Misplaced Pages

#938061

42-457: Generally, timber yards are locations where raw logs and other wood or forest products are processed and stored. The terms "lumber yard" and "timber yard" are sometimes used interchangeably, and timber yards may include additional aspects that lumber yards encompass, and vice versa. Lumber yards sell products made at lumber mills , where customers pick up products at the yard themselves or request that an order be built and delivered to them by

84-466: A lumber yard , although it serves the same purpose. Lumber yards use forklift trucks to move the large heavy units of lumber around the yard. Saws may also be available to cut boards to a desired length for customers. At timber yards (also sometimes referred to as lumber yards), logs and other forest products are processed and stored. Additional activities include inspection for signs of rot, utilizing stacking techniques to prevent rot from forming, and

126-680: A nonprofit environmental group in Portland, Oregon, began operations sourcing and purveying environmentally friendly "green wood" products. The group specializes in offering wood products that are sourced from trees in non-threatened forests. In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association has been documenting incidences of lumber yard fires since 1998. Products at lumber yards are very prone to fires, and electrical problems at lumber yards are

168-426: A photoprotectant. By preventing UV photons from disrupting chemical bonds, melanin inhibits both the direct alteration of DNA, as well as the generation of free radicals , to prevent them from indirectly damaging DNA. However, human melanocytes contain over 2,000 genomic sites that are highly sensitive to UV , and such sites can be up to 170-fold more sensitive to UV induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers than

210-517: A place called "The Lumber Yard" as a part of serving their sentences, to facilitate lumber and product production and to provide convicts with skills training. A timber yard that was associated with The Lumber Yard was also in operation, where workers pulled and stacked logs floated downstream on the Lane Cove River . The Lumber Yard was a government lumber yard, and operated as such from circa 1791 to 1834. Trunk (botany) In botany ,

252-526: A significant cause of fires. In Murray, Utah , after a large lumber yard fire caused approximately US$ 1 million in damage at the CECO Concrete Construction company, city residents called for companies in the city to take further preventative actions to prevent fires from occurring. In some cities, such as Phoenix, Arizona , city fire protection and prevention codes for lumber yards exist. In Sydney , Australia, convicts have worked at

294-475: Is a form of radiation burn that affects living tissue , such as skin , that results from an overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, usually from the Sun . Common symptoms in humans and other animals include red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch or painful , general fatigue , and mild dizziness . Other symptoms include blistering , peeling skin , swelling, itching, and nausea. Excessive UV radiation

336-468: Is a sign of second-degree sunburn. Minor sunburns typically cause nothing more than slight redness and tenderness to the affected areas. In more serious cases, blistering can occur. Extreme sunburns can be painful to the point of debilitation and may require hospital care. Sunburn can occur in less than 15 minutes in response to sun exposure and in seconds when exposed to non-shielded welding arcs or other sources of intense ultraviolet light. Nevertheless,

378-594: Is a type of radiation burn , it can initially hide a severe exposure to radioactivity . Excess radiation exposure may result in acute radiation syndrome or other radiation-induced illnesses, especially in sunny conditions. For instance, the difference between the erythema caused by sunburn and other radiation burns is not immediately obvious. Symptoms common to heat illness and the prodromic stage of acute radiation syndrome like nausea, vomiting, fever, weakness/fatigue, dizziness or seizure can add to further diagnostic confusion. The most effective way to prevent sunburn

420-749: Is also evidence that common foods may have some protective ability against sunburn if taken for a period before exposure. Babies and children are particularly susceptible to UV damage which increases their risk of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers later in life. Children should not sunburn at any age, and protective measures can reduce their future risk of skin cancer. The WHO recommends that artificial UV exposure, including tanning beds, should be avoided as no safe dose has been established. Special protective clothing (for example, welding helmets/shields) should be worn when exposed to any artificial source of occupational UV. Such sources can produce UVC, an extremely carcinogenic wavelength of UV, which ordinarily

462-401: Is in the lower UVC band that is rarely encountered except from artificial sources like welding arcs. Longer wavelengths of UV radiation cause most sunburn because those wavelengths are more prevalent in ground-level sunlight. In recent decades, the incidence and severity of sunburn have increased worldwide, partly because of chemical damage to the atmosphere's ozone layer. Between the 1970s and

SECTION 10

#1732793462939

504-503: Is initial redness, followed by varying degrees of pain, the severity of which correlates with the duration and intensity of sun exposure. Other symptoms can include blistering , swelling ( edema ), itching ( pruritus ), peeling skin , rash , nausea , fever , chills , and fainting ( syncope ). Also, heat is produced from capillaries close to the skin surface, therefore the affected area feels warm to touch. Sunburns may be classified as superficial or partial-thickness burns . Blistering

546-400: Is not necessarily at 12 pm, but often one to two hours later. Seeking shade using umbrellas and canopies can reduce UV exposure, but does not block all UV rays. The WHO recommends following the shadow rule: "Watch your shadow – Short shadow, seek shade!" Commercial preparations that block UV light are known as sunscreens or sunblocks. They have a sun protection factor (SPF) rating based on

588-674: Is not present in normal sunlight, having been filtered out by the atmosphere. The primary measure of treatment is avoiding further exposure to the sun . The best treatment for most sunburns is time; most sunburns heal completely within a few weeks. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends the following for the treatment of sunburn: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; such as ibuprofen or naproxen ), and aspirin may decrease redness and pain. Local anesthetics such as benzocaine , however, are contraindicated. Schwellnus et al. state that topical steroids (such as hydrocortisone cream ) do not help with sunburns, although

