Leet (or " 1337 "), also known as eleet or leetspeak , or simply hacker speech , is a system of modified spellings used primarily on the Internet . It often uses character replacements in ways that play on the similarity of their glyphs via reflection or other resemblance. Additionally, it modifies certain words on the basis of a system of suffixes and alternative meanings. There are many dialects or linguistic varieties in different online communities .
80-437: The term "leet" is derived from the word elite , used as an adjective to describe skill or accomplishment, especially in the fields of online gaming and computer hacking . The leet lexicon includes spellings of the word as 1337 or leet . Leet originated within bulletin board systems (BBS) in the 1980s, where having "elite" status on a BBS allowed a user access to file folders, games, and special chat rooms. The Cult of
160-420: A " cipher ", a "dialect", or a "language", leet does not fit squarely into any of these categories. The term leet itself is often written 31337 , or 1337 , and many other variations. After the meaning of these became widely familiar, 10100111001 came to be used in its place, because it is the binary form of 1337 decimal, making it more of a puzzle to interpret. An increasingly common characteristic of leet
240-555: A conventional and stable form, either as a dialect or as a language. As a result, (as much as it is also a consequence), notable lexicographical efforts and publications (e.g., dictionaries) dealing specifically with SMS language have yet to emerge. Some experts have suggested that the usage of "ungrammatical" text message slang has enabled SMS to become a part of "normal language" for many children. Many informal attempts at documenting SMS have been done. For example, service provider Vodacom provides its clients with an SMS dictionary as
320-497: A group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary , the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society". American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society. "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'." It
400-411: A hypothetical alternative, stating that these elite individuals would consider themselves the overseers of the national economy. Also appreciating that it is not only a moral, but a practical necessity to focus beyond their group interests. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of less affluent citizens. Mills determined that there is an "inner core" of
480-424: A keyboard, and capitalization is even slower. As a result, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization are largely ignored. The advent of touchscreen phones with large screens, swipe-based input methods and increasingly advanced autocomplete and spelling suggestion functionality, as well as the increasing popularity of free-to-use instant messaging systems like WhatsApp over pay-per-message SMS has decreased
560-519: A reduction in the use of shortenings in SMS language. Recipients may have to interpret the abbreviated words depending on the context in which they are being used. For instance, should someone use ttyl, lol they may mean talk to you later, lots of love as opposed to talk to you later, laugh out loud . In another instance, if someone were to use omg, lol they may mean oh my god, laugh out loud as opposed to oh my god, lots of love . Therefore, context
640-676: A study, though SMS language is faster to write, more time is needed to read it compared to conventional English. Although various other research supports the use of SMS language, the popular notion that text messaging is damaging to the linguistic development of young people persists and many view it as a corruption of the standard form of language. Welsh journalist and television reporter John Humphrys has criticized SMS language as "wrecking our language". The author cites ambiguity as one problem posed, illustrating with examples such as "lol", which may either be interpreted to mean "laughing out loud", "lots of love", and "little old lady" depending on
720-483: A supplement to their cell phone purchase. Vodacom provides lists of abbreviations and acronyms with their meanings in its web site. Many other efforts have been made to provide SMS dictionaries on the Internet. Usually an alphabetical list of "words" used in SMS language is provided, along with their intended meanings. Text messages can also be "translated" to standard language on certain web sites as well, although
800-566: A text message with the multiple steps involved. The use of apostrophes cannot be attributed to users attempting to disambiguate words that might otherwise be misunderstood without it. There are few cases in English where leaving out the apostrophe causes misunderstanding of the message. For example, "we're" without the apostrophe could be misread as "were". Even so, these are mostly understood correctly despite being ambiguous, as readers can rely on other cues such as part of sentence and context where
880-580: A text message, the difference being that the real tone of the SMS sender is less easily discerned merely by the emoticon. Using a smiling face can be perceived as being sarcastic rather than happy, thus the reader has to decide which it is by looking at the whole message. Use of punctuation and capitalization to form emoticons distracts from the more traditional function of such features and symbols. Nevertheless, uses do differ across individuals and cultures. For example, overpunctuation may simply be used to communicate paralinguistic aspects of communication without
