A lisp is a speech impairment in which a person misarticulates sibilants ( [ s ] , [ z ] , [ ts ] , [ dz ] , [ ʃ ] , [ ʒ ] , [ t͡ʃ ] , [ d͡ʒ ] ). These misarticulations often result in unclear speech in languages with phonemic sibilants.
71-556: Successful treatments have shown that causes are functional rather than physical: that is, most lisps are caused by errors in tongue placement or density of the tongue within the mouth rather than caused by any injury or congenital or acquired deformity to the mouth. The most frequently discussed of these problems is tongue thrust in which the tongue protrudes beyond the front teeth. This protrusion affects speech as well as swallowing and can lead to lisping. Ankyloglossia or tongue tie can also be responsible for lisps in children — however, it
142-854: A metonym for language . For example, the New Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Acts of the Apostles , Jesus ' disciples on the Day of Pentecost received a type of spiritual gift : "there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost , and began to speak with other tongues ....", which amazed the crowd of Jewish people in Jerusalem , who were from various parts of
213-416: A dentist or otolaryngologist (ENT) with a lingual frenectomy , or laser incision, which takes less than 10 to 15 minutes to complete. With an interdental lisp, the therapist teaches the student how to keep the tongue behind the two front incisors. One popular method of correcting articulation or lisp disorders is to isolate sounds and work on correcting the sound in isolation. The basic sound, or phoneme ,
284-488: A farmer from Fabriano , Italy, was convicted and fined by Italy's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing - proof of the affront had been captured with a cell-phone camera. Tongue piercing and splitting have become more common in western countries in recent decades. One study found that one-fifth of young adults in Israel had at least one type of oral piercing, most commonly
355-416: A more posteriorly position of the tongue. Tongue spurs are also effective options in the treatment of tongue thrust which work by triggering pain when the tongue is positioned forward. Appliance therapy is most effective when used during growth and requires up to 6 months to resolve tongue thrusting and anterior open bite. Myofunctional therapeutic exercises work by increasing the individual's awareness about
426-414: A patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris . The muscles of the tongue evolved in amphibians from occipital somites . Most amphibians show a proper tongue after their metamorphosis . As a consequence, most tetrapod animals—amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals—have tongues (the frog family of pipids lack tongue). In mammals such as dogs and cats , the tongue is often used to clean
497-403: A statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition , "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue"
568-466: A student can speak a whole sentence without lisping, attention is then focused on making correct sounds throughout natural conversation. Towards the end of the course of therapy, the student will be taught how to monitor his or her own speech, and how to correct as necessary. Speech therapy can sometimes fix the problem, but in some cases speech therapy fails to work. Tongue thrust Tongue thrust, also called reverse swallow or immature swallow,
639-415: A target sound is isolated at the smallest possible level (phoneme, phone , or allophone ) and that the context of production must be consistent. Consistency is critical, because factors such as the position within the word, grouping with other sounds (vowels or consonants), and the complexity all may affect production. Another popular method for treating a lisp is using specially designed devices that go in
710-432: A tongue thrust often present with open bites ; the force of the tongue against the teeth is an important factor in contributing to "bad bite" ( malocclusion ). Many orthodontists have completed dental treatment with what appeared to be good results, only to discover that the case relapsed because of the patient's tongue thrust. If the tongue is allowed to continue its pushing action against the teeth, it will continue to push
781-402: A tongue thrust) is not as effective as a normal chewing and swallowing motion. Appliance therapy, and myofunctional therapeutic exercises are among the treatment options for tongue thrusting: Management of non-nutritive sucking habits such as thumb-sucking as well as mouth breathing may correct tongue thrusting. Tongue cribs and functional appliances can correct tongue thrusting by leading to
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#1732772391911852-437: Is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip . The "gift of tongues" refers to when one is uncommonly gifted to be able to speak in a foreign language, often as a type of spiritual gift . Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia , which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that
923-597: Is a pseudo-pathological name for an adaptive lip seal mechanism, whereby normal nasal breathing or normal swallowing can occur. Tongue thrust can also be seen as an oral myofunctional disorder, a tongue muscle pattern that is perceived as clinically abnormal, in which the tongue protrudes anteriorly to seal the otherwise incompetent lips. Tongue thrusting is seen during speech, swallowing or eating, and in order to close otherwise incompetent lips and anterior open bite . In normal suckling behavior, infants have their tongues positioned between their gum pads anteriorly resting on
