Landesstraßen (singular: Landesstraße ) are roads in Germany and Austria that are, as a rule, the responsibility of the respective German or Austrian federal state. The term may therefore be translated as "state road". They are roads that cross the boundary of a rural or urban district ( Landkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt ). A Landesstraße is thus less important than a Bundesstraße or federal road, but more significant than a Kreisstraße or district road. The classification of a road as a Landesstraße is a legal matter ( Widmung ). In the free states of Bavaria and Saxony – but not, however, in the Free State of Thuringia – Landesstraßen are known as Staatsstraßen .
35-616: The abbreviation for a Landesstraße consists of a prefixed capital letter L and a serial number (e. g. L 1, L 83, L 262 or L 3190). Staatsstraßen in Saxony are similarly abbreviated using a capital S (e. g. S 190) and the Staatsstraßen in Bavaria are prefixed with the letters St (e. g. St 2108). The kilometrage is shown on white signs by the roadside with black letters, known as location signs ( Stationszeichen ), that replace
70-453: A federal state parliament. Under the municipal constitution, however, city and federal state business must be kept separate. Hence, while the city council and the federal state parliament have identical memberships, they hold separate meetings, and each body has separate presiding officers. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with city affairs; when meeting as a federal state parliament, they can only deal with affairs of
105-477: A historic model where central power during the time of the empire was largely concentrated in Vienna. However, the federal state governor ( Landeshauptmann ) is in charge of the administration of much of federal administrative law within the respective province, which makes this post an important political position. Furthermore, federal state competences include zoning laws, planning issues and public procurement on
140-640: A pattern in English whereby SI units are pronounced with the stress on the first syllable (as in kilogram , kilojoule and kilohertz ) and the pronunciation of the actual base unit does not change irrespective of the prefix (as in centimetre , millimetre , nanometre and so on). It is generally preferred by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), and
175-511: A route. However, Landesstraßen can be built as limited-access dual carriageways in densely populated areas. Due to the division of funding, the federal states usually try to get the more substantial Landesstraßen officially designated as Bundesstraßen , so that their subsequent improvement and maintenance is funded from the Federal budget. The Bundesstraßen are, however, intended as links between cities (major centres) and radiate from them. It
210-650: A snapshot of the use of the kilometre across Europe: the kilometre was in use in the Netherlands and in Italy, and the myriametre was in use in France. In 1935, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) officially abolished the prefix "myria-" and with it the "myriametre", leaving the kilometre as the recognised unit of length for measurements of that magnitude. The symbol km for
245-399: A white post. By the end of 2008, almost all the 8,000 kilometre posts on Lower Saxony's Landesstraßen had been replaced. In terms of their construction, Landesstraßen tend to be built to a lesser standard than Bundesstraßen and their cross-section is generally smaller. In individual cases, however, the standard of construction may vary depending on when it was built and its importance as
280-472: A wide range of road types falling within this category. On the one hand, there are inter-city roads which have been modernised to a good quality standard. On the other hand, due to the austere design of the country road network in the GDR (e. g. occasionally one of two parallel roads or, where they were of low traffic importance, the links between them were simply allowed to fall into disrepair) there are today in
315-455: Is a federal republic consisting of nine federal states . The European Commission calls them provinces . Austrian federal states can pass laws that stay within the limits of the constitution, and each federal state has representatives in the main Austrian parliament. The majority of the land area in the federal states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna, and Burgenland is situated in
350-687: Is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one thousand metres ( kilo- being the SI prefix for 1000 ). It is the preferred measurement unit to express distances between geographical places on land in most of the world; notable exceptions are the United States and the United Kingdom where the statute mile is used. There are two common pronunciations for the word. The first pronunciation follows
385-550: Is even more obvious in countries that use the American spelling of the word metre . This pronunciation is irregular because it makes the kilometre the only SI unit with the stress on the second syllable. After Australia introduced the metric system in 1970, the first pronunciation was declared official by the government's Metric Conversion Board. However, the Australian prime minister at the time, Gough Whitlam , insisted that
