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15-536: Agricultural and economic activities carried out by the Cistercian religious order in distinct locations from the mother monastery were concentrated around so-called “granges” ( monastic grange )—enclosed estates housing a church, manor house, additional residences, a well, buildings for agricultural and economic activities, a mill, frequently fish ponds, and sometimes a tavern. Here monks (priests, but primarily lay-brothers), together with non-religious stewards, managed

30-436: A granary. The granges might be located at some distance. They could farm livestock or produce crops. Specialist crops might include apples, hops or grapes to make beverages. Some granges had fish-ponds to supply Friday meals to the monastery. The produce could sustain the monks or be sold for profit. While under monastic control, granges might be run by a steward and worked by local farm labourers or perhaps lay brothers . At

45-670: The Dissolution of the Monasteries , all monastic land was seized by Henry VIII . The lands were sold or given to Henry's followers. Granges often retained their names and many can still be found in the British landscape today. Tithe barn A tithe barn was a type of barn used in much of northern Europe in the Middle Ages for storing rents and tithes . Farmers were required to give one-tenth of their produce to

60-401: The established church . Tithe barns were usually associated with the village church or rectory, and independent farmers took their tithes there. The village priests did not have to pay tithes—the purpose of the tithe being their support. Some operated their own farms anyway. The former church property has sometimes been converted to village greens . Many were monastic barns, originally used by

75-480: The manorial system. The first granges were owned by the Cistercians , and other orders followed. Wealthy monastic houses had many granges, most of which were largely agricultural providing food for the monastic community. A grange might be established adjacent to the monastery, but others were established wherever it held lands, some at a considerable distance. Some granges were worked by lay-brothers belonging to

90-614: The Cistercian monks in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was, relative to the remarkable antiquity of the region’s viticulture, a recent development. Roman legionnaires stationed in Carnuntum and Vindobona 2,000 years ago encountered an intact tradition of winemaking to the south of Vienna, which they subsequently improved through the introduction of superior Italian grape varieties. Lilienfelderhof / Domaene Lilienfeld: [1] Monastic grange Monastic granges were outlying landholdings held by monasteries independent of

105-736: The Middle Ages is less well understood than might be expected, and the subject abounds with myths (for example, not one of England's surviving architecturally impressive barns was a tithe barn, although such barns existed)". There are surviving examples of medieval barns in England, some of them known as "tithe barns". English Heritage established criteria to determine if barns were used as tithe barns. The total number of surviving medieval barns (dated up to 1550) in Britain may be estimated about 200. There are many extant barns that date from after

120-555: The Thermenregion. During the Russian occupation of parts of Austria following WWII (see: Allied-administered Austria ) starving people were fed from a secret kitchen inside the estate. During the same era a Cistercian monk from the estate survived being shot by a Russian soldier while defending a woman from attack. Many other people have at some time worked or lived on the estate or attended kindergarten there, since for some years

135-608: The abbey's affairs in the region, primarily agriculture and viticulture. Thus Domaene Lilienfeld is home to a gothic church seating around 100 persons (“St. John the Baptist Chapel”), a manor house, a wine tavern (i.e. a traditional Austrian “Heurige”, currently under renovation), and an array of other buildings. Probably on account of its ecclesiastical owners, Domaene Lilienfeld (Lilienfelderhof) has played an important role in private and public life in Pfaffstätten and

150-657: The autochthonous Rotgipfler. Currently vineyards belonging to Domaene Lilienfeld are planted with Rotgipfler (a cross between Traminer , a parent of the Burgundian Pinot noir , and the Austrian Roter Veltliner), Weissburgunder (a.k.a. “ Pinot blanc ”, a mutation of the Burgundian Pinot gris ), Zweigelt (a cross between St. Laurent , related to Pinot noir, and Blaufränkisch ), as well as Zierfandler , Riesling , Welschriesling , and Neuburger . Most vineyards are south-facing. The arrival of

165-562: The extended Burgundian family have traditionally flourished in the gentle warmth of the Thermenregion (it was most likely Cistercian monks in the Thermenregion who originally introduced the Pinot noir grape to Austria from the Order’s motherhouse in Burgundy ) and the contemporary revitalisation of Domaene Lilienfeld / Lilienfelder Hof foresees a viticultural focus on these varieties, complemented by

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180-614: The great Austrian monasteries (e.g. Heiligenkreuz Abbey , Klosterneuburg Monastery , Melk Abbey , Schottenstift , in addition to the Kartause Gaming, Kartause Mauerbach, Lilienfeld Abbey , as well as the German Order / Teutonic Knights and the Augustinians ) that a town was named after them, i.e.“Pfaffstätten”, literally the “city of the “Pfaffen”—“Pfaffen” being a colloquial term for clerics. Grape varieties from

195-494: The local kindergarten was housed in the estate’s manor house. It is of historical interest to note that, until its suppression in 1782, the Kartause Gaming ( Gaming Charterhouse ) (now 99-year leaseholder of Domaene Lilienfeld / Lilienfelderhof through the Kartause Gaming Private Foundation) itself owned extensive vineyards in and around Pfaffstätten. Indeed, so strong was the presence of many of

210-487: The monastery itself or by a monastic grange . The word 'grange' is (indirectly) derived from Latin granarium (' granary '). Identical barns were found on royal domains and country estates. The medieval aisled barn was developed in the 12th and 13th centuries, following the examples of royal halls , hospitals and market halls. Its predecessors included Roman horrea and Neolithic long houses . According to English Heritage , "exactly how barns in general were used in

225-493: The order, others by paid labourers. Granges could be of six known types: agrarian; sheep runs; cattle ranges and holdings; horse studs; fisheries; industrial complexes. Industrial granges were significant in the development of medieval industries, particularly iron working. Granges were landed estates used for food production, centred on a farm and out-buildings and possibly a mill or a tithe barn . The word grange comes through French graunge from Latin granica meaning

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