994-421: Is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a V shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue. The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and the oral part is supplied by the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of
1065-446: Is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus, which is a "V"-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is a remnant of the median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development . The anterior oral part
1136-399: Is an important accessory organ in the digestive system. The tongue is used for crushing food against the hard palate, during mastication and manipulation of food for softening prior to swallowing. The epithelium on the tongue's upper, or dorsal surface is keratinised . Consequently, the tongue can grind against the hard palate without being itself damaged or irritated. The tongue is one of
1207-400: Is covered by taste buds housed in numerous lingual papillae . It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels . The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth. A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals. The human tongue is divided into two parts, an oral part at
1278-434: Is more often than not, trial and error. With so many factors, however, isolating the variables (the sound) is imperative to getting to the result faster. A phonetically consistent treatment strategy means practicing the same thing over and over. What is practiced is consistent and does not change. The words might change, but the phoneme and its positioning is the same (say, sip, sill, soap, ...). Thus, successful correction of
1349-463: Is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue , and a smooth-talking person is said to have a silver tongue . Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting. In 2009,
1420-465: Is produced with the tongue lowered and centered and [i] is produced with the tongue raised and fronted . Consonants are articulated by constricting airflow through the vocal tract, and many consonants feature a constriction between the tongue and some other part of the vocal tract. For example, alveolar consonants like [s] and [n] are articulated with the tongue against the alveolar ridge , while velar consonants like [k] and [g] are articulated with
1491-519: Is selected as a target for treatment. Typically the position of the sound within a word is considered and targeted. The sound appears in the beginning of the word, middle, or end of the word (initial, medial, or final). Take for example, correction of an "S" sound (lisp). Most likely, a speech language pathologist (SLP) would employ exercises to work on "Sssssss." Starting practice words would most likely consist of "S-initial" words such as "say, sun, soap, sip, sick, said, sail." According to this protocol,
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#17327723919111562-415: Is the most common type of tongue thrust. It is often associated with a low, forward tongue rest posture. Sometimes the tongue can be seen protruding beyond the lips at rest and/or during the swallow. Upper incisors can be extremely protruded and the lower incisors are pulled in by the lower lip. An anterior open bite is a common malocclusion associated with this type of tongue thrusting pattern, especially in
1633-498: Is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat , roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their embryological development and nerve supply . The anterior tongue is, at its apex, thin and narrow. It is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. The posterior part is, at its root, directed backward, and connected with
1704-437: Is unclear whether these deficiencies are caused by the tongue tie itself or the muscle weakness following the correction of the tongue tie. Overbites and underbites may also contribute to non lingual lisping. Temporary lisps can be caused by dental work, excess saliva, mouthguards, dental appliances such as dentures, dental braces , or retainers or by swollen or bruised tongues. Lisps caused by tongue tie can be treated by
1775-597: The Roman Empire but could now understand what was being preached. The phrase mother tongue is used as a child's first language. Many languages have the same word for "tongue" and " language ", as did the English language before the Middle Ages . A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon . The expression tongue in cheek refers to
1846-420: The hyoid bone by the hyoglossi and genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane , with the epiglottis by three glossoepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches , and with the pharynx by the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the mucous membrane . It also forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx . The average length of the human tongue from
1917-461: The internal jugular vein . The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery. There is also a secondary blood supply to the root of tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery . An area in the neck sometimes called the Pirogov triangle is formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle , the posterior border of
1988-532: The mylohyoid muscle , and the hypoglossal nerve. The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrhage from the tongue. Innervation of the tongue consists of motor fibers, special sensory fibers for taste, and general sensory fibers for sensation. Innervation of taste and sensation is different for the anterior and posterior part of the tongue because they are derived from different embryological structures ( pharyngeal arch 1 and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, respectively). The tip of tongue drains to