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#1732773228760420-600: Is not unheard of for Austrians to consider themselves, for instance, Tyrolean first, Austrian second. In terms of boundaries, the present-day federal states arose from the crown lands of Austria-Hungary , an extensive multiethnic realm whose German-speaking nucleus emerged as the Republic of Austria after the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy in the end of World War I . The federal states of Upper Austria and Lower Austria are essentially equivalent to what were
455-668: Is not usually possible to have concentric roads, which link the satellite towns with one another, designated as Bundesstraßen . Similarly, it is difficult to transfer responsibility for the short stub roads running from cities to nearby motorways to the Federal Authorities. Following German reunification the Bezirksstraßen of the GDR (also called Category 1 Landstraßen ) were generally classified as Landesstraßen without consideration for their condition. This leads to
490-504: The federal state parliament , and a federal state government ( Landesregierung ) headed by a governor ( Landeshauptmann or Landeshauptfrau ). Elections are held every five years (six years in Upper Austria ). The federal state constitution, among other things, determines how the seats in the federal state government are assigned to political parties, with most federal states having a system of proportional representation based on
525-460: The Danube valley and thus consists almost completely of accessible and easily arable terrain. Austria's most densely populated federal state is Vienna, the heart of what is Austria's only metropolitan area . Lower Austria ranks only fourth in population density even though it contains Vienna's suburbs; this is due to large areas of land being predominantly agricultural. The alpine federal state Tyrol,
560-690: The Princely County of Tyrol ; these three federal states had to cede territories to Czechoslovakia , Italy , and Yugoslavia when Austria emerged in its present form. The federal state of Vorarlberg is made up of territories acquired by the House of Habsburg in the 14th and 15th centuries, and was a semi-autonomous part of the County of Tyrol from 1861. The 1815 Congress of Vienna saw most of these areas lose their autonomy. Federal state charters were put in place in 1861, although power remained with
595-718: The new federal states several unpaved roads and dirt tracks that are formally Landesstraßen (e. g. the L ;208 between Burkersroda and Balgstädt in Saxony-Anhalt or the L 1062 between Wittersroda and Lengefeld in Thuringia ). The upgrade of these roads is unlikely in view of the lack of funding and their low importance; in most cases attempts are being made to have their status downgraded. In Austria today all important roads, apart from autobahns and Schnellstraßen ( limited-access roads ) managed by
630-495: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Many other users, particularly in countries where SI (the metric system) is not widely used, use the second pronunciation with stress on the second syllable. The second pronunciation follows the stress pattern used for the names of measuring instruments (such as micrometer , barometer , thermometer , tachometer, and speedometer ). The contrast
665-534: The central government. Following the First World War , the federal state governments declared themselves part of the Republic of German-Austria . Negotiations at this time between the federal state governments and the national governments resulted in the agreement to form a federation, with a nationally elected lower house and an upper house representing the provinces . The city-federal state of Vienna
700-540: The distance from the orbital poles (either North or South) to the Equator , this being a truly internationally based unit. The first name of the kilometre was "Millaire". Although the metre was formally defined in 1799, the myriametre ( 10 000 metres) was preferred to the "kilometre" for everyday use. The term " myriamètre " appeared a number of times in the text of Develey's book Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature , (published in 1802), while
735-407: The former kilometre stones. The beginning and end of a Landesstraße is specified using so-called hub ( Netzknoten ) numbers. That makes its location unambiguous, which is important for rapid assistance when there is an accident, for example. The hub numbers are displayed on the upper part of the sign and also indicate their direction. In the example in the photograph, therefore No. 6608 039 is left of
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#1732773228760770-914: The kilometre is in lower case and has been standardised by the BIPM . A slang term for the kilometre in the US, UK, and Canadian militaries is klick . Some sporting disciplines feature 1000 m (one-kilometre) races in major events (such as the Olympic Games ). In some disciplines—although world records are catalogued—one-kilometre events remain a minority. States of Austria Wöginger • Rendi-Wagner • Kickl • Maurer • Meinl-Reisinger • [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Austria
805-410: The less alpine but geographically more remote federal state Carinthia, and the non-alpine but near-exclusively agricultural federal state Burgenland are Austria's least densely populated federal states. The wealthy alpine federal state Vorarlberg is something of an anomaly due to its small size, isolated location and distinct Alemannic culture. Each Austrian federal state has an elected legislature ,