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#1732793899273960-516: A way to attempt to indicate one was knowledgeable about the culture of computer users. Once reserved for hackers , crackers, and script kiddies , leet later entered the mainstream. Some consider emoticons and ASCII art , like smiley faces, to be leet, while others maintain that leet consists of only symbolic word obfuscation. More obscure forms of leet, involving the use of symbol combinations and almost no letters or numbers, continue to be used for its original purpose of obfuscated communication. It
1040-580: A white elite, emerged. According to the London School of Economics (LSE): "The dominant elite in the South before the Civil War were the wealthy landowners who held people in slavery, the so-called "planter class". Their influence in politics before the war can best be illustrated by highlighting that of the 15 presidents before Abraham Lincoln, eight held people as slaves while in office." While
1120-522: Is slang for pornography . This is a deliberately inaccurate spelling/pronunciation for porn , where a zero is often used to replace the letter O. It is sometimes used in legitimate communications (such as email discussion groups, Usenet , chat rooms, and Internet web pages) to circumvent language and content filters , which may reject messages as offensive or spam . The word also helps prevent search engines from associating commercial sites with pornography, which might result in unwelcome traffic. Pr0n
1200-539: Is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role. As European settlers began to colonize the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries, they quickly realized the economic potential of growing cash crops which were in high demand in Europe. Owned by the planter class , plantations, large-scale farms where large numbers of enslaved Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for
1280-664: Is also often used by scene kids , mostly ones from the furry fandom . Leet symbols, especially the number 1337, are Internet memes that have spilled over into some culture. Signs that show the numbers "1337" are popular motifs for pictures and are shared widely across the Internet. Algospeak shares conceptual similarities with leet, albeit with its primary purpose to circumvent algorithmic censorship online , "algospeak" deriving from algo of algorithm and speak . These are euphemisms that aim to evade automated online moderation techniques , especially those that are considered unfair or hindering free speech . One prominent example
1360-496: Is also sometimes spelled backwards (n0rp) to further obscure the meaning to potentially uninformed readers. It can also refer to ASCII art depicting pornographic images, or to photos of the internals of consumer and industrial hardware. Prawn , a spoof of the misspelling, has started to come into use, as well; in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City , a pornographer films his movies on "Prawn Island". Conversely, in
1440-449: Is also sometimes used as a scripting language. Variants of leet have been used to evade censorship for many years; for instance "@$ $ " (ass) and "$ #!+" (shit) are frequently seen to make a word appear censored to the untrained eye but obvious to a person familiar with leet. This enables coders and programmers especially to circumvent filters and speak about topics that would usually get banned. "Hacker" would end up as "H4x0r", for example. Leet
1520-486: Is crucial when interpreting textese , and it is precisely this shortfall that critics cite as a reason not to use it (although the English language in general, like many other languages , has many words that have different meanings in different contexts). SMS language does not always obey or follow standard grammar , and additionally the words used are not usually found in standard dictionaries or recognized by language academies . The feature of "reactive tokens" that
1600-483: Is often characterized by distinctive, recurring forms. Leet can be pronounced as a single syllable, /ˈliːt/ , rhyming with eat, by way of apheresis of the initial vowel of "elite". It may also be pronounced as two syllables, /ɛˈliːt/ . Like hacker slang , leet enjoys a looser grammar than standard English. The loose grammar, just like loose spelling, encodes some level of emphasis, ironic or otherwise. A reader must rely more on intuitive parsing of leet to determine
1680-497: Is often intended to be sarcastic ^ The exclamation mark symbol ! is scalable depending on the amount of shock, the most common use is !!! Combinations can shorten single or multiple words: In one American study, researchers found that less than 20% of messages used SMS language. Looking at his own texting history, the study's author, linguist David Crystal , said that just 10% of his messages used SMS language. According to research done by Dr. Nenagh Kemp of