2059-419: The oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm. The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 99g and for adult females 79g. In phonetics and phonology , a distinction is made between the tip of the tongue and the blade (the portion just behind the tip). Sounds made with the tongue tip are said to be apical , while those made with the tongue blade are said to be laminal . The upper surface of
2130-649: The palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing. Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. They are the superior longitudinal muscle , the inferior longitudinal muscle , the vertical muscle , and the transverse muscle . These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as in tongue rolling , and flattening and rounding its surface. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating. The superior longitudinal muscle runs along
2201-440: The taste buds and their taste receptors . The lingual papillae consist of filiform , fungiform , vallate and foliate papillae , and only the filiform papillae are not associated with any taste buds. The tongue can divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae. The lingual papillae covers
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2272-449: The trigeminal nerve ) for somatosensory perception and by the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve ) for taste perception . Both parts of the tongue develop from different pharyngeal arches . On the undersurface of the tongue is a fold of mucous membrane called the frenulum that tethers the tongue at the midline to the floor of the mouth. On either side of the frenulum are small prominences called sublingual caruncles that
2343-487: The SLP slowly increases the complexity of tasks (context of pronunciations) as the production of the sound improves. Examples of increased complexity could include saying words in phrases and sentences, saying longer multi syllabic words, or increasing the tempo of pronunciation. Using this method, the SLP achieves success with their student by targeting a sound in a phonetically consistent manner. Phonetic consistency means that
2414-441: The body. The oral mucosa is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy ) of nitroglycerin to
2485-446: The brain: What sounds do I need to make?), motor planning (voicing and jaw and tongue movements: How do I produce the sound?), and auditory processing (receptive feedback: Was the sound produced correctly? Do I need to correct?). A student with an articulation or lisp disorder has a deficiency in one or more of these areas. To correct the deficiency, adjustments have to be made in one or more of these processes. The process to correct it
2556-435: The clinical bias of proposal. Up to the age of four years, as with the complex conversion of all simpler reflex events, there is a possibility that any observed child will normally outgrow tongue thrust as they transition to a fuller dentofacial development. However, if a tongue thrust pattern is retained beyond infancy, it can be seen through a lens of abnormality. Types of tongue thrusting include: Anterior thrust : This
2627-423: The disorder is found in manipulating or changing the other factors involved with speech production (tongue positioning, cerebral processing, etc.). Once a successful result (speech) is achieved, then consistent practice becomes essential to reinforcing correct productions. When the difficult sound is mastered, the student will then learn to say the sound in syllables, then words, then phrases and then sentences. When
2698-413: The dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow. Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleons , frogs , pangolins and anteaters have prehensile tongues. Other animals may have organs that are analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly 's proboscis or a radula on a mollusc , but these are not homologous with
2769-403: The dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove. The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth. The tongue begins to develop in the fourth week of embryonic development from a median swelling – the median tongue bud (tuberculum impar) of the first pharyngeal arch . In the fifth week a pair of lateral lingual swellings , one on
2840-612: The embryonic thyroid begins to descend. Chemicals that stimulate taste receptor cells are known as tastants . Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva , it can make contact with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste transduction . The tongue is equipped with many taste buds on its dorsal surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of umami . Umami receptor cells are
2911-421: The front and a pharyngeal part at the back. The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of fibrous tissue (the lingual septum ) that results in a groove, the median sulcus, on the tongue's surface. There are two groups of glossal muscles. The four intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue and are not attached to bone. The four paired extrinsic muscles change
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2982-436: The fur and body by licking . The tongues of these species have a very rough texture, which allows them to remove oils and parasites. Some dogs have a tendency to consistently lick a part of their foreleg, which can result in a skin condition known as a lick granuloma . A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of
3053-483: The general dental and speech pathologist classical views are that tongue thrusting causes both the dentofacial abnormality of anterior open bite, and the incompetent lip seal and swallowing and speech effects associated with tongue thrust. In both professions, tongue thrust is represented as a behavioural disturbance which can be taught to be resisted. Such interventional therapy is represented to strongly assist orthodontic or speech pathologist efforts at resolution of both
