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90-471: With at least 5.6 million first-language speakers in the Buganda region and 5.4 million second language speakers fluent elsewhere in different regions especially in major urban areas like Mbale , Tororo , Jinja , Gulu , Mbarara , Hoima , Kasese etc. Luganda is Uganda's de facto language of national identity as it is the most widely spoken Ugandan language used mostly in trade in urban areas. The language

180-493: A calque of the Ancient Greek word ὑγρός ( hygrós , transl.  moist ), initially used by grammarian Dionysius Thrax to describe Greek sonorants . Liquid consonants are more prone to be part of consonant clusters and of the syllable nucleus . Their third formants are generally non-predictable based on the first two formants. Another important feature is their complex articulation , which makes them

270-631: A lateral approximant [l] elsewhere. However, there is considerable variation in this, and using one allophone instead of the other causes no ambiguity. So lwaki /lwáːci/ 'why' may also be pronounced [rwáːci] , [ɾwáːci] , [ɹwáːtʃi] etc . Treating the geminate and prenasalised consonants as separate phonemes yields the expanded consonant set below: This simplifies the phonotactic rules so that all syllables are of one of three forms: where V = vowel , C = consonant (including geminate and prenasalised consonants), N = nasal stop , S = semivowel ( i.e. either /j/ or /w/ ). Vowel length

360-415: A nasal stop ). This consonant will be [m] , [n] , [ɲ] [ɱ] or [ŋ] according to the place of articulation of the consonant which follows, and belongs to the same syllable as that consonant. The liquid /l~r/ becomes /d/ when geminated or prenasalised . For example, ndaba /n̩dába/ 'I see' (from the root - laba with the subject prefix n -); eddagala /edːáɡala/ 'leaf' (from

450-532: A bántú mú Úg áń da 'people in Uganda', there is a plateau from the phrasal tone of abántú to the lexical tone of Ug áń da , and in t ú gen dá mú lúgúú dó 'we are going into the street', there is a plateau from the phrasal tone of t ú gendá to the phrasal tone of lugúúdó . Again there are certain exceptions; for example, there is no plateau before the words ono 'this' or bonn â 'all': muntú onó 'this person', abántú bonn â 'all

540-443: A child's phonological development , and they are more likely to be deleted in consonant clusters before the age of three. Liquids have also been described as consonants involving "complex lingual geometries." To better determine the full range of articulatory and acoustic characteristics of liquids, the use of ultrasound paired with audio recordings is increasing. This is due to this consonant group being difficult to analyse on

630-552: A frequent example is the behaviour of /r/ and /l/: In English, comfortable is frequently pronounced /ˈkʌmf.tɚ.bəl/ in rhotic varieties, although its stem, comfort is pronounced /ˈkʌm.fɚt/, with the rhotic /ɹ/ in its original position. Liquid consonant can also undergo assimilation (cf. Sicilian pa rr ari "to speak" and Italian pa rl are ). This phenomenon is one of the reasons long liquids are common in Finnish despite being not so common worldwide. See tu ll ut from

720-416: A hard consonant class to study with precision and the last consonants to be produced by children during their phonological development . They are also more likely to undergo certain types of phonological changes such as assimilation , dissimilation and metathesis . Most languages have at least one liquid in their phonemic inventory . English has two, /l/ and /ɹ/. The grammarian Dionysius Thrax used

810-485: A high lexical tone on the first syllable of the root, while others do not, and also by the fact that the sequence HH generally becomes HL by a rule called Meeussen's rule . Thus asóma means 'he reads', but when the toneless prefix a- 'he/she' is replaced by the high-toned prefix bá- 'they', instead of básóma it becomes básomá 'they read'. The tones of verbs in relative clauses and in negative sentences differ from those in ordinary positive sentences and

900-473: A lush vegetation of which the characteristic feature is tenfoot-tall Elephant grass . Ganda villages, sometimes as large as forty to fifty homes, were generally located on hillsides, leaving hilltops and swampy lowlands uninhabited, to be used for crops or pastures. Early Ganda villages surrounded the home of a chief or headman, which provided a common meeting ground for members of the village. The chief collected tribute from his subjects, provided tribute to

990-580: A mistranslation), whence it has been retained in the Western European phonetic tradition. In the sonority hierarchy , liquids are considered the most sonorous sounds after vowels and glides, with laterals considered to be less sonorous than rhotics. This explains why they are more likely to be part of consonant clusters than other consonants (excluding glides), and to follow obstruents in initial consonant clusters and precede them in final consonant clusters. Liquids also hold this position in

