The draft or draught of a ship is a determined depth of the vessel below the waterline , measured vertically to its hull 's lowest—its propellers , or keel , or other reference point. Draft varies according to the loaded condition of the ship. A deeper draft means the ship will have greater vertical depth below the waterline. Draft is used in under keel clearance calculations, where the draft is calculated with the available depth of water (from Electronic navigational charts ) to ensure the ship can navigate safely, without grounding. Navigators can determine their draught by calculation or by visual observation (of the ship's painted load lines ).
20-759: Sailing dinghy [REDACTED] Class symbol [REDACTED] Laser Standard Development Designer Bruce Kirby & Ian Bruce Year 1969 Boat Crew 1 Draft 0.787 m (2 ft 7.0 in) Hull Hull weight 58.97 kg (130.0 lb) LOA 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) LWL 3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) Beam 1.39 m (4 ft 7 in) Sails Mainsail area 7.06 m (76.0 sq ft) Racing D-PN 91.1 RYA PN 1088 PHRF 217 Current Olympic equipment [ edit on Wikidata ] The Laser Standard or ILCA 7
40-437: A seacock below the light-load line and calibrated to reflect the draft of the ship. Larger ships need to keep the propeller immersed when they are light (without cargo ), and may ballast further to reduce windage or for better directional stability or seakeeping, or to distribute load along the hull to reduce hogging and sagging stresses. To achieve this they use sailing ballast distributed among ballast tanks to stabilize
60-401: A draft increase to heel effect where the ship's beam angles on one side during an alteration of course (sometimes known as turning effect). Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels. This includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes, therefore restriction on the maximum draft (the draft limit , a distance from
80-435: A high or low stability, depending on the height of the center of gravity , which is affected by the distribution of cargo. The draft of a ship can be increased by longitudinal motion in shallow water, a hydrodynamic effect known as squat , which causes a local pressure reduction under the vessel. This in effect causes a ship to 'vertically sink 'down' leading to a reduction in under keel clearance . Large ships experience
100-23856: Is a popular one-design class of single-handed sailing dinghy, originally built by Performance Sailcraft Canada. The laser is cat rigged , with a single mainsail and is a simple, light and fast boat to sail. The Laser Standard is the original of the Laser family of dinghies , which also includes the Laser Radial and Laser 4.7, both of which use the same hull, but have smaller rigs. Events [ edit ] Olympics [ edit ] Games v t e Gold Silver Bronze 1996 Atlanta details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Peer Moberg ( NOR ) 2000 Sydney details [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Michael Blackburn ( AUS ) 2004 Athens details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Andreas Geritzer ( AUT ) [REDACTED] Vasilij Žbogar ( SLO ) 2008 Beijing details [REDACTED] Paul Goodison ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Vasilij Žbogar ( SLO ) [REDACTED] Diego Romero ( ITA ) 2012 London details [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Pavlos Kontides ( CYP ) [REDACTED] Rasmus Myrgren ( SWE ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details [REDACTED] Tom Burton ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Tonči Stipanović ( CRO ) [REDACTED] Sam Meech ( NZL ) 2020 Tokyo details [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Tonči Stipanović ( CRO ) [REDACTED] Hermann Tomasgaard ( NOR ) 2024 Paris details [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Pavlos Kontides ( CYP ) [REDACTED] Stefano Peschiera ( PER ) World Championship [ edit ] Main article: Laser World Championship Year v t e Gold Silver Bronze 1974 Hamilton [REDACTED] Peter