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44-464: The party's founder and long-time leader is Fabrizio Comencini . The LVR emerged in 1998 as a split from Liga Veneta (LV), the "national section" of Lega Nord in Veneto. Originally named Liga Veneta Repubblica , it changed its name to Veneti d'Europa (after the merger with Future Veneto in 2000) and Liga Fronte Veneto (after the merger with Fronte Marco Polo in 2001). It finally assumed again

88-802: A landslide. Soon after the election the party returned to its original name, Liga Veneta Repubblica , under which it ran in the 2008 general election . In October 2008, the LVR signed a coalition pact with North-East Project (PNE) and Venetian Agreement (IV) for the next municipal, provincial and regional elections "in order to provide an adequate representation to the Venetian people, in line with what happens in Europe , from Scotland to Catalonia , from Wales to Brittany , where federalist, autonomist and independentist parties, who respond uniquely to their territory, see their popular support increasing." However, in

132-414: A loose cross-party committee for a referendum on Veneto's independence (see Venetian nationalism#Recent developments ), along with Stefano Valdegamberi (the regional councillor who presented bill 342/2013 on the referendum), Venetian Independence (IV, the party which had envisioned the campaign), Veneto State (VS), Raixe Venete , Veneto First , other Venetist groups and individuals. In March 2014,

176-982: A pact in August 1999. Despite the entity of the split among elects, most voters of the LV remained loyal to Gobbo and Bossi. In the 1999 European Parliament election the LVR won 3.5% of the vote in Veneto: a good result for a new party, but far less than the LV, which gained a disappointing 10.7% though, and far less than expected. However, the LVR had some local strongholds: San Bonifacio (20.9% over LV's 7.0% in 1998), Schio (11.8% over 11.1% in 1999), Arcole (44.1% over 6.0% in 1999), Camisano Vicentino (21.6% over 5.9% in 1999), Creazzo (15.5% over 14.7% in 1999), Chiuppano (34.8% and elected mayor in 1999), Monticello Conte Otto (14.6% over 7.2% in 1999), Resana (24.6% over 7.8% in 1999), Spresiano (62.2% over 9.1% and elected mayor in 1999) and Torri di Quartesolo (15.8% in 1999). For

220-403: Is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of

264-487: The 2000 regional election , the LV entered an alliance with the Pole of Freedoms that excluded the LVR. The party, whose name was changed to Veneti d'Europa , won 2.4% (0.6% under the threshold needed), due to the presence of another Venetist party, Fronte Marco Polo (1.2%), and an electoral recovery of the LV (12.0%). The name Veneti d'Europa (Venetians for Europe) was chosen as the LVR merged with Future Veneto , member of

308-629: The Autonomists for Europe , a federation of splinter groups from the LN. In 2001, the party, at the time led by the Venetist historian Beggiato, was merged with Fronte Marco Polo into the new Liga Fronte Veneto . Giorgio Vido was elected national secretary and Comencini national president. In 2001 general election Bepin Segato , a separatist activist in jail for having opposed Italian national unity,

352-634: The Italian Social Movement (MSI), for which he was elected to the Regional Council of Veneto in 1985 and 1990. In the early 1990s, during his second term in the Council, he switched to Liga Veneta – Lega Nord . In 1994 he was elected secretary of the party and in 1995 he was re-elected to the Council. During his tenure as leader, Lega Nord had its best electoral result so far in Veneto and in any other region, scoring 29.7% of

396-690: The Kingdom of Italy as Senato del Regno ( Senate of the Kingdom ), itself a continuation of the Senato Subalpino ( Subalpine Senate ) of Sardinia established on 8 May 1848. Members of the Senate are styled Senator or The Honourable Senator (Italian: Onorevole Senatore ) and they meet at Palazzo Madama , Rome . Article 57 of the Constitution of Italy originally established that

440-508: The Senato del Regno (Senate of the Kingdom). Palazzo Madama and the adjacent buildings underwent further restructuring and adaptation in the first decades of the 20th century. A radical transformation which involved, among other things, the modernization of the hemicycle, the full remaking of the prospectus on Via San Salvatore and Via Dogana Vecchia, and the establishment of a connection with