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1080-603: A month’s supply of food, though it generally lived off the countryside. Kabaka Kamanya’s reign in the early nineteenth century was known as one of “restless warfare”. His successor Suna, carried on sixteen major military expeditions in a twenty-six- year reign. Under the Reign of Kabaka Suna II, Buganda's borders were strengthened through the perfection of an army organization which was able to field 50,000 warriors. The Katikiro (prime minister) Apollo Kaggwa speaks of wars being waged regularly every six months. The reign of Mutesa I

1170-451: A process known as vocalisation. See, for example, Sicilian ca u du from Latin ca l idus . According to a survey by linguist Ian Maddieson , most languages have one to three liquids (with systems of two liquids being the most common) and they are usually dental or alveolar . Liquid consonants are also rarely geminated cross-linguistically. Many languages, such as Japanese , Korean , or Polynesian languages (see below), have

1260-451: A purely auditory base. Liquids seem to be more or less subjected to certain sound changes or phonological processes than other consonants. On an auditory level, liquid consonants resemble each other, which is likely the reason they undergo or trigger assimilation , dissimilation and metathesis . Cross-linguistically, liquids tend to be more prone to metathesis than other consonants, especially long-distance metathesis. In Spanish,

1350-525: A republic. Following years of disturbance caused by Obote and dictator Field Marshall Idi Amin Dada , as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa , the President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was officially restored in 1993. Buganda is now a traditional kingdom and so occupies a largely ceremonial role. Since

1440-459: A road?'. Syllables can take any of the following forms: where V = vowel , C = single consonant (including nasals and semivowels but excluding geminates), G = geminate consonant , N = nasal stop , S = semivowel These forms are subject to certain phonotactic restrictions: The net effect of this is that all Luganda words follow the general pattern of alternating consonant clusters and vowels , beginning with either but always ending in

1530-414: A sentence, the lexical tones (that is, the high tones of individual words) tend to fall gradually in a series of steps from high to low. For example, in the sentence kye kib ú ga ekik ú lu mu Ug áń da 'it is the chief city in Uganda', the lexical high tones of the syllables bú , kú and gá stand out and gradually descend in pitch, the toneless syllables in between being lower. This phenomenon

1620-557: A short vowel is followed by a geminate consonant, is very slightly shorter than tuuk or tung . The table below gives the consonant set of Luganda, grouping voiceless and voiced consonants together in a cell where appropriate, in that order. Apart from /l~r/ , all these consonants can be geminated , even at the start of a word: bbiri /bːíri/ 'two', kitto /cítːo/ 'cold'. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are geminated as /ɡːw/ and /ɟː/ : eggwanga /eɡːwáːŋɡa/ 'country'; jjenje /ɟːéːɲɟe/ 'cricket'—from

1710-461: A single liquid phoneme that has both lateral and rhotic allophones . English has two liquid phonemes, one lateral, / l / and one rhotic, / ɹ / , exemplified in the words l ed and r ed . Many other European languages have one lateral and one rhotic phoneme. Some, such as Greek , Italian and Serbo-Croatian , have more than two liquid phonemes. All three languages have the set /l/, /ʎ/, /r/ , with two laterals and one rhotic. Similarly,

1800-494: A very high sound-to-letter correspondence: one letter usually represents one sound and vice versa. The distinction between simple and geminate consonants is always represented explicitly: simple consonants are written single, and geminates are written double. The distinction between long and short vowels is always made clear from the spelling but not always explicitly: short vowels are always written single; long vowels are written double only if their length cannot be inferred from

1890-625: A vowel followed by a prenasalised consonant ( Abagândá 'Baganda people'), and those following a consonant plus semivowel ( okulwâlá [okulwáalá] 'to fall sick'). They can also be heard on final vowels, e.g. ensî 'country'. Words in Luganda commonly belong to one of three patterns (other patterns are less common): (a) without lexical tone, e.g. ekitabo 'book'; (b) with one high lexical tone, e.g. ekib ú ga 'city'; (c) with two high lexical tones, e.g. K á mpal á which link together to make HHH, i.e. [Kámpálá] or [Kámpálâ] . At