Commette ( USA ) [REDACTED] Norman Freeman ( USA ) [REDACTED] Chris Boome ( USA ) 1976 Kiel [REDACTED] John Bertrand ( USA ) [REDACTED] Barry Thom ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Ed Adams ( USA ) 1977 Cabo Frío [REDACTED] John Bertrand ( USA ) [REDACTED] Peter Commette ( USA ) [REDACTED] Mark Neeleman ( NED ) 1979 Perth [REDACTED] Lasse Hjortnæs ( DEN ) [REDACTED] Peter Conde ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Andrew Menkart ( USA ) 1980 Kingston [REDACTED] Ed Baird ( USA ) [REDACTED] Jose Barcel Dias ( BRA ) [REDACTED] John Cutler ( NZL ) 1982 Sardinia [REDACTED] Terry Neilson ( CAN ) [REDACTED] Andrew Roy ( CAN ) [REDACTED] Mark Brink ( USA ) 1983 Gulfport [REDACTED] Oscar Paulich ( NED ) [REDACTED] Per Arne Nilson ( NOR ) [REDACTED] Asbjörn Arnkvaern ( SWE ) 1985 Halmstad [REDACTED] Lawrence Crispin ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Andreas John ( GER ) [REDACTED] Benny Andersen ( DEN ) 1987 Melbourne [REDACTED] Stuart Wallace ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Gunni Pedersen ( DEN ) [REDACTED] Peter Tanscheit ( BRA ) 1988 Falmouth [REDACTED] Glenn Bourke ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Benny Andersen ( DEN ) [REDACTED] Peter Fox ( NZL ) 1989 Aarhus [REDACTED] Glenn Bourke ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Wouter Duetz ( NED ) [REDACTED] Scott Ellis ( AUS ) 1990 Newport [REDACTED] Glenn Bourke ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Steven Bourdow ( USA ) [REDACTED] Peter Tanscheit ( BRA ) 1991 Porto Carras [REDACTED] Peter Tanscheit ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Stefan Warkalla ( GER ) [REDACTED] Mladen Makjanić ( CRO ) 1993 Takapuna [REDACTED] Thomas Johanson ( FIN ) [REDACTED] Peter Tanscheit ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) 1994 Wakayama [REDACTED] Nikolas Burfoot ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Pascal Lacoste ( FRA ) [REDACTED] Serge Kats ( NED ) 1995 Tenerife [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Nik Burfoot ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Eivind Melleby ( NOR ) 1996 Simon's Town [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Karl Suneson ( SWE ) [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) 1997 Algarrobo [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Nik Burfoot ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) 1998 Dubai details [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Michael Blackburn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Daniel Birgmark ( SWE ) 1999 Melbourne [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Karl Suneson ( SWE ) 2000 Cancún details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Michael Blackburn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Ben Ainslie ( GBR ) 2001 Cork details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Gustavo Lima ( POR ) [REDACTED] Peer Moberg ( NOR ) 2002 Hyannis details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Karl Suneson ( SWE ) [REDACTED] Paul Goodison ( GBR ) 2003 Cádiz details [REDACTED] Gustavo Lima ( POR ) [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Michael Blackburn ( AUS ) 2004 Bitez details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Mark Mendelblatt ( USA ) [REDACTED] Michael Blackburn ( AUS ) 2005 Fortaleza details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Diego Romero ( ITA ) [REDACTED] Andrew Murdoch ( NZL ) 2006 Jeju details [REDACTED] Michael Blackburn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Rasmus Myrgren ( SWE ) 2007 Cascais details [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Andrew Murdoch ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Deniss Karpak ( EST ) 2008 Terrigal details [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Julio Alsogaray ( ARG ) [REDACTED] Javier Hernández ( ESP ) 2009 Halifax details [REDACTED] Paul Goodison ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Michael Bullot ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Nick Thompson ( GBR ) 2010 Hayling Island details [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Nick Thompson ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Andrew Murdoch ( NZL ) 2011 Perth details [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Nick Thompson ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Andrew Murdoch ( NZL ) 2012 Boltenhagen details [REDACTED] Tom Slingsby ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Tonči Stipanović ( CRO ) [REDACTED] Andrew Murdoch ( NZL ) 2013 Al Musannah details [REDACTED] Robert Scheidt ( BRA ) [REDACTED] Pavlos Kontides ( CYP ) [REDACTED] Philipp Buhl ( GER ) 2014 Santander details [REDACTED] Nicholas Heiner ( NED ) [REDACTED] Tom Burton ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Nick Thompson ( GBR ) 2015 Kingston details [REDACTED] Nick Thompson ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Philipp Buhl ( GER ) [REDACTED] Tom Burton ( AUS ) 2016 Riviera Nayarit details [REDACTED] Nick Thompson ( GBR ) [REDACTED] Jean-Baptiste Bernaz ( FRA ) [REDACTED] Rutger van Schaardenburg ( NED ) 2017 Split details [REDACTED] Pavlos Kontides ( CYP ) [REDACTED] Tom Burton ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) 2018 Aarhus details [REDACTED] Pavlos Kontides ( CYP ) [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Philipp Buhl ( GER ) 2019 Sakaiminato details [REDACTED] Tom Burton ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] George Gautrey ( NZL ) 2020 Melbourne details [REDACTED] Philipp Buhl ( GER ) [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Tonči Stipanović ( CRO ) 2021 Barcelona details [REDACTED] Thomas Saunders ( NZL ) [REDACTED] Finn Lynch ( IRE ) [REDACTED] Tonči Stipanović ( CRO ) 2022 Puerto Vallarta details [REDACTED] Jean-Baptiste Bernaz ( FRA ) [REDACTED] Pavlos Kontides ( CYP ) [REDACTED] Filip Jurišić ( CRO ) 2023 The Hague details [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Michael Beckett ( GBR ) [REDACTED] George Gautrey ( NZL ) 2024 Adelaide details [REDACTED] Matthew Wearn ( AUS ) [REDACTED] Hermann Tomasgaard ( NOR ) [REDACTED] Michael Beckett ( GBR ) References [ edit ] ^ https://site-isaf.soticcloud.net/regattainfo.php?view=eventoa&rgtaid=1661®attaid=1661&evntid=6776#results__1661 ^ https://sailing.laserinternational.org/regattauploads/2016/SM/2016_Std_Men_Worlds_Final_Results.htm ^ https://sailing.laserinternational.org/regattauploads/2017/SM/2017_Std_Men_Worlds_Final_Results.htm ^ https://www.manage2sail.com/en-US/Home/DownloadReport/event/c64b4c22-4afb-4889-9a4d-84ce7442aa35/report/6a15a512-e7fd-4433-b571-94455d865a07 ^ https://2019worlds.laserjapan.org/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Laserworlds2019_FinalResults.pdf ^ http://sailingresults.net/sa/results/overall.aspx?ID=80326.1 ^ https://velacat.sailti.com/ca/default/races/race-resultsall/text/2021-ilca-standard-men%27s-world-championship-trofeu-internacional-ciutat-barcelona-ca/menuaction/race ^ https://www.sailwave.com/results/vyc/ILCA7Mens2022.htm ^ https://thehague2023.sailing.org/mens-and-womens-dinghy-results/ ^ https://jpvm.org/results/2024/ILCA_7/results.html External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Laser (dinghy) ( category ) Similar vessels [ edit ] RS Aero Class associations [ edit ] International Laser Class Association Laser Class Association of India (LCAI) UK Laser Association Laser Class North America Argentinian Laser Class Others [ edit ] ISAF Laser Microsite ISAF Laser Radial Microsite ISAF Laser 4.7 Microsite LASER XD Sailing Guide v t e Classes of World Sailing Current Olympic classes 470 49er 49er FX Finn IQFoil Laser Standard Laser Radial Nacra 17 World Sailing centreboard classes 29er 420 505 B14 Byte Cadet Contender Enterprise Europe Fireball Flying Dutchman GP14 International 14 International FJ Laser 4.7 Lightning Mirror Moth Musto Skiff O'PEN Skiff OK Dinghy Optimist RS Feva RS Tera RS100 RS500 Snipe Splash Sunfish Tasar Topper Vaurien