484-567: The "Autonomy" banner in the lower part, along with LVR's acronym. The LVR obtained 2.4% of the vote, electing Tomas Piccinini to the Regional Council. The electoral results of the party in Veneto in the regional and general elections for the Senate since 1999 are shown in the chart below. Fabrizio Comencini Fabrizio Comencini (born 6 November 1953, in Garda ) is an Italian politician. Comencini started his political career in

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528-589: The 2009 provincial and municipal election the LVR chose to support the candidates of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), having its best result in the Province of Padua (1.6%). For the 2010 regional election , after having formed Veneto Freedom (VL) with other Venetist parties, the party finally chose to support Antonio De Poli (UDC) for President under the banner of North-East Union (UNE), along with UNE, PNE and IV. This decision caused two splits:

572-495: The 2019 local elections, the LVR stood with its own lists in San Bonifacio, Negrar and Arzignano . For the 2020 regional election , the party entered in alliance with the LV for the first time since the 1998 split. In the election, the LV sponsors three lists, its own, Luca Zaia 's personal list and the "Venetian Autonomy List", whose logo is the LVR's one with minor modifications, especially "List" instead of "Liga" and

616-529: The Articles 57, 58, and 59 of the Italian Constitution , the Senate has 200 elective members, of which 196 are elected from Italian constituencies, and 4 from Italian citizens living abroad. Furthermore, a small number (currently 5) serve as senators for life ( senatori a vita ), either appointed or ex officio . It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during

660-612: The Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively. The senators for life are composed of former presidents of the Italian Republic who hold office ex officio , and up to five citizens who are appointed by Presidents of Italy "for outstanding merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". The current life senators are: The current term of

704-723: The Senate has met in Palazzo Madama in Rome , an old patrician palace completed in 1505 for the Medici family . The palace takes its name from Madama Margherita of Austria , daughter of Charles V and wife of Alessandro de' Medici . After the extinction of the Medici, the palace was handed over to the House of Lorraine . and, later, it was sold to Papal Government . Later, in 1755, Pope Benedict XIV (whose coat of arms still dominates

748-586: The Senate is five years, except for senators for life that hold their office for their lifetime. Until a Constitutional change on 9 February 1963, the Senate was elected for six-year terms. The Senate may be dissolved before the expiration of its normal term by the president of the Republic (e.g. when no government can obtain a majority). According to article 58 of the Italian constitution, Italian citizens aged 18 onwards (until 2021 25 years) are enabled to vote for

792-494: The Senate met for the first time on 27 November 1871 was designed by Luigi Gabet . A plaque on the wall behind the speaker's chair commemorates the king's address to Parliament when first convened in the new seat of government: Above this has been placed a plaque bearing the inscription: To the viewers' left stand the flags of the Italian Republic (with a ribbon embroidered with the words SENATO DELLA REPUBBLICA) and

836-742: The Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the Chamber of the Deputies , which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: Aosta Valley (1 senator) and Molise (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad . After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by constitutional referendum ) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate

880-439: The Senate. The electoral system is a parallel voting system , with 37% of seats allocated using first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) and 63% using proportional representation , allocated with the largest remainder method , with one round of voting. For Italian residents, each house members are elected by single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency

924-503: The adjacent Palazzo Carpegna . The latter, owned by the Senate, was entirely rebuilt in an advanced position compared to its original position. The small church of San Salvatore in Thermis , dating to the 6th century, which stood in the street to the left of the palace, was first closed, expropriated and later razed for security reasons. The current façade was built in the mid-1650s by both Cigoli and Paolo Maruccelli . The latter added

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968-412: The business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the president of the Senate stands in for the president of the Republic when the latter is unable to perform the duties of the office; in this case the Senate is headed by a vice president. The current president of the Senate is Ignazio La Russa . Since 1871,