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1980-492: A vowel is not affected by its length. Long vowels in Luganda are very long, more than twice the length of a short vowel. A vowel before a prenasalised consonant , as in Bugáńda ' Buganda ' is also lengthened, although it is not as long as a long vowel; laboratory measurements show that the vowel + nasal takes the same length of time to say as a long vowel. Before a geminate , all vowels are short. A segment such as tugg , where

2070-925: A vowel: where V = vowel , X = consonant cluster , (V) = optional vowel This is reflected in the syllabification rule that in writing, words are always hyphenated after a vowel (when breaking a word over two lines). For example, Emmotoka yange ezze 'My car has arrived' would be split into syllables as E‧mmo‧to‧ka ya‧nge e‧zze . The palatal plosives /c/ and /ɟ/ may be realised with some affrication — either as [cç] and [ɟʝ] or as postalveolars /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ respectively. In speech, word-final vowels are often elided in these conditioning environments: For example, ekiddugavu /ecídːuɡavu/ 'black' may be pronounced [ecídːuɡavʷu] or [ecídːuɡavʷ] . Similarly lwaki /lwáːci/ 'why' may be pronounced [lwáːci] , [lwáːc] or [lwáːtʃ] . Long vowels before prenasalised fricatives (that is, before /nf/ , /nv/ , /ns/ or /nz/ ) may be nasalised , and

2160-399: A word, e.g. ekib ú ga 'city'; (b) phrasal tones, which are automatically added to a word in certain contexts, but which are absent in other contexts (e.g. ekítábó or ekitabo 'book'); (c) plateaux tones, where the pitch remains high between two lexical tones, e.g. k í rí mú Úg áń da 'it is in Uganda'; (d) grammatical tones, which are associated with certain tenses or uses of

2250-500: Is ἀν δ ρός an d rós , with the insertion of a [d] sound between a nasal consonant and the liquid [r]. Another example is the Irish word bolg "belly", usually pronounced with an epenthetic schwa [ə] after the liquid [lˠ]: [ˈbˠɔlˠəg] . Liquids can often be the result of lenition , the change of a consonant towards characteristics that are typical of vowels, making it "weaker". They are also likely to become vowels or glides ,

2340-410: Is a patriotic fiction, one which, however, has proved extremely popular with historians. More systematic studies of oral traditions in other parts of the interlacustrine region are likely to reveal that, with the exception of Kooki and Toro, countries such as Kiziba have never been Babito subdynasties, although they were subject to sporadic raids Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, Buganda

2430-523: Is also the most-spoken unofficial language in Rwanda 's capital Kigali . As a second language, it follows English and precedes Swahili in Uganda. Lusoga , the language spoken in Busoga to the east of Buganda, is very closely related to Luganda. The two languages are almost mutually intelligible , and have an estimated lexical similarity of between 82% and 86%. A notable feature of Luganda phonology

2520-417: Is at least one low-toned mora after the lexical tone. When this happens, the high tones which follow the low tone are slightly lower than the one which precedes it. However, there are certain contexts, such as when a toneless word is used as the subject of a sentence or before a numeral, when this tone-raising rule does not apply: Masindi kib ú ga 'Masindi is a city'; ebitabo kk ú mi 'ten books'. In

2610-436: Is called ' downdrift '. However, there are certain types of phrase, notably those in the form 'noun + of + noun', or 'verb + location', where downdrift does not occur, and instead all the syllables in between the two lexical high tones link together into a 'tonal plateau', in which all the vowels have tones of equal height, for example mu mas é réngétá g á Úg áń da 'in the south of Uganda' or k í rí mú Úg áń da 'it

2700-425: Is expected based on the first two formants. In articulatory phonetics , liquids are described as controlled gestures , which are slower and require more precise tongue movement during the "homing phase", when the tongue adjusts towards the place of articulation of the consonant. Due to the fact that babies prefer ballistic gestures , which rely on the propelling motion of the jaw, liquids usually occur later in

2790-464: Is in Uganda'. Plateauing also occurs within a word, as in K á mpál â (see above). A plateau cannot be formed between a lexical tone and a following phrasal tone; so in the sentence k í ri mu Bunyóró 'it is in Bunyoro' there is downdrift, since the tones of Bunyóró are phrasal. But a phrasal tone can and frequently does form a plateau with a following lexical tone or phrasal tone. So in

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2880-504: Is in turned loaned into English as colonel , with an orthography inspired by Italian but with the /ˈkɚnəl/ or /ˈkɜːnel/ pronunciation with the rhotic r , which is absent in writing. Epenthesis , or the addition of sounds, is common in environments where liquids are present, especially consonant clusters . The epenthetic sound can be a vowel or a consonant. For example, the genitive of the Ancient Greek noun ἀνήρ anḗr "man"

