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35-679: The Lincolnshire Wolds which also includes the Lincolnshire Wolds National Landscape are a range of low hills in the county of Lincolnshire , England which runs roughly parallel with the North Sea coast, from the Humber Estuary just west of the town of Barton-upon-Humber in North Lincolnshire which then runs in a south easterly direction towards the flat Lincolnshire Fens in

70-406: A county council , which it retained until 1974. At that point the three county councils were abolished and Lincolnshire (minus the northern part of Lindsey, which formed part of Humberside ) had a single county council for the first time. Before the changes of 1888, Holland had, since probably the 10th century, been divided into the three wapentakes of Elloe , Kirton and Skirbeck . Under

105-581: A topographical prominence requirement, typically 100 feet (30.5 m) or 500 feet (152.4 m). In practice, mountains in Scotland are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the Cuillin Hills and the Torridon Hills . In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use and appearance and has nothing to do with height. For a while,

140-436: A hill). The rounded peaks of hills results from the diffusive movement of soil and regolith covering the hill, a process known as downhill creep . Various names may be used to describe types of hills, based on appearance and method of formation. Many such names originated in one geographical region to describe a type of hill formation particular to that region, though the names are often adopted by geologists and used in

175-548: A limit of 2,000 feet (610 m) and Whittow states "Some authorities regard eminences above 600 m (1,969 ft) as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least 2,000 feet or 610 meters high, while the UK government's Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 defined mountainous areas (for the purposes of open access legislation) as areas above 600 meters (1,969 feet). Some definitions include

210-494: A low-lying region has been noted and Richard Coates has instead argued that the hoi- element in early forms represents a Brittonic *haiw- ("a swamp"). Parts of Holland was one of the three medieval divisions, called ' Parts ', of Lincolnshire (the other two being Lindsey and Kesteven ) which had long had separate county administrations ( quarter sessions ). Under the Local Government Act 1888 it obtained

245-536: A much smaller force entrenched on the hill top. Battles for the possession of high ground have often resulted in heavy casualties to both sides, such as the 1969 Battle of Hamburger Hill during the Vietnam War , the Battle of Stalingrad and Battle of Peleliu during World War II , and the 1969 Kargil War between India and Pakistan. The Great Wall of China is an enduring example of hilltop fortification. It

280-583: A series of pure marine limestones formed during the Cretaceous period, known collectively as the Chalk Group . The chalk overlies a series of other sedimentary strata of late Jurassic/early Cretaceous age. The strata dip gently to the east and form a scarp which runs southeast from Barton upon Humber via Caistor before it loses its identity north of Spilsby . To the north of the Humber Gap ,

315-454: A wider geographical context. These include: Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid floods (particularly if they were near a large body of water), for defense (since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill), or to avoid densely forested areas. For example, Ancient Rome was built on seven hills , helping to protect it from invaders. Some settlements, particularly in

350-545: Is a small hill. Other words include knoll and (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England) its variant, knowe. Artificial hills may be referred to by a variety of technical names, including mound and tumulus . Hills may form through geomorphic phenomena : faulting , erosion of larger landforms such as mountains and movement and deposition of sediment by glaciers (notably moraines and drumlins or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into

385-564: Is popular in hilly areas such as the English Peak District and the Scottish Highlands . Many hills are categorized according to relative height or other criteria and feature on lists named after mountaineers, such as Munros (Scotland) and Wainwrights (England). Specific activities such as " peak bagging " (or "Munro bagging") involve climbing hills on these lists with the aim of eventually climbing every hill on

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420-463: Is the highest point in the whole of Lincolnshire and is marked by a trig point just north of the village of Normanby le Wold , at approximately 551 feet (168 metres) above sea level ( TF121964 ). Other hills include: The Wolds provide views across the flat Fens and salt marshes of Lindsey and Holland : it is possible, from various points on the Wolds, to see all of the larger structures in