1012-512: The deputy/senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies will be allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies will come from closed lists . The single voting paper, containing both first-past-the-post candidates and

1056-424: The election, the list won 2.7% of the vote (0.2% more than IV) and Antonio Guadagnini of VS was elected regional councillor in the provincial constituency of Vicenza . In May 2017, Comencini and other INV leaders were briefly members of Great North (GN), a liberal and federalist party. Sometime in 2018, Comencini stepped down as secretary, being replaced by Gianluigi Sette and becoming president instead. In

1100-449: The exit of Chiavegato and his group from the alliance and their alignment with Alessio Morosin 's IV, the remaining parties of NVI formed a joint list for the 2015 regional election named Independence We Veneto (INV), a sort of re-edition of 2010 's North-East Union , but with a separatist platform and in support of Luca Zaia , incumbent President of Veneto and candidate of the LV–LN. In

1144-428: The first two attempts at voting, an absolute majority of all senators is needed; if a third round is needed, a candidate can be elected by an absolute majority of the senators present and voting. If this third round fails to produce a winner, a final ballot is held between the two senators with the highest votes in the previous ballot. In the case of a tie, the elder senator is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing

1188-519: The idea and the party stopped at 0.7%. In the 2007 provincial election of Vicenza , the LFV supported Giorgio Carollo , along with parties both from the centre-left and the centre-right: Veneto for the EPP , Italy of Values , UDEUR , Christian Democracy . Carollo scored 9.9%, while the LFV took only 1.6%, compared with 2.3% of PNE and 19.0% of the LV, whose candidate Attilio Schneck was elected President by

1232-520: The legal continuation and legitimate heir of the LV. Another councillor, Adriano Bertaso of North-East Union , who had earlier left the LN, joined the party for a while. Comencini's followers represented the more Venetist and separatist wing of the LV, while the people who remained in the LN were mainly fiscal federalists and Padanists . The former were also keen on an alliance with the centre-right Pole of Freedoms coalition in Veneto in support of President Giancarlo Galan , with whom Comencini signed

1276-591: The main entrance) ordered major restructuring, entrusting the work to Luigi Hostini . In the following years there were installed the court offices and police headquarters. In 1849, Pius IX moved the Ministries of Finances and of the Public Debt here, as well as the Papal Post Offices. After the conquest of Rome by the newly formed Kingdom of Italy , the palace was chosen to become the seat of

1320-411: The majority of Liga Veneta who supported Gian Paolo Gobbo instead. He thus resigned as national secretary and formed a new party called Liga Veneta Repubblica (later Veneti d'Europa , Liga Fronte Veneto and finally, again, Liga Veneta Repubblica). Most recently, Comencini ran in the 2015 regional election for Independence We Veneto (in support of Luca Zaia 's second term as President ), but

1364-505: The more independentist wing, led by Silvano Polo , joined the new Party of the Venetians (PdV) and the left-wing minority faction, led by Bortolino Sartore and Giorgio Vido , formed a new party called Liga Veneto Autonomo (LVA) in support of Giuseppe Bortolussi , the centre-left candidate. In the election the list won 1.5% of vote, with peaks of 1.9% and 1.8% in the provinces of Treviso and Belluno , and Mariangelo Foggiato (PNE)

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1408-407: The original title in 2007. In 2000 the party included eight regional councillors, three deputies and four senators (all LV defectors). In September 1998, after some clashes with Umberto Bossi , Fabrizio Comencini , national secretary of Liga Veneta (LV) since 1994, tried to lead the party out of Lega Nord (LN), a federation of regional parties. This move was opposed by Bossi's loyalists and he

1452-433: The ornate cornice and whimsical decorative urns on the roof. Among the rooms one of the most significant (and perhaps the most impressive from the political point of view) is the "Sala Maccari," which takes its name from Cesare Maccari , the artist who decorated it in 1880 and created the frescoes, among which stands out the one that depicts Cicero making his indictment of Catiline , who listens isolated. The chamber where

