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33-414: LKAs supervise police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences, and coordinate investigations of serious crime involving more than one Präsidium (regional headquarters). They can take over investigative responsibility in cases of serious crime, e.g. drug trafficking, organized crime, environmental and white-collar crime or extremist and terrorist offences. Each Landeskriminalamt

66-405: A "green light" to conduct unethical and unlawful business practices to further the business. This idea also ties into Forbes' third theory, that most stock traders see unethical practices as harmless. Many see white collar crime as a victimless crime, which is not necessarily true. Since many of these stock traders cannot see the victims of their crimes, it seems as if it hurts no one. The last theory

99-439: A certain type of compensation or reward for short-term mass profits. If a company incentivizes an employee to help commit a crime, such as assisting in a Ponzi Scheme, many employees will partake in order to receive the reward or compensation. Often, this compensation is given in the form of a cash "bonus" on top of their salaries. By doing a task in order to receive a reward, many employees feel as though they are not responsible for

132-447: A corporation will be at a relatively senior level on both sides, this is almost exclusively a white-collar "situation" which offers the opportunity for crime. Although law enforcement claims to have prioritized white-collar crime, evidence shows that it continues to be a low priority. When senior levels of a corporation engage in criminal activity using the company this is sometimes called control fraud . Organized transnational crime

165-632: A criminal history, including infractions that span the spectrum of illegality, but many do not overindulge in vice. Recent research examining the five-factor personality trait model determined that white-collar offenders tend to be more neurotic and less agreeable and conscientious than their non-criminal counterparts. In the United States, sentences for white-collar crimes may include a combination of imprisonment , fines , restitution , community service , disgorgement , probation , or other alternative punishment. These punishments grew harsher after

198-412: A criminogenic environment where it is harder to detect fraud, e.g., as a result of deregulation . An example would be when an insolvent company publishes accounts showing massive profits. This will cause the stock to rise beyond its actual value, and those exercising the control fraud will cash in their stocks before the reality is known by others. Additionally, companies can lobby for changes to weaken

231-429: A series of different particular techniques. In this case, a technique is a certain way to complete a desired task. When one is committing a crime, whether it be shoplifting or tax fraud, it is always easier to successfully pull off the task with experience in the technique. Shoplifters who are experienced at stealing in plain sight are much more successful than those who do not know how to steal. The major difference between

264-449: A shoplifter and someone committing a white collar crime is that the techniques used are not physical but instead consist of acts like talking on the phone, writing, and entering data. Often these criminals utilize the "blame game theory", a theory in which certain strategies are utilized by an organization or business and its members in order to strategically shift blame by pushing responsibility to others or denying misconduct. This theory

297-447: Is a type of fraud. The crimes related to the national interests consist mainly of treason. In the modern world, there are a lot of nations which divide the crimes into some laws. "Crimes Related to Inducement of Foreign Aggression" is the crime of communicating with aliens secretly to cause foreign aggression or menace. "Crimes Related to Foreign Aggression" is the treason of co-operating with foreign aggression positively regardless of

330-550: Is also a modern central office for information, analyzing police intelligence from home and abroad and transmitting it to police stations. It collates data on criminal offences and offenders in crime statistics that are used as a basis for new strategies, policy decisions, and legislative initiatives. It also analyzes certain offense areas, evaluates the police measures executed in each case, forecasts expected tendencies, and describes events in annual reports. The LKA maintains forensic equipment for central examination of evidence using

363-761: Is challenging within itself. In other countries, such as China , white-collar criminals can be given the death penalty under aggravating circumstances, yet some countries have a maximum of 10–25 years imprisonment. Certain countries like Canada consider the relationship between the parties to be a significant feature on sentence when there is a breach of trust component involved. Questions about sentencing disparity in white-collar crime continue to be debated. The FBI , concerned with identifying this type of offense, collects statistical information on several different fraud offenses (swindles and cons, credit card or ATM fraud, impersonation, welfare fraud, and wire fraud), bribery, counterfeiting and forgery, and embezzlement. In