840-720: The letter L . On traffic signs the prefixes are usually not used, unlike the A (for Autobahn ) and S ( Schnellstraße ). Roads numbered with fewer digits are generally of more importance in the road network. The former designation of more important Landesstraßen in several states as Landeshauptstraßen ( LH , in Vienna : Hauptstraßen A ) is only occasionally seen now on road and street maps. Kilometrage The kilometre ( SI symbol: km ; / ˈ k ɪ l ə m iː t ər / or / k ɪ ˈ l ɒ m ə t ər / ), spelt kilometer in American and Philippine English ,
875-412: The name of the state ( Niedersachsen ) and county letters (e.g. Kreis WF ) at the top, and the road letter and number below (e.g. L 627 ). The classification panel ( Klassifizierungstafel ) shows the section number, kilometrage and direction of the start hub (e.g. 10 Abschnitt and 2,0 → 0,0 ). The letters OD indicate a location post within a town or village and may be displayed in places other than on
910-426: The number of delegates in the federal state parliament in place. The governor is elected by the federal state parliament , though in practice the governor is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the federal state parliament. Vienna , the capital of Austria, plays a double role as a city and a federal state. The mayor has the rank of a federal state governor, while the city council also functions as
945-489: The publicly owned ASFiNAG corporation, are called Landesstraßen . Since 2002, even the former Bundesstraßen national highways are Landesstraßen , because they were placed under the responsibility of the federal states . Before 2002 there were two types of Bundesstraße : Except in Vorarlberg , the former Bundesstraßen continue to be designated with the prefix B . The remaining Landesstraßen are prefixed with
980-749: The regional level, which adds considerable weight to federal state politics. As a practical matter, there have been cases where federal states have been able to delay projects endorsed by the national government, as in the case of the Semmering Base Tunnel , a railway tunnel being built under the Semmering . Austrian federal states are formally and practically endowed with a much smaller degree of autonomy than American states or German lands . Even so, Austrians tend to identify passionately with their respective federal state and often defend what little independent governance their federal state has. It
1015-451: The right to levy certain taxes. All other matters, including but not limited to criminal law, civil law, corporate law, most aspects of economic law, defense, most educational matters and academia, telecommunications, and much of the healthcare system are regulated by national law. There is also no judiciary of the federal states, since Austria's constitution defines the judiciary as an exclusively national matter. This centralisation follows
1050-799: The second pronunciation was the correct one because of the Greek origins of the two parts of the word. By a decree of 8 May 1790, the French National Constituent Assembly ordered the French Academy of Sciences to develop a new measurement system. In August 1793, the French National Convention decreed the metre as the sole length measurement system in the French Republic and it was based on 1 / 10 millionth of
1085-564: The sign 6608 023 to the right. In the bottom right-hand corner of the sign can be seen the so-called Stationierungsrichtung or direction of signage. It runs in the example from right to left and indicates in which direction the road kilometres are counted. In Lower Saxony , this new system has been in place since 2007 and divides the Landestraßen into sections numbered 10, 20, etc. The location signs ( Stationszeichen ) comprise two panels. The location panel ( Stationierungstafel ) displays
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1120-424: The state. Austrian federalism is largely theoretical, as the federal states are granted few legislative powers. Austria's constitution initially granted all legislative powers to the federal states, but many powers have been subsequently taken away, and only a few remain, such as planning and zoning codes, nature protection, hunting, fishing, farming, youth protection, certain issues of public health and welfare and
1155-499: The term kilometre only appeared in an appendix. French maps published in 1835 had scales showing myriametres and " lieues de Poste " (Postal leagues of about 4288 metres). The Dutch, on the other hand, adopted the kilometre in 1817 but gave it the local name of the mijl . It was only in 1867 that the term " kilometer " became the only official unit of measure in the Netherlands to represent 1000 metres. Two German textbooks dated 1842 and 1848 respectively give
1190-512: The two halves of the Archduchy of Austria , a principality which formed the empire's historic heartland. Salzburg is coterminous with the former Austro-Hungarian Duchy of Salzburg (the former Archbishopric ). Similarly, the federal state of Carinthia descends from the Duchy of Carinthia , the federal state of Styria descends from the Duchy of Styria , and the federal state of Tyrol descends from
1225-584: Was a part of Lower Austria up until 1921. The federal state of Burgenland is made up of the predominantly German-speaking area that the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to the First Austrian Republic after World War I as a result of the Treaties of Trianon and Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The nine federal states ( Bundesländer ) of Austria are: For the purpose of the above list, a city
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