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#17327938992731760-461: Is pwnage."). The term was created accidentally by the misspelling of "own" due to the keyboard proximity of the "O" and "P" keys. It implies domination or humiliation of a rival, used primarily in the Internet -based video game culture to taunt an opponent who has just been soundly defeated (e.g., "You just got pwned!"). In 2015 Scrabble added pwn to their Official Scrabble Words list. Pr0n
1840-451: Is similar to telegraphs' language where charges were by the word. It seeks to use the fewest letters to produce ultra-concise words and sentiments in dealing with the space, time, and cost constraints of text messaging . It follows from how early SMS permitted only 160 characters and that carriers began charging a small fee for each message sent (and sometimes received). Together with the difficulty and inefficiency in creating messages, it led
1920-403: Is sometimes spelled t3h . j00 takes the place of "you", originating from the affricate sound that occurs in place of the palatal approximant , /j/ , when you follows a word ending in an alveolar plosive consonant, such as /t/ or /d/ . Also, from German, is über , which means "over" or "above"; it usually appears as a prefix attached to adjectives, and is frequently written without
2000-433: Is the über -elite rocks-er!). In essence, all of these mean "Austin rocks," not necessarily the other options. Added words and misspellings add to the speaker's enjoyment. Leet, like hacker slang, employs analogy in construction of new words. For example, if haxored is the past tense of the verb "to hack" (hack → haxor → haxored), then winzored would be easily understood to be the past tense conjugation of "to win," even if
2080-688: Is the abbreviated language and slang commonly used in the late 1990s and early 2000s with mobile phone text messaging , and occasionally through Internet -based communication such as email and instant messaging . Features of early mobile phone messaging encouraged users to use abbreviations. 2G technology made text entry difficult, requiring multiple key presses on a small keypad to generate each letter, and messages were generally limited to 160 characters (or 1280 bits ). Additionally, SMS language made text messages quicker to type, while also avoiding additional charges from mobile network providers for lengthy messages exceeding 160 characters. SMS language
2160-668: Is the changing of grammatical usage so as to be deliberately incorrect. The widespread popularity of deliberate misspelling is similar to the cult following of the " All your base are belong to us " phrase. Indeed, the online and computer communities have been international from their inception, so spellings and phrases typical of non-native speakers are quite common. Many words originally derived from leet have now become part of modern Internet slang , such as " pwned ". The original driving forces of new vocabulary in leet were common misspellings and typing errors such as " teh " (generally considered lolspeak), and intentional misspellings, especially
2240-530: Is ubiquitous in Internet Relay Chat (IRC), is also commonly found in SMS language. Reactive tokens include phrases or words like "yeah I know", which signifies a reaction to a previous message. In SMS language, however, the difference is that many words are shortened unlike in spoken speech. Some tokens of the SMS language can be likened to a rebus , using pictures and single letters or numbers to represent whole words (e.g., "i <3 u", which uses
2320-465: Is using the term "unalive" as opposed to the verb "kill" or even "suicide". Other examples include using "restarted" or "regarded" instead of "retarded" and "seggs" in place of "sex". These phrases are easily understandable to humans, providing either the same general meaning, pronunciation, or shape of the original word. It is furthermore often employed as a more contemporary alternative to leet. The approach has gained more popularity in 2023 and 2024 due to
2400-476: The -xor suffix. Suxxor is a modified version of "sucks" (the phrase "to suck"), and the meaning is the same as the English slang. Suxxor can be mistaken with Succer/Succker if used in the wrong context. Its negative definition essentially makes it the opposite of roxxor , and both can be used as a verb or a noun. The letters ck are often replaced with the Greek Χ ( chi ) in other words as well. Within leet,
2480-532: The Ivy League , which includes Harvard University , Yale University , Columbia University and Princeton University (among others), and the universities' respective highly exclusive clubs, such as the Harvard Club of Boston . These memberships in turn pave the way to the prominent social clubs located in major cities and serve as sites for important business contacts. According to Mills, men receive
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2560-519: The RPG Kingdom of Loathing , prawn , referring to a kind of crustacean , is spelled pr0n , leading to the creation of food items such as "pr0n chow mein". Also see porm . Elite In political and sociological theory, the elite ( French : élite , from Latin : eligere , to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth , privilege , political power , or skill in
