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70-440: Lake Jean historically had a low pH due to impairment by atmospheric deposition. The lake has become less acidic, but continues to be impaired by mercury. Its watershed has an area of 1,998 acres (809 ha), including the lake itself. The majority of the watershed is forested, though there are a few other land uses . The lake was named by Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts in 1905 after Jean Holberton Ricketts, his eldest daughter. A new dam

140-536: A 19th-century/20th century landowner. Ricketts named the lake after Jean Holberton Ricketts in 1905. The lake was initially created for the purpose of moving large logs in R. Bruce Ricketts' logging industry. However, a natural lake was originally in that location. Boating and fishing were being done on the lake as early as the early 1900s. In 1958, the Pennsylvania Fish Commission declared Lake Jean unsuitable for fishing, as its fish population

210-519: A considerable portion old-growth forest deforestation is the result of small-scale migrant farming. As forest cover is removed, forest resources become exhausted and increasing populations lead to scarcity, which prompts people to move again to previously undisturbed forest, restarting the process of deforestation. There are several reasons behind this continued migration: poverty-driven lack of available farmland and high costs may lead to an increase in farming intensity on existing farmland. This leads to

280-478: A consistent, long-term record to quantify change variability over time. Through observing patterns in land cover changes, scientists can determine the consequences of these changes, predict the impact of future changes, and use this information to inform strategic land management . Modeling risk and vulnerability is also one of land change science's practical applications. Accurate predictions of how human activity will influence land cover change over time, as well as

350-490: A dominant greenhouse gas . Human activity is the most significant cause of land cover change, and humans are also directly impacted by the environmental consequences of these changes. Collective land use and land cover changes have fundamentally altered the functioning of key Earth systems . For instance, human changes to land use and land cover have a profound impact climate at a local and regional level, which in turn contributes to climate change . Land use by humans has

420-513: A few others. Miscellaneous includes cemeteries, golf courses, marshes, deserts, and other areas of "low economic value". The total land area of the United States is 9.1 M km but the total used here refers only to the contiguous 48 states, without Alaska etc. Land use change is "the change from one land-use category to another". Land-use change, together with use of fossil fuels , are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide,

490-415: A long history, first emerging more than 10,000 years ago. Human changes to land surfaces have been documented for centuries as having significant impacts on both earth systems and human well-being. Deforestation is an example of large-scale land use change. The deforestation of temperate regions since 1750 has had a major effect on land cover . The reshaping of landscapes to serve human needs, such as

560-529: A slow recession . Because the peak flow also corresponds to the maximum water level reached during the event, it is of interest in flood studies. Analysis of the relationship between precipitation intensity and duration and the response of the stream discharge are aided by the concept of the unit hydrograph , which represents the response of stream discharge over time to the application of a hypothetical "unit" amount and duration of rainfall (e.g., half an inch over one hour). The amount of precipitation correlates to

630-721: A small patch of the Mauch Chunk Formation occurs in the northern part of the watershed. The only soil in the watershed is the Wellsboro-Oquaga-Morris Association. However, the Lackawanna-Arnot-Morris Association occurs near the watershed's southwestern border. Lake Jean is dammed by the earthen Lake Jean Dam, which is 26 feet (7.9 m) high and 780 feet (240 m) long. As of 1980, the dam and its eastern and western dikes can handle 73 percent of

700-734: A volume of 486 million gallons. Lake Jean is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Red Rock. The village of Red Rock is located 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of the lake. The lake is located within Ricketts Glen State Park . It is in the northernmost part of the watershed of Fishing Creek . The main rock formation in the watershed of Lake Jean is the Burgoon Sandstone , which contains interbedded gray shale , conglomerate , and mudstone . However,

770-479: Is 34.2 pounds (15.5 kg). The lake's various inflows require an 87 to 97 percent reduction to meet their total maximum daily load requirements. In the 1970s, two measurements of water hardness in the lake were 5 and 8 milligrams per liter. In the 1970s, two measurements of the concentration of hydrogen ions in Lake Jean ranged from 0.00020 to 0.00160 milligrams per liter. The dissolved oxygen concentration