2970-589: Is indeed very likely that the Buganda state is much more ancient than has previously been thought. Buganda began as a small kingdom in the north of Lake Victoria in what is now Busiro County. A political structure of some sort, small in scale and mainly ritual in function, may be taken to have existed in northern Busiro, where the ancient shrines are clustered, at a time far beyond the reach of historical tradition...the rituals of Ganda kingship are both too elaborate and too archaic in character to have been evolved within

3060-439: Is its geminate consonants and distinctions between long and short vowels. Speakers generally consider consonantal gemination and vowel lengthening to be two manifestations of the same effect, which they call simply "doubling" or "stressing". Luganda is also a tonal language ; the change in the pitch of a syllable can change the meaning of a word. For example, the word kabaka means 'king' if all three syllables are given

3150-433: Is made up of 18 political divisions called amasaza in Luganda. These are: The explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875. At Buganda's capital, Lubaga , Stanley found a well-ordered town surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A tall cane fence surrounded the palace compound, which was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage buildings. Thronging

3240-427: Is never oppressively hot. And if climate has been kind, geology has been even kinder. Buganda is a land of small green hills, each rising some 200-400 feet above the valley floor. Many are flat-topped; for the land was once a plateau that has mostly crumbled away. As a result, the long slopes are covered with soils that are young and well supplied with plant nutrients. Deep, well structured, not easily eroded, they support

3330-435: Is no tendency in Luganda for penultimate vowels to become long; in fact they are very frequently short, as in the city name Kampala Kámpalâ , pronounced [káámpálâ] , in which the second vowel is short in Luganda. All five vowels have two forms: long and short . The distinction is phonemic but can occur only in certain positions. After two consonants, the latter being a semivowel , all vowels are long. The quality of

3420-588: Is pronounced as though written Yuganda and Teso is pronounced Tteeso . Buganda Buganda is a Bantu kingdom within Uganda . The kingdom of the Baganda people , Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day East Africa, consisting of Uganda's Central Region , including the Ugandan capital Kampala . The 14 million Baganda (singular Muganda ; often referred to simply by

3510-469: Is supposed to have ruled in the region from about 400 AD until about 1300 AD. These seven clans are referred to as the Nansangwa, or the indigenous: The Abalasangeye dynasty came to power through the conquests of Kabaka of Buganda ssekabaka Kintu, which are estimated to have occurred sometime between 1200 and 1400 AD. Thirteen clans that are believed to have come with Kintu: The descendants of

3600-400: Is then only distinctive before simple consonants ( i.e. simple plosives, simple fricatives, simple nasals, approximants and liquids)—not before geminate or nasalised consonants or at the end of a word. Luganda spelling , which has been standardized since 1947, uses a Latin alphabet , augmented with one new letter ŋ and a digraph ny , which is treated as a single letter. It has

3690-421: Is usually pronounced [e:kítábó] and ssomero 'school' is pronounced [ssóméró] (where the long consonant /ss/ counts as the first mora). These tones automatically added to toneless words are called 'phrasal tones'. The tone-raising rule also applies to the toneless syllables at the end of words like eddw â liro [eddwáalíró] 'hospital' and t ú genda [túgeendá] 'we are going', provided that there

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3780-436: The Ancient Greek word ὑγρός ( hygrós , transl.  moist ) to describe the sonorant consonants ( /l, r, m, n/ ) of classical Greek . It is assumed that the term referred to their changing or inconsistent (or "fluid") effect on meter in classical Greek verse when they occur as the second member of a consonant cluster (see below). This word was calqued into Latin as liquidus (possibly because of

3870-619: The Basimba people (also known as Bashimba) which is a Bisa and Ambo nickname of the Clan of the leopards, the bena Ngo in Zambia, who settled at Mpogo, Sironko District , are among the Ngo Clan group that come along with Kabaka Kato Kintu in his immigration. Around 1370 AD another wave of immigration began, assisted by Kabaka Kimera , who was the son of Omulangira Kalemeera. Kabaka Kimera

3960-482: The Buvuma Islands . Buganda had a projected population of about 11,952,600 people in 2021. As of 2009, there were at least 52 recognized clans within the kingdom, with at least another four making a claim to clan status. Within this group of clans, there are four distinct sub-groups, which reflect historical waves of immigration to Buganda. The oldest clans trace their lineage to Bakiranze Kivebulaya, who

