Langenberg, and coach John Boardman Whitton. It has been playing continuously ever since. Over 5,000 people attended the inaugural Harvard - Princeton game in 1931. The men's rugby team was Ivy League champions in 2004, 1979, 1977, 1973, 1971 and 1969. The women's rugby team was national champions in 1995 and 1996. Princeton women advanced to

6724-406: Was the first inter-collegiate football contest in the United States. Another similar game took place between Rutgers and Columbia University in 1870 and a third notable game took place between Tufts University and Harvard University in 1875. The popularity of intercollegiate competition in football would spread throughout the country shortly thereafter. Princeton's football helmets are also

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