2640-582: The University of Tasmania , the evolution of textese is inherently coupled to a strong grasp of grammar and phonetics. David Crystal has countered the claims that SMS has a deleterious effect on language with numerous scholarly studies. The findings are summarized in his book Txtng: the Gr8 Db8 . In his book, Crystal argues that: He further observes that this is by no means a cause for bad spelling, where in fact, texting may lead to an improvement in
2720-525: The elite theory in his 1929 work, Imperialism and World Economy : "present-day state power is nothing but an entrepreneurs' company of tremendous power, headed even by the same persons that occupy the leading positions in the banking and syndicate offices". The power elite is a term used by Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, media , and government elites who control
2800-461: The rise in conflict between Israel and Gaza with the topic's contentious nature on the Internet, especially on Meta and TikTok platforms. One of the hallmarks of leet is its unique approach to orthography , using substitutions of other letters, or indeed of characters other than letters, to represent letters in a word. For more casual use of leet, the primary strategy is to use quasi- homoglyphs , symbols that closely resemble (to varying degrees)
2880-414: The umlaut over the u . Haxor , and derivations thereof, is leet for "hacker", and it is one of the most commonplace examples of the use of the -xor suffix. Suxxor (pronounced suck-zor) is a derogatory term which originated in warez culture and is currently used in multi-user environments such as multiplayer video games and instant messaging ; it, like haxor , is one of the early leet words to use
2960-435: The "translations" are not always universally accepted. Many people are likely to use these abbreviations in lower case letters. Entire sounds within words would often be replaced by a letter or digit that would produce a similar sound when read by itself: ^‡ k is sometimes considered passive aggressive ^† kk can also signal the end of a conversation ^§ using numbers phonetically
3040-448: The "z" at the end of words ("skillz"). Another prominent example of a surviving leet expression is w00t , an exclamation of joy. w00t is sometimes used as a backronym for "We owned the other team." New words (or corruptions thereof) may arise from a need to make one's username unique. As any given Internet service reaches more people, the number of names available to a given user is drastically reduced. While many users may wish to have
3120-539: The Civil War ended slavery, the former planter class kept control over their land, and thus, they also remained politically influential. As stated by the LSE, "this persistence in "de facto power" in turn allowed them to block economic reforms, disenfranchise Black voters, and restrict the mobility of workers." Youthful upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which open doors to elite universities, known as
3200-457: The Dead Cow hacker collective has been credited with the original coining of the term, in their text-files of that era. One theory is that it was developed to defeat text filters created by BBS or Internet Relay Chat system operators for message boards to discourage the discussion of forbidden topics, like cracking and hacking . Creative misspellings and ASCII-art-derived words were also
3280-442: The benefits from economic growth". Castells cites a kind of "double movement" where on one hand, "valuable segments of territories and people" become "linked in the global networks of value making and wealth appropriation", while, on the other, "everything and everyone" that is not valued by established networks gets "switched off...and ultimately discarded". These evolutions have also led many social scientists to explore empirically
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3360-421: The characters permitted (e.g. alphanumeric and symbols) require less extensive forms when used in this application. Some examples of leet include: However, leetspeak should not be confused with SMS-speak , characterized by using "4" as "for", "2" as "to", "b&" as "ban'd" (e.g. "banned"), "gr8 b8, m8, appreci8, no h8" as "great bait, mate, appreciate, no hate", and so on. 3 4 Text rendered in leet
3440-401: The context in which it is being used. Ambiguous words and statements have always been present within languages. In English for example, the word "duck" can have more than one meaning. It could be referring to either the bird or the action, and such words are usually disambiguated by looking at the context in which it was written. The proliferation of SMS language has been criticized for causing
3520-456: The country" within which their phone sets are to be distributed. Nevertheless, various factors contribute as additional constraints to the use of non-English languages and scripts in SMS. This motivates the anglicization of such languages, especially those using non- Latin orthographies (i.e. not using Latin alphabets) following for instance, the even more limited message lengths involved when using for example, Cyrillic or Greek letters. On
3600-422: The creation and use of SMS language was to convey a comprehensible message using the fewest characters possible. This was for two reasons: first of all, telecommunication companies limited the number of characters per SMS and charged the user per SMS sent. To keep costs down, users had to find a way of being concise while still communicating the desired message. Secondly, typing on a phone is normally slower than with