4050-607: The Iberian languages contrast four liquid phonemes. /l/ , /ʎ/ , /ɾ/ , and a fourth phoneme that is an alveolar trill in all but many varieties of Portuguese , where it is a uvular trill or fricative (also, the majority of Spanish speakers lack /ʎ/ and use the central /ʝ/ instead). Some European languages, for example Russian and Irish , contrast a palatalized lateral–rhotic pair with an unpalatalized (or velarized ) set (e.g. /lʲ/ /rʲ/ /l/ /r/ in Russian). Elsewhere in

4140-457: The Kabaka , who was the ruler of the kingdom, distributed resources among his subjects, maintained order, and reinforced social solidarity through his decision-making skills. During the late 19th century, Ganda villages became more dispersed as the role of the chiefs diminished in response to political turmoil, population migration, and occasional popular revolts. Buganda's boundaries are marked by

4230-583: The Tanzanian border in Lake Victoria (Lake Nnalubaale) to the south, the River Nile (River Kiira) to the east, Lake Kyoga to the north, Ankole to the west and River Kafu to the northwest. Buganda currently is divided into 26 districts as of 2021. These are: Ganda oral history reveals that Buganda was distinct and of at least equal antiquity to that of its historical rival, Kitara . It

4320-455: The root tul- "to come" and the past participle suffix - nut . A specific form of liquid assimilation, liquid harmony , is present is some languages. In Sundanese, some morphemes have two different realisations depending on what liquid is present in the root. Liquids are also prone to dissimilation when they occur in sequence. For example, Old Italian co l onne ll o "colonel" is borrowed into Middle French as co r onne l , which

4410-570: The Kabaka, there were three types of chief: bakungu (administrative) chiefs, who were appointed directly by the Kabaka; traditional bataka chieftains; and batongole chiefs, who served as representatives of the Kabaka, charged with "maintaining internal security, supervising royal estates and military duties". The 1900 agreement, however, greatly enhanced the power of the Lukiiko (which had previously been simply an advisory council) at

4500-541: The Ugandan government in 1966. In September 2009, some members of the minority Banyala ethnic group, led by the recently retired UPDF Captain Isabanyala Baker Kimeze , announced that Bugerere had seceded from the Kingdom of Buganda. The Banyala make up 0.09% of the population of Uganda and 13% of the population of the district, Kayunga, which they claimed to be leading into secession. Because of

4590-434: The addition of an object-marker such as mu 'him' adds further complications. In addition to lexical tones, phrasal tones, and the tonal patterns of tenses, there are also intonational tones in Luganda, for example, tones of questions. One rather unexpected phenomenon for English speakers is that if a yes–no question ends in a toneless word, instead of a rise, there is a sharp drop in pitch, e.g. lúnó lúgúúdò? 'is this

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4680-420: The capital to all corners of the kingdom. The importance of these rapid means of communication in what the anthropologist Audrey Richards has called a "pedestrian state", especially one whose terrain is covered with dense vegetation and contains innumerable papyrus swamps and streams, is evident. They enabled the king and his officials at the capital to maintain close political contact even with outlying parts of

4770-549: The center of the Uganda Protectorate in 1884; the name Uganda, the Swahili term for Buganda, was adopted by British officials. Under British rule, many Baganda acquired status as colonial administrators, and Buganda became a major producer of cotton and coffee . Following Uganda's independence in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Uganda's first Prime Minister Dr Apollo Milton Obote in 1966, declaring Uganda

4860-439: The classic tonguetwister st r č p r st sk r z k r k "push (your) finger through (your) throat." This is also true for General American English (see the words barr el and anch or ) and other English accents . Sequences of an obstruent and a liquid consonant are often ambiguous as far as syllabification is concerned. In these cases, whether the two consonants are part of the same syllable or not heavily depends on

4950-436: The context. Stress and tones are not represented in the spelling. The following phonemes are always represented with the same letter or combination of letters: The following phonemes can be represented with two letters or combinations of letters, with the alternation predictable from the context: The following phonemes can be represented with two letters or combinations of letters, with unpredictable alternation between

5040-465: The crew of 50 to 100). These vessels were organized into a squadron under a leader. When engaged in battle, the paddlers squatted on the sides of the canoes while the warriors stood upright holding spears and shields. In 1878, Mutesa sent a fleet to Ukerewe Island , where it helped the local ruler, Lukonge put down a rebellion. The next year, the Baganda mounted successful slave raids against Busoga and