455-399: Is the same as that of the combined modern local government districts of Boston and South Holland . Holland is all close to sea level, achieving a maximum altitude of about five metres (16 feet) on artificially raised river banks ( levees ). It therefore needed carefully managed drainage to maintain the very productive arable farmland which covered almost its entire extent. Consequently,

490-482: The Domesday Book (1086) as Hoilant . The name is most often derived from Old English hoh ("a hill-spur") + land ; giving the name a meaning of "district characterised by hill-spurs" or similar. Formally-identical formations are found in the place-names Holland-on-Sea (Essex) and Up Holland (Lancashire). However, the topographical inappropriateness of a place-name referencing hill-spurs being applied to

525-715: The Lincolnshire Wolds Countryside Service . The Wolds AONB covers 560 square kilometres, while the Countryside Service recognises a wider Lincolnshire Wolds Character/Natural Area which incorporates the AONB and the neighbouring areas of the (geographical) Wolds to the north and south. The Wolds AONB cuts across the council boundaries of Lincolnshire County Council, East Lindsey District Council, West Lindsey District Council and North East Lincolnshire Council. The boundaries of

560-418: The Local Government Act 1894 , the administrative county of Holland was divided into rural districts and urban districts , with the municipal borough of Boston remaining untouched. The rural districts were Boston , Crowland, East Elloe and Spalding , whilst Holbeach , Long Sutton , Spalding and Sutton Bridge became urban districts. The geographical extent of the former Holland County Council

595-596: The 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill (which was actually fought on Breed's Hill ) in the American War of Independence ; and Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg , the turning point of the American Civil War . The Battle of San Juan Hill in the 1898 Spanish–American War won the Americans control of Santiago de Cuba but only after suffering from heavy casualties inflicted by

630-546: The AONB are marked by tourist signs incorporating stylized hills and trees, placed on roads leading into the area. The Wolds are sparsely populated and have a rural character. They are 'ringed' by several small market towns that lie around their edge: Many of the place-names in the Wolds indicate a strong Viking influence in the area's history. There is also an abundance of mediaeval ' lost villages ' – settlements abandoned due to changes in land use, soil exhaustion and disease. Several notable roads and paths run over

665-486: The Lincolnshire Wolds and into Rutland , and there is a youth hostel in the middle of the Wolds at Woody's Top near the village of Tetford . Hill A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit , and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains . Hills fall under

700-528: The Middle East, are located on artificial hills consisting of debris (particularly mudbricks ) that has accumulated over many generations. Such a location is known as a " tell ". In Northern Europe , many ancient monuments are sited in heaps. Some of these are defensive structures (such as the hillforts of the Iron Age ), but others appear to have hardly any significance. In Britain, many churches at

735-460: The US defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet (304.8 m) or more tall. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. The United States Geological Survey , however, has concluded that these terms do not in fact have technical definitions in the US. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defined "hill" as an upland with a relative height of up to 200 m (660 ft). A hillock

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770-458: The Wolds. Caistor High Street , the path of a Roman road and now the route of the B1225, runs from Caistor to Baumber near Horncastle. The ancient Bluestone Heath Road follows the course of an ancient drove road from west to east across the Wolds, and several "A" roads also run through the AONB. The Wolds are now promoted as a tourist destination: the area's connection with Tennyson (who

805-477: The action of water over frozen ground whilst many in the east represent subglacial drainage. During the last ice age (Devensian) , ice encroached upon the Wolds from the northeast and entered the Humber gap from the east but did not cover the Wolds, hence there is no Devensian age glacial till on these hills. However, an earlier ice age left extensive spreads of till across the central and southern areas. Sections of

840-474: The category of slope landforms . The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as tall, or as steep as a mountain. Geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than 1,000 feet (304.8 meters) above sea level . In contrast, hillwalkers have tended to regard mountains as peaks 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. The Oxford English Dictionary also suggests