3680-461: The days of telegraphese 120 years back, when telegraph operators were reported to use abbreviations similar to modern text when chatting amongst themselves in between the sending of official messages. Faramerz Dabhoiwala wrote in The Guardian in 2016: "modern usages that horrify linguistic purists in fact have deep historical roots. 'OMG' was used by a septuagenarian naval hero, admiral of
3760-480: The desire for a more economical language for the new medium. SMS language also shares some of these characteristics with Internet slang and Telex speak, as it evolved alongside the use of shorthand in Internet chat rooms . Likewise, such a change sought to accommodate the small number of characters allowed per message, and to increase convenience for the time-consuming and often small keyboards on mobile phones. Similar elliptical styles of writing can be traced to
3840-400: The deterioration of English language proficiency and its rich heritage. Opponents of SMS language feel that it undermines the properties of the English language that have lasted throughout its long history. Furthermore, words within the SMS language that are very similar to their English-language counterparts can be confused by young users as the actual English spelling and can therefore increase
3920-402: The differences in the two terms: "The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and institutions...Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power elite". The Marxist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin anticipated
4000-601: The education necessary for elitist privilege to obtain their background and contacts, allowing them to enter three branches of the power elite, which are: According to Mills, the governing elite in the United States primarily draws its members from political leaders, including the president, and a handful of key cabinet members, as well as close advisers, major corporate owners and directors, and high-ranking military officers. These groups overlap and elites tend to circulate from one sector to another, consolidating power in
4080-410: The first word of a message may in fact, not be intentional, and may likely be due to the default capitalization setting of devices. Capitalization too may encode prosodic elements, where copious use may signify the textual equivalent of raised voice to indicate heightened emotion. Just as body language and facial expressions can alter how speech is perceived, emoji and emoticons can alter the meaning of
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#17327938992734160-519: The fleet John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher in a letter to Winston Churchill , in 1917". In general, SMS language thus permits the sender to type less and communicate more quickly than one could without such shortcuts. One example is the use of "tmr" instead of "tomorrow". Nevertheless, there are no standard rules for the creation and use of SMS languages. Any word may be shortened (for example, "text" to "txt"). Words can also be combined with numbers to make them shorter (for example, "later" to "l8r"), using
4240-627: The frequency of the apostrophe in SMS messages, since, even without user awareness, it will insert an apostrophe in many common words, such as "I'm", "I'll", and "I'd". Users may also use spellings that reflect their illocutionary force and intention rather than using the standard spelling. For example, the use of "haha" to signify "standard" laughter, and "muahaha" to encode perhaps more raucous or evil sound of laughter. In this, regional variations in spelling can also be observed. As such, SMS language, with its intergroup variations, also serves as an identity marker. SMS language has yet to be accepted as
4320-458: The letters for which they stand. The choice of symbol is not fixed: anything the reader can make sense of is valid in leet-speak. Sometimes, a gamer would work around a nickname being already taken (and maybe abandoned as well) by replacing a letter with a similar-looking digit. Another use for leet orthographic substitutions is the creation of paraphrased passwords. Limitations imposed by websites on password length (usually no more than 36) and
4400-443: The linguistic localization of products that are equipped with such interfaces, where the final Symbian release (Symbian Belle) supported the scripts and orthographies of over 48 languages and dialects, though such provisions are by no means fully comprehensive as to the languages used by users all over the world. Researcher Mohammad Shirali-Shahreza (2007) further observes that mobile phone producers offer support "of local language of
4480-401: The literacy of the user. There are others who feel that the claims of SMS language being detrimental to English language proficiency are overrated. A study of the written work of 100 students by Freudenberg found that the actual amount of use of SMS language found in the written work was not very significant. Some features of SMS language such as the use of emoticons was not observed in any of