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396-450: Is organized criminal activity that takes place across national jurisdictions, and with advances in transportation and information technology, law enforcement officials and policymakers have needed to respond to this form of crime on a global scale. Some examples include human trafficking , money laundering , drug smuggling , illegal arms dealing, terrorism , and cybercrime . Although it is impossible to precisely gauge transnational crime,

429-436: Is particularly used in terms of organizations and indicates that offenders often do not take blame for their actions. Many members of organizations will try to absolve themselves of responsibility when things go wrong. Forbes Magazine lays out four theories for what leads a criminal to commit a "white collar" crime. The first is that there are poorly designed job incentives for the criminal. Most finance professionals are given

462-457: Is referred to as red-collar criminals because they straddle both the white-collar crime arena and, eventually, the violent crime arena. In circumstances where there is threat of detection, red-collar criminals commit brutal acts of violence to silence the people who have detected their fraud and to prevent further disclosure.” According to a 2018 report by the Bureau of Labour Statistics , homicide

495-421: Is that many firms have unrealistic, large goals. They preach the mentality that employees should "do what it takes". Control fraud Control fraud occurs when a trusted person in a high position of responsibility in a company , corporation , or state subverts the organization and engages in extensive fraud for personal gain. The term "control fraud" was coined by William K. Black to refer both to

528-699: Is the third highest cause of death in the American workplace. The Atlantic magazine reported that red collar criminals often have traits of narcissism and psychopathy, which ironically, are seen as desirable qualities in the recruitment process, even though it puts a company at risk of employing a white collar criminal. One investigator, Richard G. Brody , said that the murders might be difficult to detect, being mistaken for accidents or suicides: “Whenever I read about high-profile executives who are found dead, I immediately think red-collar crime,” he said. “Lots of people are getting away with murder.” Occupational crime

561-411: Is “any act punishable by law that is committed through opportunity created on the course of an occupation that is legal.” Individuals may commit crime during employment or unemployment. The two most common forms are theft and fraud . Theft can be of varying degrees, from a pencil to furnishings to a car. Insider trading , the trading of stock by someone with access to publicly unavailable information,

594-606: The Jeffrey Skilling and Enron scandal , when the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush , defining new crimes and increasing the penalties for crimes such as mail and wire fraud . Sometimes punishment for these crimes could be hard to determine due to the fact that convincing the courts that what the offender has done

627-564: The Keating Five , he was able to convert Lincoln Savings and Loan Association into a Ponzi scheme , making millions for himself, while suppressing the investigative and regulatory functions of the FHLBB. Eventually, the Ponzi collapsed, as all Ponzis must, but with a massive cost to the taxpayers and unsecured investors. Control fraud can also occur in a political situation, for example by

660-519: The Millennium Project , an international think tank, assembled statistics on several aspects of transnational crime in 2009: When a white collar criminal turns violent, it becomes red collar crime. This can take the form of killing a witness in a fraud trial to silence them, or murdering someone who exposed the fraud, such as a journalist, detective or whistleblower. Perri and Lichtenwald defined red collar crime as follows: “This sub-group

693-408: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that litigates violations of financial market and investment statutes. State-corporate crime is “illegal or socially injurious actions that occur when one or more institutions or political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperation with one or more institutions of economic production and distribution.” The negotiation of agreements between a state and

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726-762: The United States, the longest sentences for white-collar crimes have included the following: Sholam Weiss (845 years for racketeering, wire fraud and money laundering in connection with the collapse of National Heritage Life Insurance Company ); Norman Schmidt and Charles Lewis (330 years and 30 years, respectively, for "high-yield investment" scheme); Bernard Madoff (150 years for $ 65 billion fraud scheme ); Frederick Brandau (55 years for $ 117 million Ponzi scheme ); Martin Sigillito (40 years for $ 56 million Ponzi scheme); Eduardo Masferrer (30 years for accounting fraud); Chalana McFarland (30 years for mortgage fraud scheme); Lance Poulsen (30 years for $ 2.9 billion fraud). From