875-418: The city's fog and civil engineering projects today famous as tourist attractions such as the cable cars and Lombard Street . Hills provide important advantages to an army that controls their heights, giving them an elevated view and firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack a fort or other position. They may also conceal forces behind them, allowing a force to lie in wait on

910-510: The crest of a hill, using that crest for cover, and firing on unsuspecting attackers as they broach the hilltop. As a result, conventional military strategies often demand possession of high ground. Because of their strategic and tactical values, hills have been the site of many notable battles, such as the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC and the first recorded military conflict in Scotland, the Battle of Mons Graupius in AD 83. Modern era conflicts include

945-692: The east of the main scarp between Barton and Louth. In the north between South Ferriby and Grasby, the lower part of the scarp is formed from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation . A series of other rock layers intervene from the Caistor area southwards, uppermost of which are the green-brown Carstones : Lower/early Cretaceous Upper/late Jurassic The numerous dry valleys cut into the dip-slope are typically floored by head , locally derived clay , silt , sand and gravel . The western valleys were created during recent glacial periods through

980-600: The list. Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake is an annual event in the West Country of England which involves rolling a wheel of cheese down a hill. Contestants stand at the top and chase the wheel of cheese to the bottom. The winner, the one who catches the cheese, gets to keep the wheel of cheese as a prize. Cross country running courses may include hills which can add diversity and challenge to those courses. Holland, Lincolnshire The place name Holland appears on record in 1060 as Hoylandia and in

1015-412: The main scarp, notably at Saxby All Saints and between Nettleton and Walesby have been subject to landslip . The Wolds comprise a series of low hills incised by characteristic dry open valleys. The Lincolnshire Wolds can be divided into four distinct areas: The Red Hill nature reserve near the village of Goulceby is notable for the unusual red colour of its soil and underlying chalk. Wolds Top

1050-657: The north and east of the county: the Belmont mast , Boston Stump , Grimsby Dock Tower , the Humber Bridge , Lincoln Cathedral , St James' Church in Louth (known locally as the 'Cathedral of the Wolds', though it holds only parish church status), the radar station near Normanby, Tattershall Castle and the wind turbines on the coast near Mablethorpe . The Lincolnshire Wolds were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1973, and are managed as such by

1085-682: The same formations continue as the Yorkshire Wolds . The rock succession in stratigraphic order i.e. youngest/uppermost first, is this: The thin Hunstanton Chalk and the Ferriby Chalk formations form much of the west facing Wolds scarp but it is the overlying Welton Chalk Formation which forms the greater part of the easterly dip-slopes with the Ferriby Chalk extensively exposed within the dry dip-slope valleys. The Burnham Chalk Formation forms an indistinct secondary scarp to

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1120-467: The south-east of the county as far south as the East Lindsey villege of East Keal . The Wolds form the highest land in eastern England between Yorkshire and Kent . and also are a designated National Landscape although the area which is covered by this designation does not cover the entirety of the general area that makes up the Lincolnshire Wolds as a whole. The Wolds are formed largely from

1155-500: The tops of hills are thought to have been built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city. Some cities' hills are culturally significant in their foundation, defense, and history. In addition to Rome, hills have played a prominent role in the history of San Francisco , with its hills being central to

1190-591: Was born in Somersby) is being exploited, and farmers are being encouraged to diversify into the tourism industry. The roads of the Wolds are particularly popular with motorcyclists , and the area is home to Cadwell Park , one of the UK's top race circuits. The area is also popular with walkers : the Viking Way long-distance footpath runs from Barton-upon-Humber in North Lincolnshire across

1225-469: Was built on hilltops to help defend against invaders from the north, such as Mongols . Hillwalking is a British English term for a form of hiking which involves the ascent of hills. The activity is usually distinguished from mountaineering as it does not involve ropes or technically difficult rock climbing , although the terms mountain and hill are often used interchangeably in Britain. Hillwalking

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