Zoom 8 World Sailing keelboat classes 2.4 mR 5.5 m 6 mR 8 mR 12 mR Dragon Etchells FarEast 28 Flying Fifteen Hansa 2.3 Hansa 303 Hansa Liberty H-boat International One Design J/22 J/24 J/70 J/80 Melges 20 Melges 24 Melges 32 Micro Platu 25 RC44 SB20 Shark 24 Soling Sonar Star Tempest Viper 640 Yngling World Sailing yacht classes Class40 ClubSwan 50 Farr 40 IMOCA 60 J/111 Maxi Soto 40 Swan 45 TP 52 X-35 X-41 World Sailing multihull classes A-Class Dart 18 Formula 16 Formula 18 Hobie 14 Hobie 16 Hobie 17 Hobie Dragoon Hobie Tiger Hobie Wildcat Nacra 15 Nacra 17 Nacra F18 Infusion Nacra 20 Carbon M32 SL 16 Topcat K1 Tornado Viper F16 World Sailing windsurfer classes Formula Experience Formula Windsurfing Funboard Kona Mistral Raceboard RS:One Speed Windsurfing Techno 293 IQFoil World Sailing kiteboarding classes IKA Open Formula Kite IKA Twin Top Racing IKA Twin Top Freestyle IKA Twin Top Kitefoil IRSA remote-control classes 10 rater A Class Marblehead One Metre Former World Sailing classes 11:Metre One Design 29erXX Aloha Buzz C-Class Division I Division II Division III Elliott 6m Farr 30 (Mumm 30) Farr 45 Farr Maxi One Design Hobie 17 Hobie 18 IOD ISO Laser 2 Laser Vago Lechner A-390 Mistral Junior Mumm 36 Nacra F18 Open 50 ORMA 60 Sydney 40 Ultimate 20 Windglider X-99 v t e Boats marketed by LaserPerformance One-person dinghies Laser 4.7 Laser Bug Laser Funboat Laser Pico Laser Radial Laser Standard Laser Vago Sunfish Vapor Optimist Two-person dinghies Club 420 Bahia Laser Vago Multihulls Dart 16 Keelboats Laser Stratos Keel Discontinued models Dart 15 Dart 20 Stampede Dart 6000 Dart Hawk (F18) Laser 2 Laser 13 Laser 16 Laser 28 Laser 4000 Laser 5000 Laser EPS Laser Stratos (Centreboard) Laser Vortex No longer associated with Laser Dart 18 Laser SB3 (SB20) Laser 2000 Laser 3000 (V3000) v t e Olympic sailing classes Current classes 470 49er 49erFX Finn Formula Kite IQFoil Laser Laser Radial Nacra 17 Former classes (In order of first use) Ton classes (0–½, ½–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–10, 10–20, 20 & Open) 6 Metre 7 Metre 8 Metre 12 Metre 10 Metre 12 foot dinghy 18 foot dinghy 6.5 Metre 8.5 Metre 9 Metre 15 Metre Skerry cruiser 30 m Skerry cruiser 40 m French National Monotype 1924 Snowbird Star O-Jolle Firefly Swallow Dragon 5.5 Metre 12 m Sharpie Flying Dutchman Tempest Soling Tornado Windglider Division II Lechner A-390 Europe Mistral One Design Yngling RS:X Elliott 6m Youth classes Nacra 15 Techno 293 Former youth classes Byte v t e Sailing dinghies Dinghies under 10 ft Cape Cod Frosty Flipper (US) Frog El Toro Fatty Knees Fly Holdfast Trainer Manly Junior Minto Montgomery 7-11 Naples Sabot O'PEN Skiff Optimist P Class Pelican Sabot Shrimp Starling Tadpole Topaz Taz US Sabot Zoom 8 Dinghies under 15 ft 0–K 10ft Skiff 12 foot dinghy 125 145 12ft Skiff 29er 29erXX skiff 2000 3000 420 470 American 14.6 ASC B14 Banshee Beetle Cat Beneteau First 14 Beneteau Wizz Bermuda Fitted Dinghy Beverly Dinghy Barnett 1400 Blaze Blue Crab 11 Blue Jay Bombardier 3.8 Bombardier Invitation Bosun British Moth Bullet 14 Buzz Byte Cadet Capri Cyclone Cherub C-Lark Comet (UK) Coypu Dabchick Dart Designers Choice Dolphin 15 Senior Echo 12 Enterprise Europe Envy Farr 3.7 Finn Firefly Flying Ant Flying Eleven Force 5 GP14 Graduate Griffon Gull Howmar 12 Heron Houdini Idle-along Impulse Interclub Dinghy International 14 International FJ Javelin (NZ) Javelin (US) Jet 14 Jollyboat (NZ) Kite L–Z Lark Laser Standard Laser 2 Laser 3000 Laser 4.7 Laser 5000 Laser Pico Laser Radial Laser Vago Laser Vortex Lehman 12 Lehman Interclub Lido 14 Mark Marlin Melges 14 Merlin Rocket Metaf Metcalf MG14 Minisail Miracle Mirror Montgomery 7-11 Montgomery 12 Moth Musto Skiff National 12 NS14 OK Dinghy Otter Pacer Pegasus Penguin Phantom 14 Phantom Precision 13 Precision 14 Puffer Rascal 14 RS Aero RS Feva RS Neo RS Quest RS Tera RS Vareo RS100 RS200 RS300 RS400 RS500 RS600 RS700 RS800 Sabre Scorpion Skimmer Skipjack 15 Skunk 11 Snark Snowbird Solo Speedball 14 Spindrift 13 