3124-421: The growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus. The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen cecum , which is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct where
3195-604: The jaw partially open. Sometimes, the only teeth that touch are the molars, with the bite completely open on both sides including the anterior teeth. A large tongue can also be noted. This is the most difficult thrust to correct. There is lack of good quality evidence regarding the causes of tongue thrusting. Factors that can contribute to tongue thrusting include macroglossia (enlarged tongue), thumb sucking , large tonsils , hereditary factors, ankyloglossia (tongue tie), and certain types of artificial nipples used in feeding infants. Also, allergies or nasal congestion can cause
3266-432: The least understood and accordingly are the type most intensively under research. There is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes . Although widely taught in schools in the form of the tongue map , this is incorrect; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although certain parts are more sensitive to certain tastes. The tongue
3337-399: The lower lip, which facilitates infantile (i.e. visceral) swallowing pattern. As teeth start to erupt and solid foods are introduced, pharyngeal muscles, posterior tongue, and elevator muscles of the lower jaw play a role in the swallowing pattern. As the child's primary molars erupt, swallowing follows a somatic pattern characterized by the contact of the molars, tongue positioning behind
3408-404: The major salivary submandibular glands drain into. The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic . The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone. The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to
3479-452: The maxillary incisors, and relaxation of the perioral muscles. Atypical swallowing patterns can arise when there is a failure in the fore-mentioned normal maturation of swallowing. There are thus two view-points regarding tongue thrusting behaviour that persists past the neonatal period. In generality, tongue thrusting is poorly understood. In particular it lacks consensus on many points of description, causality, effect or management. Both
3550-445: The middle of the tongue, and joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles. It functions to flatten the tongue. The transverse muscle divides the tongue at the middle, and is attached to the mucous membranes that run along the sides. It functions to lengthen and narrow the tongue. The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery , a branch of the external carotid artery . The lingual veins drain into
3621-430: The mouth to provide a tactile cue of exactly where the tongue should be positioned when saying the "S" sound. This tactile feedback has been shown to correct lisp errors twice as fast as traditional therapy. Using either or both methods, the repetition of consistent contexts allows the student to align all the necessary processes required to properly produce language; language skills (ability to formulate correct sounds in
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#17327723919113692-740: The position of the tongue and are anchored to bone. The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge , which comes from Proto-Germanic * tungōn . It has cognates in other Germanic languages —for example tonge in West Frisian , tong in Dutch and Afrikaans , Zunge in German , tunge in Danish and Norwegian , and tunga in Icelandic , Faroese and Swedish . The ue ending of
3763-437: The positioning of their tongue and aim to correct its positioning. Overall, it is important to note that there is no good quality evidence in the literature regarding tongue thrusting. Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod . It manipulates food for chewing and swallowing as part of the digestive process , and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum)
3834-412: The presence of lip incompetence. This type of thrust is most generally accompanied by a strong mentalis . Unilateral thrust : This occurs when the tongue pushes unilaterally to the side between the back teeth during the swallow. The bite can be characteristically open on that side. Bilateral thrust : This occurs when the tongue pushes between the back teeth on both sides during the swallow with
3905-500: The primary articulators in the production of speech , and this is facilitated by both the extrinsic muscles that move the tongue and the intrinsic muscles that change its shape. Specifically, different vowels are articulated by changing the tongue's height and retraction to alter the resonant properties of the vocal tract . These resonant properties amplify specific harmonic frequencies ( formants ) that are different for each vowel, while attenuating other harmonics. For example, [a]
3976-400: The right side and one on the left, form on the first pharyngeal arch. These lingual swellings quickly expand and cover the median tongue bud. They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two-thirds of the length of the tongue, and continue to develop through prenatal development . The line of their fusion is marked by the median sulcus . In the fourth week, a swelling appears from
4047-447: The second pharyngeal arch , in the midline, called the copula . During the fifth and sixth weeks, the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence , and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third and the posterior most part of the tongue is developed from the fourth pharyngeal arch). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by