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840-399: Is a measure of the quantity of any fluid flow over unit time. The quantity may be either volume or mass. Thus the water discharge of a tap (faucet) can be measured with a measuring jug and a stopwatch. Here the discharge might be 1 litre per 15 seconds, equivalent to 67 ml/second or 4 litres/minute. This is an average measure. For measuring the discharge of a river we need a different method and

910-503: Is changing, has many impacts on the environment . Effects of land use choices and changes by humans include for example urban sprawl , soil erosion , soil degradation , land degradation and desertification . Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water , soil , nutrients , plants and animals . Land use change is "the change from one land-use category to another". Land-use change, together with use of fossil fuels , are

980-558: Is important to land use and land cover change for a variety of reasons. In particular, urbanization affects land change elsewhere through the shifting of urban-rural linkages, or the ecological footprint of the transfer of goods and services between urban and rural areas. Increases in urbanization lead to increases in consumption, which puts increased pressure on surrounding rural lands. The outward spread of urban areas can also take over adjacent land formerly used for crop cultivation. Urbanization additionally affects land cover through

1050-445: Is one form of land-use regulation. For example, Portland, Oregon is required to have an urban growth boundary which contains at least 20,000 acres (81 km ) of vacant land. Additionally, Oregon restricts the development of farmland. The regulations are controversial, but an economic analysis concluded that farmland appreciated similarly to the other land. In colonial America, few regulations were originally put into place regarding

1120-449: Is one of the common destinations of visitors to Ricketts Glen State Park , in which it is located. The main outflow of Lake Jean is an unnamed tributary of Kitchen Creek . Its inflows include unofficially named streams such as "Beaver Tributary" and "Ganoga Tributary", as well as direct drainage. Both the lake's main inflow and its main outflow are around 10 feet (3.0 m) wide and 1 to 2 feet (0.30 to 0.61 m) deep. The elevation of

1190-672: Is permitted on the lake in the wintertime. There are also two boat launches on the lake. Both motorboats with electric motors and non-powered boats are permitted. There are picnic facilities along Lake Jean. Jeff Mitchell's book Paddling Pennsylvania: Canoeing and Kayaking the Keystone State's Rivers and Lakes describes Lake Jean as being "known for its beauty" and "one of the finest lakes for paddling in Pennsylvania". The 0.8-mile-long Beach Trail at Ricketts Glen State Park goes along Lake Jean. There are ten modern cabins near

1260-542: Is that of the United Nations ' Food and Agriculture Organization : "Land use concerns the products and/or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management actions (activities) carried out by humans to produce those products and benefits." As of the early 1990s, about 13% of the Earth was considered arable land, with 26% in pasture, 32% forests and woodland, and 1.5% urban areas. As of 2015,

1330-416: Is the sum of processes within the hydrologic cycle that increase the water levels of bodies of water. Most precipitation occurs directly over bodies of water such as the oceans, or on land as surface runoff . A portion of runoff enters streams and rivers, and another portion soaks into the ground as groundwater seepage . The rest soaks into the ground as infiltration, some of which infiltrates deep into

1400-404: Is typically expressed in units of cubic meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet per second (cfs). The catchment of a river above a certain location is determined by the surface area of all land which drains toward the river from above that point. The river's discharge at that location depends on the rainfall on the catchment or drainage area and the inflow or outflow of groundwater to or from

1470-462: The Amazon and Central America . Moreover, the underlying drivers of economic development are often linked to global economic engagement, ranging from increased exports to a foreign debt . Broadly, urbanization is the increasing number of people who live in urban areas. Urbanization refers to both urban population growth and the physical growth of urban areas. According to the United Nations ,

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1540-578: The Aral Sea is an example how local-scale land use and land change can have compounded impacts on regional climate systems, particularly when human activities heavily disrupt natural climatic cycles, how land change science can be used to map and study such changes. In 1960, the Aral Sea, located in Central Asia, was the world's fourth largest lake. However, a water diversion project, undertaken by

1610-602: The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (today embodied in 16 U.S.C. 461 et seq.) and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.). Discharge (hydrology) In hydrology , discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m /h or ft /h) of a stream . It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and

1680-535: The Rhine river in Europe is 2,200 cubic metres per second (78,000 cu ft/s) or 190,000,000 cubic metres (150,000 acre⋅ft) per day. Because of the difficulties of measurement, a stream gauge is often used at a fixed location on the stream or river. A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow

1750-645: The Soviet Union to irrigate arid plains in what is now Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , resulted in the Aral Sea losing 85% of its land cover and 90% of its volume. The loss of the Aral Sea has had a significant effect on human-environment interactions in the region, including the decimation of the sea's fishing industry and the salinization of agricultural lands by the wind-spread of dried sea salt beds. Additionally, scientists have been able to use technology such as NASA 's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to track changes to

1820-471: The cross-sectional area (in m or ft ). It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals like CaCO 3 (aq), or biologic material (e.g. diatoms ) in addition to the water itself. Terms may vary between disciplines. For example, a fluvial hydrologist studying natural river systems may define discharge as streamflow , whereas an engineer operating a reservoir system may equate it with outflow , contrasted with inflow . A discharge

1890-409: The phosphate concentration was 0.031 milligrams per liter. The sulfate concentration ranged from 2.5 to 7.2 milligrams per liter. The fluoride concentration was twice measured to be 0.10 milligrams per liter and the chloride concentration ranged between 4.0 and 6.4 milligrams per liter. The concentration of silica ranged between 0 and 0.1 milligrams per liter. In the 1970s, two measurements of

1960-415: The sodium concentration in filtered waters of Lake Jean ranged from 1.10 to 3.50 milligrams per liter. The potassium concentration was twice measured to be 0.60 milligrams per liter. The concentration of magnesium ranged between 0.40 and 0.60 milligrams per liter and the calcium concentration ranged between 1.00 and 2.40 milligrams per liter. Detectable amounts of nickel and cadmium were observed in

2030-418: The urban heat island effect. Heat islands occur when, due to high concentrations of structures, such as buildings and roads, that absorb and re-emit solar radiation, and low concentrations of vegetative cover, urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding areas. The high temperatures associated with heat islands can compromise human health, particularly in low-income areas. The rapid decline of

2100-485: The Aral Sea and its surrounding climate over time. This use of modeling and satellite imagery to track human-caused land cover change is characteristic of the scope of land change science. Commonly, political jurisdictions will undertake land-use planning and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid land-use conflicts . Land use plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations, such as zoning regulations . The urban growth boundary

2170-434: The actions of private developers and individuals. Judicial decisions and enforcement of private land-use arrangements can reinforce public regulation, and achieve forms and levels of control that regulatory zoning cannot. There is growing concern that land use regulation is a direct cause of housing segregation in the United States today. Two major federal laws passed in the 1960s limit the use of land significantly. These are

Lake Jean - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-399: The area, stream modifications such as dams and irrigation diversions, as well as evaporation and evapotranspiration from the area's land and plant surfaces. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the stream's discharge hydrograph, a record of how the discharge varies over time after a precipitation event. The stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in

2310-485: The corresponding discharge from the rating curve. If a continuous level-recording device is located at a rated cross-section, the stream's discharge may be continuously determined. Larger flows (higher discharges) can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force. Larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure. G. H. Dury and M. J. Bradshaw are two geographers who devised models showing

2380-731: The deforestation for farmland , can have long-term effects on earth systems and exacerbate the causes of climate change. Although the burning of fossil fuels is the primary driver of present-day climate change, prior to the Industrial Revolution , deforestation and irrigation were the largest sources of human-driven greenhouse gas emissions . Even today, 35% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide contributions can be attributed to land use or land cover changes. Currently, almost 50% of Earth’s non-ice land surface has been transformed by human activities, with approximately 40% of that land used for agriculture , surpassing natural systems as

2450-418: The discharge of a river is based on a simplified form of the continuity equation . The equation implies that for any incompressible fluid, such as liquid water, the discharge (Q) is equal to the product of the stream's cross-sectional area (A) and its mean velocity ( u ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {u}}} ), and is written as: where For example, the average discharge of

2520-541: The dynamics of land use and land-cover. LCMs are a means of understanding ways that humans change the Earth's surface in the past, present, and future. Deforestation is the systematic and permanent conversion of previously forested land for other uses. It has historically been a primary facilitator of land use and land cover change. Forests are a vital part of the global ecosystem and are essential to carbon capture , ecological processes, and biodiversity . However, since