1496-539: The party lists, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and, in close conjunction with them, the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates. Voters can cast their votes in three different ways: In 2016, the Italian Parliament passed a constitutional law that "effectively abolishes the Senate as an elected chamber and sharply restricts its ability to veto legislation". The law

1540-415: The party was a founding member of United for Independent Veneto, a more structured federation of Venetist and separatist parties, including also VS, Independent Venetians (VI) and Valdegamberi's Popular Future (FP). In July 2014 the coalition was transformed into "We Independent Veneto" (NVI), after the entry of other parties, notably including North-East Project and Chiavegato for Independence . After

1584-452: The party was not represented in the institutions and was shrinking in popular support. In 2004 Beggiato tried to lead the party into North-East Project (PNE), even if PNE leader Giorgio Panto wanted LFV members to join not as a party but as individuals. Comencini ruled out the idea, that would have meant giving up the party's identity. After a tumultuous congress, a group led by Beggiato, Foggiato and Munaretto switched to PNE, while Comencini

1628-410: The vote at the 1996 general election . In 1998 Comencini broke with Umberto Bossi in the name of Venetian nationalism as opposed to Padanian nationalism . Although he commanded a majority of Liga Veneta's regional councillors (7 out of 9: Ettore Beggiato , Alessio Morosin , Mariangelo Foggiato , Alberto Poirè , Michele Munaretto , Franco Roccon and himself), Comencini was not supported by

1672-521: Was a party candidate for the Senate . Despite gaining more than 5.6% of the votes in Veneto (mainly disgruntled voters of the LN, after the alliance with Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia ) and more than 10% in several single-seat constituencies, the party was not able to elect any representative to the Italian Parliament . In 2003, Beggiato replaced Vido as national secretary in a time when

1716-401: Was elected national secretary and Morosin national president. During this time, the party did occasionally better than the LV in local elections. This was the case of Cittadella in 2002 (14.9% over 5.5%) and San Bonifacio in 2004 (17.8% over 4.7%): in both cases, LFV candidates, Massimo Bitonci and Silvano Polo respectively, were elected mayors in run-offs. Bitonci, who re-joined the LV,

1760-402: Was elected to the Council. The LVA, which was able to present its list only in the Province of Vicenza , one of LVR's strongholds, won 1.1% of the vote there, that is to say a big share of the votes (1.6%) the LVR gained in 2005 . In the 2013 general election , the LVR obtained 0.7% of the vote regionally, 1.2% in its stronghold of Vicenza . In July 2013, the LVR joined Let Veneto Decide ,

1804-422: Was finally expelled from the party and replaced by Gian Paolo Gobbo as leader of the LV. Subsequently, seven out of eight members of LV–LN's group in the Regional Council of Veneto (Fabrizio Comencini, Ettore Beggiato , Alessio Morosin , Mariangelo Foggiato , Alberto Poirè , Michele Munaretto and Franco Roccon ) left the party and launched Liga Veneta Repubblica (LVR), which was initially intended to be

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1848-466: Was not elected. Senate of the Republic (Italy) Opposition (85) The Senate of the Republic ( Italian : Senato della Repubblica ), or simply the Senate (Italian: Senato , [seˈnaːto] ), is the upper house of the bicameral Italian Parliament , the lower house being the Chamber of Deputies . The two houses together form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to

1892-518: Was re-elected in 2007, while Polo did not stand for re-election and the LFV supported the defeated centre-left candidate. In the 2005 regional election , the party supported the centre-left candidate for president, Massimo Carraro , winning only 1.2% of the vote, while PNE won 5.4% (16.1% in the Province of Treviso ), and being excluded again from the Regional Council. For the 2006 general election Comencini forged an alliance with The Union coalition led by Romano Prodi , but voters seemed to not like

1936-417: Was rejected on 4 December 2016 by a referendum , leaving the Senate unchanged. The membership of the Senate following the 2022 Italian general election : Under the current Constitution , the Senate must hold its first sitting no later than 20 days after a general election. That session, presided by the oldest senator, proceeds to elect the president of the Senate for the following parliamentary period. On

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