759-516: The acts of fraud and to the individuals who commit them. The concept of control fraud is based on the observation that the CEO of a company is uniquely placed to remove the checks and balances on fraud within a company, such as through the use of selective hiring and firing. These tactics can position the executive in a way that allows him or her to engage in accountancy fraud and embezzle money, hide shortfalls or otherwise defraud investors, shareholders, or

792-432: The corporation (company or other type of business organization), rather than individuals. It may, however, result from decisions of high-ranking individuals within the corporation. Corporations are not, unlike individuals, litigated in criminal courts, which means the term "crime" does not really apply. Litigation usually takes place in civil courts or by institutions with jurisdiction over specific types of offences, such as

825-410: The crime, as they have not ordered it. The "blame game theory" comes into play as those being asked to carry out the illegal activities feel as though they can place the blame on their bosses instead of themselves. The second theory is that the company's management is very relaxed when it comes to enforcing ethics. If unethical practices are already a commonplace in the business, employees will see that as

858-405: The crime. Therefore, blue-collar crime will more often use physical force, whereas in the corporate world, the identification of a victim is less obvious and the issue of reporting is complicated by a culture of commercial confidentiality to protect shareholder value. It is estimated that a great deal of white-collar crime is undetected or, if detected, it is not reported. Corporate crime benefits

891-818: The latest scientific methods (e.g. DNA analysis, Automatic Fingerprint Identification System) . LKAs also coordinate support for local police in hostage, kidnapping, and blackmail situations and provide experts in such cases, e.g., the SWAT team Spezialeinsatzkommando , the negotiation group or bomb disposal experts. It is also the central office for physical security technology and crime prevention, and coordinates state anti-drug programs. White-collar crime The term " white-collar crime " refers to financially motivated, nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals, businesses and government professionals. The crimes are believed to be committed by middle- or upper-class individuals for financial gains. It

924-635: The law or accompanying regulation. This can be particularly effective with large campaign contributors like Charles Keating , who with other control frauds in the United States League of Savings Institutions, was able to get his own people placed on the board of the primary regulatory agency, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB). With the assistance of people like Speaker of the House Jim Wright and

957-781: The national inside and outside. "Crimes Related to Insurrection" is the internal treason. Depending on a country, criminal conspiracy is added to these. One example is Jho Low , a Malaysian businessman and international fugitive who stole billions of US dollars from 1MDB , a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund . According to a 2016 American study, A considerable percentage of white-collar offenders are gainfully employed middle-aged Caucasian men who usually commit their first whitecollar offense sometime between their late thirties through their mid-forties and appear to have middle-class backgrounds. Most have some higher education, are married, and have moderate to strong ties to community, family, and religious organizations. Whitecollar offenders usually have

990-406: The perspective of an offender, the easiest targets to entrap in "white collar" crime are those with certain degree of vulnerability or those with symbolic or emotional value to the offender. Examples of these people can be family members, clients, and close friends who are wrapped up in personal or business proceedings with the offender. The way that most criminal operations are conducted is through

1023-452: The public at large. A control fraud will often obtain "investments that have no readily ascertainable market value", and then shop for appraisers that will assign unrealistically high values and auditing firms that will bless the fraudulent accounting statements. Some control frauds are reactive in the sense that they turn to fraud only after concluding that the business will fail. Opportunistic control frauds, by contrast, are attracted to

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1056-564: The type of crime and the topic: The types of crime committed are a function of what is available to the potential offender. Thus, those employed in relatively unskilled environments have fewer opportunities to exploit than those who work in situations where large financial transactions occur. Blue-collar crime tends to be more obvious and thus attracts more active police attention such as vandalism or shoplifting . In contrast, white-collar employees can incorporate legitimate and criminal behavior, thus making themselves less obvious when committing

1089-581: Was first defined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation". Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft , fraud , bribery , Ponzi schemes , insider trading , labor racketeering , embezzlement , cybercrime , copyright infringement , money laundering , identity theft , and forgery . White-collar crime overlaps with corporate crime . Modern criminology generally prefers to classify

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