Spiral Splash Streaker Sunburst Sunfish Surprise 15 Tanzer 14 Tasar Tech Dinghy Topper Topper Topaz Topaz Magno Topaz Vibe Transit 380 Twitchell 12 Vagabond Vaurien Wanderer Waszp Water Wag Widgeon 12 Woodpussy Zeddie Zephyr Dinghies under 20 ft 0–K 16ft Skiff 18 foot dinghy 18ft Skiff 470 49er 505 Albacore Apollo 16 Australian Sharpie Beaufort Bombardier 4.8 Buccaneer 18 Cape Cod Gemini Cape Cod Mercury 15 Caprice 15 CL 16 Comet (US) Contender Coronado 15 Corsair Day Sailer Flying Dutchman Flying Scot French National Monotype 1924 Geary 18 Gloucester 15 Hampton One-Design Holiday 20 Hornet Interlake International Canoe ISO Jacksnipe Javelin (Europe) Jersey Skiff Jollyboat (UK) Jolly Boat JY15 L–Z Laser 4000 Laser Stratos Leeward 16 Lelievlet Lightning Melges 15 Menger Cat 15 Mirror 16 Mistral 16 Mobjack Mud Hen 17 Mutineer 15 O-Jolle Paceship 20 Payne-Mortlock sailing canoe Picnic 17 Pirate Precision 15 CB Precision 16 Precision 185 CB Ranger 16 Rebel 16 Rhodes 18 Rhodes 19 RS Vision RS700 RS800 RS Venture S2 5.5 Salcombe Yawl Sea Bright Sea Scout Standard Boat (BP18) Snipe Tanzer 16 12m Sharpie Thistle Topaz Omega US1 Vanguard 15 Wayfarer Windmill Windy Winkle Brig X Boat Dinghies 20 ft or over Dovekie 21 Highlander Norfolk Punt Sea Pearl 21 Scows A Scow Butterfly C Scow E Scow Fireball Flipper (Danish) I-20 Melges 17 M Scow MC Scow Puddle Duck Racer Thames A-class rater Y Flyer Multihulls Catamarans A-Class Catalina Catamaran Cheshire 14 Dart 16 Dart 18 DC-14 Phantom Flying Phantom Elite Flying Phantom Essentiel Formula 16 Formula 18 G-Cat 5.0 G-Cat 5.7 Hobie 14 Hobie 16 Hobie 17 Hobie Bravo Hobie Dragoon Hobie Tiger Hobie Wave Hobie Wildcat Isotope Kona 14 Nacra 5.2 Nacra 15 Nacra F16 Nacra 17 Nacra F18 Infusion Nacra 20 Carbon M32 Phantom 14 Phantom 16 Phoenix 18 Prindle 18 Prindle 18-2 Shearwater III SL 16 Topcat K1 Tornado Trac 14 Trac 16 Viper F16 Trimarans Astus 14.1 Wētā Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laser_Standard&oldid=1185378488 " Category : Laser (dinghy) Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Draft (hull) A ship's draft/draught
120-418: Is the "depth of the vessel below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull , propellers , or other reference point". That is, the draft or draught is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed. The related term air draft is the maximum height of any part of the vessel above the water. Draft determines
140-550: The Suez Canal , the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, but not when fully laden. Canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship, is the deepest draft able to transit the very busy but relatively shallow Strait of Malacca . The Strait only allows ships to have 0.4 m (1.31 ft) more draft than
160-504: The 11 (16) races, 10 (15) are scheduled as opening races and one as a medal race. The sailing was done on four different types of courses. According to the IOC statutes the contests in all sport disciplines must be held either in, or as close as possible to the city which the IOC has chosen. Among others, an exception is made for the Olympic yachting events, which customarily must be staged on
180-477: The Imperial system is as stated above (markings 6 inches high, spaced at 12 inch intervals, where the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet); in metric marking, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high, spaced at intervals of 2 decimeters. An internal draft gauge or draft indicator is used on larger ships. It consists of a pressure gauge attached to
200-514: The Suez Canal. Capesize , Ultra Large Crude Carriers and a few Chinamax carriers, are some of the ships that have too deep a draft when laden, for either the Strait of Malacca or the Suez Canal. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water. This makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to 'beach' the boat. A large draft may increase ultimate stability in, depending on