5130-425: The end of a sentence, a final lexical tone becomes a falling tone, i.e. [Kámpálâ], but in other contexts, e.g. when the word is used as the subject of a sentence, it remains high: Kámpálá kibúga 'Kampala is a city'. Although words like ekitabo are theoretically toneless, they are generally subject to a tone-raising rule whereby all but the first mora automatically acquire a high tone. Thus ekitabo 'book'

5220-414: The expense of the Kabaka. While Buganda retained self-government, as one part of the larger Uganda Protectorate, it would henceforth be subject to formal British overrule. The Buganda Agreement of 1955 continued the transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy. During Uganda independence, the constitutional position of Buganda (and the degree to which it would be able to exercise self-government)

5310-551: The gods', it enjoys a very reliable supply of rain. There are two official seasons of precipitation, the long rains from March through June and the shorter but fiercer rains, often accompanied by thunderstorms of extraordinary violence, in October-November; but few months are wholly rainless and prolonged drought is unknown. Being on the Equator it is warm all the year round, but as it is around 4,000 feet above sea-level it

5400-486: The grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages. He estimated the population of the kingdom at 2,000,000 Population estimates for Kampala, the capital of Buganda, at the time of Kabaka Mutesa, in 1862, run as high as 77,000. Wrigley thinks that Kampala was probably the largest agglomeration of population in interior Africa, and that it had certain urban characteristics by

5490-569: The headwaters of the Nile in 1862. They found a highly organized political system. Buganda was colonized by the British and made a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1884. The move towards independence reached a climax when the Lukiiko, the parliament of Buganda, declared independence on 8 October 1960 and requested that the British protectorate be terminated. While in exile, Mwanga II

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5580-403: The hierarchy of syllable peaks, which means that liquids are theoretically more likely to be syllabic (or, in other words, be part of a syllable nucleus ) than any other consonants, although some studies show that syllabic nasals are overall more favoured. Thus Czech and other Slavic languages allow their liquid consonants /l/ and /r/ to be the center of their syllables – as witnessed by

5670-497: The individual language, and closely related languages can behave differently (such as Icelandic and Faroese). In Latin and Ancient Greek, obstruent + liquid consonant clusters (known as muta cum liquida ) supposedly were ambiguous in this sense, and as such were often used to manipulate meter. Acoustically , liquids seem to have a third formant of unexpected value when compared to the first and second formants. This contrasts with non-liquid approximants , whose third formant value

5760-449: The kingdom, all of which could easily be reached by a runner within a day or two. Buganda's excellent means of communication enabled the Kabaka "to maintain active control over a territory one quarter the size of England without written communication and with no means of travel on land beyond the human foot" When John Hanning Speke visited Buganda in 1862, he described the kingdom's roads as being "as long as our coach-roads, cut through

5850-615: The kingdom. Buganda is a constitutional monarchy . The current Head of State is the Kabaka , Muwenda Mutebi II who has reigned since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993. The Head of Government is the Katikkiro (Prime Minister) Charles Mayiga , who was appointed by the Kabaka in 2013. The Parliament of Buganda is the Lukiiko . Prior to the Buganda Agreement of 1900 , Buganda was an almost absolute monarchy . Under

5940-564: The lake, and outlying areas of the Kingdom along the lake shore, as well as the islands. The island chiefs had to maintain a great fleet of canoes ready for state service. The Mamba clan specialized in water transport and provided the kingdom’s overall “chief of canoes.” messages were sent by "runners of athletic renown". These messengers were called bakayungirizi and were trained from an early age in prolonged, rapid marches, moving night and day with only short breaks; king Mutesa had many in his service. The use of talking drums to spread messages

6030-406: The long grasses, straight over the hills and down through the woods in the dells—a strange contrast to the wretched tracks in all the adjacent countries." water transport was very important for Buganda and greatly helped in the kingdom's expansion via its fleet of war canoes. Water transport also provided a means of political communication between the capital, which was usually sited fairly close to

6120-402: The nasal is then often elided. Additionally, when not elided (for example phrase-initially), the /n/ usually becomes a labiodental in /nf/ , /nv/ . For example: The liquid /l~r/ has two allophones [l] and [r] , conditioned by the preceding vowel. It is usually realised as a tap or flap [ɾ] after a front unrounded vowel ( i.e. after /e/ , /eː/ , /i/ or /iː/ ), and as