2590-493: The early 1900s, virtually all of the forested land in the watershed was second-growth forest . Lake Jean is mainly used for recreation and fishing. According to Times Leader , most of the 330,000 annual visitors to Ricketts Glen State Park visit Lake Jean. In 2014, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission temporarily lifted fishing restrictions in Lake Jean in preparation for the lake's draining. Ice fishing

2660-416: The extent and timescale of changes, and how changes vary through time. To this end, scientists use a variety of tools, including satellite imagery and other sources of remotely sensed data (e.g., aircraft imagery), field observations, historical accounts, and reconstruction modeling. These tools, particularly satellite imagery, allow land change scientists to accurately monitor land-change rates and create

2730-461: The global urban population has increased rapidly since 1950, from 751 million to 4.2 billion in 2018, and current trends predict this number will continue to grow. Accompanying this population shift are significant changes in economic flow, culture and lifestyle, and spatial population distribution. Although urbanized areas cover just 3% of the Earth's surface, they nevertheless have a significant impact on land use and land cover change. Urbanization

2800-647: The impact that such changes have on the sustainability of ecological and human systems, can inform the creation of policy designed to address these changes. Studying risk and vulnerability entails the development of quantitative , qualitative , and geospatial models, methods, and support tools. The purpose of these tools is to communicate the vulnerability of both human communities and natural ecosystems to hazard events or long-term land change. Modeling risk and vulnerability requires analyses of community sensitivity to hazards, an understanding of geographic distributions of people and infrastructure, and accurate calculation of

2870-423: The invention of agriculture, global forest cover has diminished by 35%. There is rarely one direct or underlying cause for deforestation. Rather, deforestation is the result of intertwining systemic forces working simultaneously or sequentially to change land cover. Deforestation occurs for many interconnected reasons. For instance, mass deforestation is often viewed as the product of industrial agriculture, yet

Lake Jean - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-432: The lake at a depth of 3 feet (0.91 m) was 20.5 °C (68.9 °F). The Secchi depth of the lake was measured to be 69.0 inches (175 cm) in the 1970s. The specific conductance at this time ranged from 32 to 33 micro-siemens per centimeter at 25 °C (77 °F). The daily load of acidity at the outflow of Lake Jean is 194.0 pounds (88.0 kg). The total maximum daily load of acidity at this point

3010-485: The lake include trout , smallmouth bass , largemouth bass , crappie , bluegill , and pickerel . Additionally, pumpkinseed and yellow perch have been observed within the lake. It is stocked with trout. Historically, Lake Jean had a low level of fish biodiversity due to its acidity. In 1985, seven species were observed in the lake. However, in 1997, eleven species were observed, and in 2007, twelve species were observed. Canada geese are also sometimes observed at

3080-415: The lake is 2,218 feet (676 m) above sea level . The lake has a highly irregular shape. Its maximum length is 10,560 feet (3,220 m) and its maximum width is 1,980 feet (600 m). The largest inflow to Lake Jean is the outlet of Ganoga Lake , which is 0.4 miles (0.64 km) northwest of Lake Jean. Drainage from a tract of wetland also flows into the lake. There are several coves and inlets on

3150-413: The lake itself) and is located in eastern Sullivan County and western Luzerne County. Discounting the lake, the watershed has an area of 1,745 acres (706 ha). Pennsylvania Route 487 passes through the lake's watershed in a north–south direction. Discounting Lake Jean itself, a total of 1,414 acres (572 ha) (81.0 percent) of the watershed is forested land. 220 acres (89 ha) (12.6 percent) of

3220-558: The lake will be entirely drained to repair the dam's control tower. It will take about two weeks to drain the lake, though a stream of water will still flow through its deepest parts. In 2015, the project was expected to cost $ 800,000. Lake Jean was reopened in May 2016. Lake Jean is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. Warmwater game fish and panfish inhabit Lake Jean. Specific fish in

3290-514: The lake's beaches on a daily basis. However, bladderwort populations have been reduced since the lake became less acidic, and the lake's plant biodiversity has increased. Most of the forests in the lake's watershed are deciduous forests . However, some areas of conifer forest are present, especially in the watershed's western part. Small waterwort and Sphinx gordius also inhabit the lake. The shores of Lake Jean are lined with hardwood forests, hemlocks , pine trees, and sedges . As early as