4560-427: The meaning of a sentence rather than the actual sentence structure. In particular, speakers of leet are fond of verbing nouns, turning verbs into nouns (and back again) as forms of emphasis, e.g. "Austin rocks" is weaker than "Austin roxxorz" (note spelling), which is weaker than "Au5t1N is t3h r0xx0rz" (note grammar), which is weaker than something like "0MFG D00D /\Ü571N 15 T3H l_l83Я 1337 Я0XX0ЯZ" ( OMG , dude, Austin
4640-408: The need to create an emotion from it like so: "Hello!!!!". While vowels and punctuation of words in SMS language are generally omitted, David Crystal observes that apostrophes occur unusually frequently. He cites an American study of 544 messages, where the occurrence of apostrophes in SMS language is approximately 35 percent. This is unexpected, seeing that it is a hassle to input an apostrophe in
4720-629: The need to use SMS language. Observations and classifications as to the linguistic and stylistic properties of SMS language have been made and proposed by Crispin Thurlow, López Rúa, and David Crystal. Although they are by no means exhaustive, some of these properties involve the use of: There are many examples of words or phrases that share the same abbreviations (e.g., lol could mean laugh out loud , lots of love , or little old lady , and cryn could mean crayon or cryin(g) ). For words that have no common abbreviation, users most commonly remove
4800-546: The numeral "8" for its homophonic quality. Some may view SMS language to be a dialect of the English language , that is a dialect strongly if not completely derivative of the English language. This may not be so. Such generalization may have risen from the fact that mobile phones had only been able to support a limited number of default languages in the early stages of its conception and distribution. A mobile operating system (OS) such as Symbian and language packs enable
4880-449: The other side, researcher Gillian Perrett observes the de-anglicization of the English language following its use and incorporation into non-English linguistic contexts. As such, on top of the measures taken to minimize space, time and cost constraints in SMS language, further constraints upon the varied nature and characteristics of languages worldwide add to the distinct properties and style of SMS language(s). The primary motivation for
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#17327938992734960-402: The pictogram of a heart for love , and the letter u replaces you ). The dialect has a few hieroglyphs (codes comprehensible to initiates) and a range of face symbols. Prosodic features in SMS language aim to provide added semantic and syntactic information and context from which recipients can use to deduce a more contextually relevant and accurate interpretation. These may aim to convey
5040-436: The possible emergence of a new transnational and cohesive social class at the top of the social ladder: a global elite. But, the wide-ranging effects of global capitalism ultimately affect everyone on the planet, as economies around the world come to depend on the functioning of global financial markets, technologies, trade and labor. SMS language Short Message Service ( SMS ) language , textism , or textese
5120-556: The power elite into complex relationships with nation states that generate global-scale class divisions. Sociologist Manuel Castells writes in The Rise of the Network Society that contemporary globalization does not mean that "everything in the global economy is global". So, a global economy becomes characterized by fundamental social inequalities with respect to the "level of integration, competitive potential and share of
5200-412: The power elite involving individuals that are able to move from one seat of institutional power to another. They, therefore, have a wide range of knowledge and interests in many influential organizations, and are, as Mills describes, "professional go-betweens of economic, political, and military affairs". Relentless expansion of capitalism and the globalizing of economic and military power bind leaders of
5280-425: The prevalence of spelling mistakes. Use of SMS language in schools tended to be seen as negative effects. There have been some reports in the media of children using SMS language for essays in school. The New Zealand Qualifications Authority refuted press reports that they had authorized the use of text abbreviations in exam answers, with a spokesperson saying that "there had been no change to guidelines and there
5360-474: The principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence the decisions of the policymakers. The basis for membership of a power elite is institutional power, namely an influential position within a prominent private or public organization. A study of the French corporate elite has shown that social class continues to hold sway in determining who joins this elite group, with those from
5440-465: The process. Unlike the ruling class , a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the organizational structures through which its wealth is acquired. According to Mills, the power elite rose from "the managerial reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich". In G. William Domhoff ’s sociology textbooks, Who Rules America? editions, he further clarified