6210-441: The one belonging to the prenasalised consonant. The initial vowel of words like ekitabo 'book' is considered to have one mora, even though such vowels are often pronounced long. No syllable can have more than two morae. Falling tones can be heard in syllables which have two morae, e.g. those with a long vowel ( okukóoká 'to cry'), those with a short vowel followed by a geminate consonant ( okubôbbá 'to throb'), those with

6300-538: The other side, there are many indigenous languages in the Amazon Basin and eastern North America, as well as a few in Asia and Africa, with no liquids. Polynesian languages typically have only one liquid, which may be either a lateral or a rhotic. Non-Polynesian Oceanic languages usually have both /l/ and /r/ , occasionally more (e.g. Araki has /l/ , /ɾ/ , /r/ ) or less (e.g. Mwotlap has only /l/ ). Hiw

6390-625: The past few centuries. Ganda oral history has no mention of the Chwezi and According to the historian Christopher Wrigley, "It is unlikely that Buganda was fully integrated into the system that was probably not called Kitara . Its language is distinct from ' Rutara ', and the directors of the Ntusi and Biggo systems would not have had much interest in a land that was not really suited to cattle-rearing". Some traditions from Buganda's historical enemy Bunyoro claim (likely propaganda in order to increase

6480-428: The people'. Prefixes sometimes change the tones in a word. For example, Bag áń da [baɡá:nda] 'they are Baganda' has LHHL, but adding the initial vowel a- [a] gives Abag â ndá [abaɡâ:ndá] 'Baganda people' with a falling tone on ga and phrasal tone on the final syllable. Different verb tenses have different tonal patterns. The tones of verbs are made more complicated by the fact that some verbs have

6570-639: The prestige of their own state) that their "first Bito first king allotted Buganda to his son" or supposed twin brother. The kings of Buganda do not claim to be Bito and the Ganda do not use the Luo Empaako names. The Baganda regarded the Banyoro as "inferior Foreigners". studies of the oral traditions of, for instance, Buganda strongly suggest that the Kinyoro claim that Buganda was once a Babito subdynasty

6660-598: The restoration of the kingdom in 1993, the King of Buganda, known as the Kabaka , has been Muwenda Mutebi II . He is recognized as the 36th Kabaka of Buganda. The current queen, known as the Nnabagereka or Kaddulubale is Queen Sylvia Nagginda . It was a rich country, the most favoured part of the Lakeland, which is the most favoured part of Africa. Thanks to the great inland sea that the Ganda call Nalubaale, 'Mother of

6750-407: The resulting tensions, the government of Uganda prevented the Kabaka of Buganda from traveling to Bugerere, leading to riots in the capital Kampala and its neighboring districts. Thirty were killed in what came to be known as the Buganda riots. On July 31, 2023, Buganda unveiled portraits of its former Kings (bassekabaka) based on oral narrations and written histories dating back to the founding of

6840-496: The root - lagala with the singular noun prefix e -, which doubles the following consonant). A consonant cannot be both geminated and prenasalised. When morphological processes require this, the gemination is dropped and the syllable /zi/ is inserted, which can then be prenasalised. For example, when the prefix en - is added to the adjective - ddugavu 'black' the result is enzirugavu /eːnzíruɡavu/ . The nasals /m/ , /n/ , /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ can be syllabic at

6930-647: The root word and adjective, Ganda) make up the largest Ugandan region, representing approximately 16% of Uganda's population . Buganda's history includes unification during the 13th century by the first king Kato Kintu , the founder of Buganda's Kintu Dynasty, Buganda grew to become one of the largest and most powerful states in East Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Scramble for Africa , and following unsuccessful attempts to retain its independence against British imperialism , Buganda became

7020-414: The roots - wanga /wáːŋɡa/ and - yenje /jéːɲɟe/ respectively, with the singular noun prefix e - that doubles the following consonant. Historically, geminated consonants appear to have arisen when a very close [i] between two consonants dropped out; for example - dduka from *- jiduka 'run'. Apart from /l~r/ , /w/ and /j/ , all consonants can also be prenasalised (prefixed with

7110-401: The same pitch. If the first syllable is high then the meaning changes to 'the little one catches' (third person singular present tense Class VI ka - of - baka 'to catch'). This feature makes Luganda a difficult language for speakers of non-tonal languages to learn. A non-native speaker has to learn the variations of pitch by prolonged listening. Unlike some other Bantu languages, there