3360-482: The lake, but no chromium or copper was detected. The concentrations of both cobalt and lead were less than 2 micrograms per liter. The zinc concentration was once measured to be 20 micrograms per liter. The concentration of iron ranged from a detectable amount to 240 micrograms per liter and the manganese concentration ranged between a detectable amount and 70 milligrams per liter. The watershed of Lake Jean has an area of 1,998 acres (809 ha) (including

3430-464: The lake, especially on its western side, where there are also some wetlands. The lake also has a few islands. The surrounding land rises to at most 90 feet (27 m) above the lake. Lake Jean is relatively shallow, with an average depth of 5.9 feet (1.8 m). Some of the deepest parts of the lake are only 14 to 16 feet (4.3 to 4.9 m) deep, though it can reach up to 19.5 feet (5.9 m) in depth. The lake has an area of 245 acres (99 ha) and

3500-425: The lake. Land use Land use is an umbrella term to describe what happens on a parcel of land. It concerns the benefits derived from using the land, and also the land management actions that humans carry out there. The following categories are used for land use: forest land , cropland ( agricultural land ), grassland , wetlands , settlements and other lands. The way humans use land, and how land use

3570-418: The lake. At least 30 individuals of an invertebrate species of concern have been observed on the lake's shoreline. Species such as Aeshna clepsydra and Carterocephalus palaemon mandan have been observed in its vicinity. Lake Jean used to experience a bladderwort infestation. At its most severe point, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources employees had to rake bladderwort off

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3640-424: The level of the stream is described by a rating curve . Average velocities and the cross-sectional area of the stream are measured for a given stream level. The velocity and the area give the discharge for that level. After measurements are made for several different levels, a rating table or rating curve may be developed. Once rated, the discharge in the stream may be determined by measuring the level, and determining

3710-474: The major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas . Human activity is the most significant cause of land cover change, and humans are also directly impacted by the environmental consequences of these changes. For example, deforestation (the systematic and permanent conversion of previously forested land for other uses) has historically been a primary facilitator of land use and land cover change. The study of land change relies on

3780-577: The most common is the 'area-velocity' method. The area is the cross sectional area across a river and the average velocity across that section needs to be measured for a unit time, commonly a minute. Measurement of cross sectional area and average velocity, although simple in concept, are frequently non-trivial to determine. The units that are typically used to express discharge in streams or rivers include m /s (cubic meters per second), ft /s (cubic feet per second or cfs) and/or acre-feet per day. A commonly applied methodology for measuring, and estimating,

3850-486: The overexploitation of farmland, and down the line results in desertification , another land cover change, which renders soil unusable and unprofitable, requiring farmers to seek out untouched and unpopulated old-growth forests. In addition to rural migration and subsistence farming, economic development can also play a substantial role in deforestation. For example, road and railway expansions designed to increase quality of life have resulted in significant deforestation in

3920-555: The principal source of nitrogen emissions. Increasing land conversion by humans in future is not inevitable: In a discussion on response options to climate change mitigation and adaptation an IPCC special report stated that "a number of response options such as increased food productivity, dietary choices and food losses, and waste reduction, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other response options". Land change science relies heavily on

3990-550: The probability of specific disturbances occurring. A key method for studying risk and vulnerability is land change modeling (LCM), which can be used to simulate changes and land use and land cover. LCMs can be used to predict how land use and land cover may change under alternate circumstances, which is useful for risk assessment, in that it allows for the prediction of potential impacts and can be used to inform policy decisions, albeit with some uncertainty. Land change models (LCMs) describe, project, and explain changes in and

4060-542: The probable maximum flood without overtopping. The lake is owned by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Lake Jean has a beach with a length of 600 feet (180 m). It is open from late May to mid September. Lake Jean was historically rendered acidic by atmospheric deposition . In the summer of 1991, its pH was found to be 5.8, less than the minimum of 6.0 needed to attain its designated uses for aquatic life . The lake