220-404: The aft draft, will be known on the bridge and will be shared with the pilot . The draft of a ship can be affected by multiple factors, besides the variations caused by changes in displacement: When measured to the lowest projecting portion of the vessel, it is called the "draft, extreme"; when measured at the bow, it is called "draft, forward"; and when measured at the stern, the "draft, aft";
SECTION 10
#1732791751911240-430: The average of the draft, forward, and the draft, aft is the "draft, mean", and the mean draft when in full load condition is the "draft load". These are markings and numbers located on both sides of a vessel, as close as possible to the bow and stern bow and stern , and then also, often amidships . The number and its associated marking indicate the distance from the marking to the bottom lowest fixed reference point of
260-566: The cancelled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 2008 consisted of a total of nine sailing classes (eleven disciplines). Eleven races are scheduled for each event except for the 49er class, for which 16 races are scheduled from 9 August 2008 to 21 August 2008 of the coast of the Qingdao International Sailing Centre facing the Yellow Sea . Of
280-448: The hull form, as the center of gravity can be lower. A broad beamed boat like a catamaran can provide high initial stability with a small draft, but the width of the boat increases. A term called keel depth is used for submarines , which can submerge to different depths at sea, specifying the current distance from the water surface to the bottom of the submarine's keel. It is used in navigation to avoid underwater obstacles and hitting
300-454: The minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate in relation to the under keel clearance available. The more heavily a vessel is loaded, the deeper it sinks into the water, and the greater its draft (also referred to as its displacement). After construction, the shipyard creates a table showing how much water the vessel displaces based on its draft and the density of the water (salt or fresh). The draft can also be used to determine
320-528: The ocean floor, and as a standard point on the submarine for depth measurements. Submarines usually also have a specified draft used while operating on the surface, for navigating in harbors and at docks. Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly
340-468: The seabed or riverbed to the water level) is sometimes established (in particular, all ports set up draft limits). Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal —do have a draft limit (and an "air draft" limit for passing under bridges) but are usually limited by beam , or sometimes length overall , for fitting into locks . However, ships can be longer, wider and higher in
360-399: The ship, following the unloading of cargo. The draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends mainly on the relative positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. However, a "light" ship may have an excessively high stability which can cause uncomfortable rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship (with a large draft) can have either
380-403: The vessel (e.g., its keel ). The numbers and markings were large and clear; for instance, on U.S. naval vessels, the numbers were, historically, as a standard, 6 inches tall, with spacing of 12 inches bottom to bottom, vertically. These hull markings constitute a "banded" scale, and may be accompanied by international load line markings. The scale may use Imperial units or metric units ;
400-413: The weight of cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water, accounting for the content of the ship's bunkers , and using Archimedes' principle . The difference between the forward and aft drafts of a ship is termed its trim . In commercial ship operations, the ship will usually quote the mean draft as the vessel's draft. However, in navigational situations, the maximum draft, usually
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