7200-622: The start of a word: nkima /ɲ̩címa/ (or [n̩tʃíma] ) 'monkey', mpa /m̩pá/ 'I give', nnyinyonnyola /ɲ̩ɲiɲóɲːola/ or /ɲːiɲóɲːola/ 'I explain'. Note that this last example can be analysed in two ways, reflecting the fact that there is no distinction between prenasalisation and gemination when applied to nasal stops. Luganda is a tonal language , with three tones: high ( á ), low ( à ) and falling ( â ). There are, however, no syllables in Luganda with rising tone [àá] , since these automatically become [áá] . There are various types of tones: (a) lexical tones, which are always present in

7290-410: The time Mutesa had ascended the throne Kampala, the capital, was the heart of the Ganda state and the center of the redistributive network that encompassed it. As a rule, Ganda roads were remarkably straight, cutting over the crests of hills and through valleys, forests, swamps and rivers. Early visitors to Buganda describe the well-planned and carefully maintained system of roads, which radiated from

7380-447: The two: It is therefore possible to predict the pronunciation of any word (with the exception of stress and tones) from the spelling. It is also usually possible to predict the spelling of a word from the pronunciation. The only words where this is not possible are those that include one of the affricate–vowel combinations discussed above. Note, however, that some proper names are not spelled as they are pronounced. For example, Uganda

7470-447: The verb; (e) boundary tones, which affect the last syllable of a word or phrase and can indicate such things as interrogation. According to one analysis, tones are carried on morae . In Luganda, a short vowel has one mora and a long vowel has two morae. A geminate or prenasalised consonant has one mora. A consonant + semivowel (e.g. gw or ly ) also has one mora. A vowel followed by a prenasalised consonant has two morae including

7560-648: The world, two liquids of the types mentioned above remains the most common attribute of a language's consonant inventory except in North America and Australia. A majority of indigenous North American languages do not have rhotics at all and there is a wide variety of lateral sounds , though most are obstruent laterals rather than liquids. Most indigenous Australian languages , in contrast, are very rich in liquids, with some having as many as seven distinct liquids. They typically include dental, alveolar, retroflex and palatal laterals, and as many as three rhotics. On

7650-561: Was a major issue. Discussions as part of the Uganda Relationships Commission resulted in the Buganda Agreement of 1961 and the first Constitution of Uganda (1962), as part of which Buganda would be able to exercise a high degree of autonomy. This position was reversed during 1966–67, however, before the Kabakaship and Lukiiko were disestablished altogether in 1967 before being restored in 1993. Buganda

7740-482: Was an expanding, "embryonic empire". It built fleets of war canoes from the 1840s to take control of Lake Victoria and the surrounding regions and subjugated several weaker peoples. These subject peoples were then exploited for cheap labor. The first Europeans to enter the Kingdom of Buganda were British explorers John Hanning Speke and Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton while searching for

7830-665: Was born in Kibulala , and returned to Buganda with Jjumba of the Nkima clan and other Buganda elders. These eleven clans are: The largest city in Buganda is Kampala. Others include Masaka City, Entebbe , Nansana , Kira , Makindye-Ssabagabo , Njeru and Mukono. Liquid consonant In linguistics , a liquid consonant or simply liquid is any of a class of consonants that consists of rhotics and voiced lateral approximants , which are also sometimes described as "R-like sounds" and "L-like sounds". The word liquid seems to be

7920-476: Was received into the Anglican Church and was baptized with the name of Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, at 35 years of age. In 2010 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. On 24 July 1993, the monarchy of Buganda was restored when Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was crowned king. Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was the son of King 'Freddy', who had been deposed by

8010-476: Was the zenith of Ganda military power. Under Mutesa, there were sixty-six wars in twenty-eight years. In the 1890s, raiding parties of up to 20,000 Baganda were mobilized to plunder the rival kingdom of Bunyoro. The explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875 and provided an estimate of Buganda troop strength. Stanley counted 125,000 troops and a fleet of war canoes. Baganda war canoes could carry 60 to 100 warriors (not including

8100-428: Was widespread in Buganda. Buganda was described as a "warefare state", with warefare being "the main activity which dominated the lives of most male Ganda". The Baganda army consisted of district levies and each was headed by a royal-appointed chief or governor and remained the basic unit of military organization. All districts were expected to provide soldiers when called by the king. An army usually carried at least

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