4130-583: The relationship between discharge and other variables in a river. The Bradshaw model described how pebble size and other variables change from source to mouth; while Dury considered the relationships between discharge and variables such as stream slope and friction. These follow from the ideas presented by Leopold, Wolman and Miller in Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology . and on land use affecting river discharge and bedload supply. Inflow

4200-462: The synthesis of a wide range of data and a diverse range of data collection methods, some of which are detailed below. A primary function of land change science is to document and model long-term patterns of landscape change, which may result from both human activity and natural processes. In the course of monitoring and assessing land cover and land use changes, scientists look at several factors, including where land-cover and land-use are changing,

4270-520: The synthesis of a wide range of data and a diverse range of data collection methods. These include land cover monitoring and assessments, modeling risk and vulnerability, and land change modeling . The IPCC defines the term land use as the "total of arrangements, activities and inputs applied to a parcel of land". The same report groups land use into the following categories: forest land , cropland ( agricultural land ), grassland , wetlands , settlements and other lands . Another definition

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4340-569: The total arable land is 10.7% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. For example, the US Department of Agriculture has identified six major types of land use in the United States. Acreage statistics for each type of land use in the contiguous 48 states in 2017 were as follows: Special use areas in the table above include national parks (29 M acres) and state parks (15 M), wildlife areas (64.4 M), highways (21 M), railroads (3M), military bases (25 M), airports (3M) and

4410-650: The usage of land. As society shifted from rural to urban, public land regulation became important, especially to city governments trying to control industry, commerce, and housing within their boundaries. The first zoning ordinance was passed in New York City in 1916, and, by the 1930s, most states had adopted zoning laws. In the 1970s, concerns about the environment and historic preservation led to further regulation. Today, federal, state, and local governments regulate growth and development through statutory law . The majority of controls on land, however, stem from

4480-420: The volume of water (depending on the area of the catchment) that subsequently flows out of the river. Using the unit hydrograph method, actual historical rainfalls can be modeled mathematically to confirm characteristics of historical floods, and hypothetical "design storms" can be created for comparison to observed stream responses. The relationship between the discharge in the stream at a given cross-section and

4550-586: The watershed contains fields and 82 acres (33 ha) (4.7 percent) consists of other lakes. The remaining 29 acres (12 ha) (1.7 percent) consists of wetlands . Lake Jean was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1177996. The lake is named after the first daughter of Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts ,

4620-511: Was 9.5 milligrams per liter and the carbon dioxide concentration ranged from 0.6 to 5.1 milligrams per liter. The concentration of organic carbon was 2.3 milligrams per liter. The concentration of bicarbonate was 2 milligrams per liter in two measurements. The nitrogen concentration was 0.33 milligrams per liter in one measurement and the concentration of organic nitrogen ranged from 0.13 to 0.37 milligrams per liter. The phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.010 to 0.020 milligrams per liter and

4690-461: Was added semi-annually (in the spring and fall) for a number of years, with 19 tons per year typically being added. The Lake Jean Dam was constructed in the 1950s by the old Department of Forests and Waters. The dam was earthen and replaced an older dam. This operation combined Mud Pond with what was then Lake Jean to create the 245 acres (99 ha) lake that currently exists. While it has been maintained, various parts have deteriorated. In June 2015,

4760-535: Was created for it in the 1950s. In 2015, the lake was partially drained so that repair work could be done on the control tower of the Lake Jean Dam. Lake Jean is stocked with trout and contains various species of warmwater game fish and panfish. The large tracts of forest in the lake's watershed are mainly deciduous, but there is some coniferous forest. The lake is listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. Its main uses are recreation and fishing and it

4830-411: Was listed as an impaired waterbody for this reason in 1996. By 2007, the pH had increased to 6.5 to 7.4, within Pennsylvania's criteria for pH. However, the lake is still impaired by mercury from atmospheric deposition. The hydraulic retention time of water in Lake Jean is 0.6 years. The average discharge of the lake's outflow is 3.6 cubic feet per second. On August 6, 1974, the water temperature of

4900-413: Was unbalanced. Fishing in the lake was forbidden until 1961, as attempts were made to chemically reclaim the lake. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources added 106 tons of cement stack dust to the lake's frozen surface in the winter of 1959 for this purpose. In 1995, the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources began adding lime to Lake Jean to combat its acidity. Lime

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