5520-463: The reader had not seen that particular word before. Leet has its own colloquialisms, many of which originated as jokes based on common typing errors, habits of new computer users, or knowledge of cyberculture and history. Leet is not solely based upon one language or character set. Greek, Russian, and other languages have leet forms, and leet in one language may use characters from another where they are available. As such, while it may be referred to as
5600-400: The successful hacking of a website or computer. It is a slang term derived from the verb own , meaning to appropriate or to conquer to gain ownership. As is a common characteristic of leet, the terms have also been adapted into noun and adjective forms, ownage and pwnage , which can refer to the situation of pwning or to the superiority of its subject (e.g., "He is a very good player. He
5680-401: The term n00b (and derivations thereof) is used extensively. The term is derived from newbie (as in new and inexperienced, or uninformed), and is used to differentiate "n00bs" from the "elite" (or even "normal") members of a group. Owned and pwned (generally pronounced "poned" [pʰo͡ʊnd]) both refer to the domination of a player in a video game or argument (rather than just a win), or
5760-411: The term in such a manner announces a high level of skill, though such an announcement may be seen as baseless hubris . Warez (nominally / w ɛər z / ) is a plural shortening of "software", typically referring to cracked and redistributed software. Phreaking refers to the hacking of telephone systems and other non-Internet equipment. Teh originated as a typographical error of "the", and
5840-459: The textual equivalent of verbal prosodic features such as facial expression and tone of voice. Indeed, even though SMS language exists in the format of written text, it closely resembles normal speech in that it does not have a complicated structure and that its meaning is greatly contextualised. In the case of capitalization in SMS language, there are three scenarios: Most SMS messages have done away with capitalization. Use of capitalizations on
5920-469: The upper-middle class tending to dominate. Another study (published in 2002) of power elites in the United States during the administration of President George W. Bush (in office from 2001 to 2009) identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals. A later study of U.S. society noted demographic characteristics of this elite group as follows: In the 1970s an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes , especially for
6000-468: The username "CatLover," for example, in many cases it is only possible for one user to have the moniker. As such, degradations of the name may evolve, such as "C@7L0vr." As the leet cipher is highly dynamic, there is a wider possibility for multiple users to share the "same" name, through combinations of spelling and transliterations. Additionally, leet —the word itself—can be found in the screen-names and gamertags of many Internet and video games. Use of
6080-455: The vowels from a word, and the reader is required to interpret a string of consonants by re-adding the vowels (e.g., dictionary becomes dctnry and keyboard becomes kybrd ). Omission of words, especially function words (e.g., determiners like "a" and "the") are also employed as part of the effort to overcome time and space constraints. The advent of predictive text input and smartphones featuring full QWERTY keyboards may contribute to
6160-425: The wealthy, and a steady erosion of the welfare safety net. Starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation. The wide range of financial and social capital accessible to the power elite gives their members heavy influence in economic and political decision making, allowing them to move toward attaining desired outcomes. Sociologist Christopher Doob gives
6240-439: The word appears to decide what the word should be. For many other words like "Im" and "Shes", there is no ambiguity. Since users don't need to use apostrophes to ensure that their message is understood accurately, this phenomenon may in part be attributed to texters wanting to maintain clarity so that the message can be more easily understood in a shorter amount of time. The widespread mobile phone auto-correct feature contributes to
6320-700: The written work by the students. Of all the errors found, quite a substantial amount cannot be attributed to use of SMS language. These included errors that have already appeared even before the advent of SMS language. There are also views that SMS language has little or no effect on grammar. Proponents of this view feel that SMS language is merely another language, and since learning a new language does not affect students' proficiency in English grammar, it cannot be said that SMS language can affect their grammar. With proper instruction, students should be able to distinguish between slang, SMS language and standard English and use them in their appropriate contexts. According to
6400-406: Was no specific policy about text language." A study performed by Cingel & Sundar (2012) investigated the relationship between the use of SMS language and grammar in adolescents. By using a self-report survey where the 228 middle school participants would answer questions regarding their texting behaviors, as well as a ten minute in-class grammar assessment, the study gathered information on how
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