4118-421: The speech and orthodontic effects of anterior open bite and the associated lip incompetence or both. As with normal reflexes, at an early age, children have tongue thrust. For example, according to recent literature, as many as 67–95 percent of children 5–8 years old exhibit tongue thrust, which may professionally be represented as associated with or contributing to an orthodontic or speech problem – depending on
4189-422: The submental nodes. The left and right halves of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue drains to submandibular lymph nodes , while the posterior one-third of the tongue drains to the jugulo-omohyoid nodes. The upper surface of the tongue is covered in masticatory mucosa , a type of oral mucosa , which is of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium . Embedded in this are numerous papillae , some of which house
4260-468: The teeth forward and reverse the orthodontic work. Malocclusion: The link between atypical swallowing and dental malocclusion is controversial. While a study by Cleall (1965) found that 70% of adolescents with malocclusion exhibit tongue thrusting, Subtelny et al. (1964) reported this number as 42%. Speech: Speech may be affected by a tongue thrust swallowing pattern. Sounds such as /s/ , /z/ , /t/ , /d/ , /n/ , and /l/ are produced by placing
4331-474: The tongue dorsum against the soft palate (velum). Tongue shape is also relevant to speech articulation, for example in retroflex consonants , where the tip of the tongue is curved backward. The tongue plays a role in physical intimacy and sexuality . The tongue is part of the erogenous zone of the mouth and can be used in intimate contact, as in the French kiss and in oral sex . A congenital disorder of
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#17327723919114402-407: The tongue forward. The hyoglossus, arises from the hyoid bone and retracts and depresses the tongue. The chondroglossus is often included with this muscle. The styloglossus arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and draws the sides of the tongue up to create a trough for swallowing. The palatoglossus arises from the palatine aponeurosis , and depresses the soft palate , moves
4473-443: The tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus . The foramen cecum marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the terminal sulcus . The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the descent of the thyroid diverticulum in embryonic development . The terminal sulcus
4544-637: The tongue is that of ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tie . The tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth by a very short and thickened frenulum and this affects speech, eating, and swallowing. The tongue is prone to several pathologies including glossitis and other inflammations such as geographic tongue , and median rhomboid glossitis ; burning mouth syndrome , oral hairy leukoplakia , oral candidiasis (thrush), black hairy tongue , bifid tongue (due to failure in fusion of two lingual swellings of first pharyngeal arch) and fissured tongue . There are several types of oral cancer that mainly affect
4615-598: The tongue on the upper alveolar ridge, and therefore a tongue thrust may distort these sounds. However, evidence on the link between tongue thrusting and misarticulation of /s/ and /z/ sounds, also known as sigmatism or lisping, is controversial. A study by Fletcher et al. (1961) reported that two-thirds of children between 6 and 18 years with tongue thrusting showed sigmatism. On the other hand, there are other studies that found no significant difference between children with or without atypical swallowing in lisping. Chewing and swallowing with dysfunctional muscle patterning (as in
4686-444: The tongue to lie low in the mouth because of breathing obstruction and contribute to tongue thrusting. Tongue extrusion is normal in infants. Tongue thrusting can adversely affect the teeth and mouth. A person swallows from 1,200 to 2,000 times every 24 hours with about 4 pounds (1.8 kg) of pressure each time. If a person has tongue thrusting, this continuous pressure tends to force the teeth out of alignment. People who exhibit
4757-438: The tongue. Mostly these are squamous cell carcinomas . Food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating. This coating has been identified as a major factor contributing to bad breath (halitosis), which can be managed by using a tongue cleaner . The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the administration of certain medications into
4828-424: The tongue. They are the genioglossus , the hyoglossus (often including the chondroglossus ) the styloglossus , and the palatoglossus . Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels
4899-468: The tongues found in vertebrates and often have little resemblance in function. For example, butterflies do not lick with their proboscides; they suck through them, and the proboscis is not a single organ, but two jaws held together to form a tube. Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods . The tongue can serve as
4970-399: The upper surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and functions to shorten and curl the tongue upward. It originates near the epiglottis , at the hyoid bone , from the median fibrous septum. The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is joined to the styloglossus muscle. It functions to shorten and curl the tongue downward. The vertical muscle is located in
5041-434: The word seems to be a fourteenth-century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic". Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century. The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity . The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum . This division
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