630-643: Is the leading cause of (primarily) non-malignant skin tumors , which in extreme cases can be life-threatening. Sunburn is an inflammatory response in the tissue triggered by direct DNA damage by UV radiation. When the cells ' DNA is overly damaged by UV radiation, type I cell-death is triggered and the tissue is replaced. Sun protective measures like sunscreen and sun protective clothing are widely accepted to prevent sunburn and some types of skin cancer . Special populations, including children, are especially susceptible to sunburn and protective measures should be used to prevent damage. Typically, there

672-563: Is to reduce the amount of UV radiation reaching the skin. The World Health Organization, American Academy of Dermatology, and Skin Cancer Foundation recommend the following measures to prevent excessive UV exposure and skin cancer: The strength of sunlight is published in many locations as a UV Index . Sunlight is generally strongest when the Sun is close to the highest point in the sky. Due to time zones and daylight saving time, this

714-468: The American Academy of Dermatology says they can be used on especially sore areas. While lidocaine cream (a local anesthetic) is often used as a sunburn treatment, there is little evidence for the effectiveness of such use. A home treatment that may help the discomfort is using cool and wet cloths on the sunburned areas. Applying soothing lotions that contain aloe vera to sunburned areas

756-696: The Skin Cancer Foundation have recommended avoiding artificial UV sources such as tanning beds. Suntans are not recommended as a form of sun protection. The differential diagnosis of sunburn includes other skin pathology induced by UV radiation, including photoallergic reactions, phototoxic reactions to topical or systemic medications, and other dermatologic disorders that are aggravated by exposure to sunlight. Considerations for diagnosis include duration and intensity of UV exposure, topical or systemic medication use, history of dermatologic disease, and nutritional status. Additionally, since sunburn

798-413: The trunk (or bole ) is the stem and main wooden axis of a tree , which is an important feature in tree identification, and which often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species. The trunk is the most important part of the tree for timber production. Trunks occur both in "true" woody plants and non-woody plants such as palms and other monocots , though

840-474: The 2000s, average stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%, contributing an approximate 4% increase to the average UV intensity at the Earth's surface. Ozone depletion and the seasonal "ozone hole" have led to much larger changes in some locations, especially in the southern hemisphere. Suntans , which naturally develop in some individuals as a protective mechanism against the sun, are viewed by most in

882-570: The Earth's gravitational field and the projected shadow is measured on a flat, level surface. For objects wider than skulls or poles, the height and length are best measured relative to the same occluding edge. The most significant risk is at solar noon when shadows are at their minimum, and the Sun's radiation passes most directly through the atmosphere. Regardless of one's latitude (assuming no other variables), equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation. The skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265–275 nm wavelength, which

SECTION 20

#1732793462939

924-569: The Sun but may also result from artificial sources, such as tanning lamps , welding arcs, or ultraviolet germicidal irradiation . It is the body's reaction to direct DNA damage from UVB light. This damage is mainly the formation of a thymine dimer . The damage is recognized by the body, which then triggers several defense mechanisms, including DNA repair to revert the damage, apoptosis and peeling to remove irreparably damaged skin cells, and increased melanin production to prevent future damage. Melanin readily absorbs UV wavelength light, acting as

966-521: The Western world as desirable. Tanning has led to an increased exposure to UV radiation from both the natural sun and tanning lamps . Suntans can provide a modest sun protection factor (SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to three times the UV exposure as pale skin. Sunburns associated with indoor tanning can be severe. The World Health Organization, American Academy of Dermatology, and

1008-417: The ability to repair DNA damaged by UV radiation. The risk of sunburn can be increased by pharmaceutical products that sensitize users to UV radiation. Certain antibiotics , oral contraceptives , antidepressants , acne medications , and tranquillizers have this effect. The UV Index indicates the risk of sunburn at a given time and location. Contributing factors include: Because of variations in

1050-414: The average site These sensitive sites often occur at biologically significant locations near genes . Sunburn causes an inflammation process that includes the production of prostanoids and bradykinin . These chemical compounds increase sensitivity to heat by reducing the threshold of heat receptor ( TRPV1 ) activation from 109 °F (43 °C) to 85 °F (29 °C). The pain may be caused by

1092-441: The best sunscreen protection is achieved by application 15 to 30 minutes before exposure, followed by one reapplication 15 to 30 minutes after exposure begins. Further reapplication is necessary after activities such as swimming, sweating, and rubbing. Recommendations are product dependent varying from 80 minutes in water to hours based on the indications and protection shown on the label. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends

1134-504: The following criteria in selecting a sunscreen: The eyes are also sensitive to sun exposure at about the same UV wavelengths as skin; snow blindness is sunburn of the cornea. Wrap-around sunglasses or the use by spectacle-wearers of glasses that block UV light reduce harmful radiation. UV light has been implicated in the development of age-related macular degeneration , pterygium and cataracts . Concentrated clusters of melanin, commonly known as freckles , are often found within

1176-416: The ground, whose roots are detached. A stump is the part of a trunk remaining in the ground after the tree has been felled, or the earth-end of an uprooted tree which retains its un-earthed roots. The trunk consists of five main parts: The outer bark , inner bark ( phloem ), cambium, sapwood (live xylem ), and heartwood (dead xylem). From the outside of the tree working in: Sunburn Sunburn

1218-437: The inflicted harm is often not immediately obvious. After sun exposure, the skin may turn red in as little as 30 minutes, but sunburn usually takes 2 to 6 hours. Pain is usually strongest 6 to 48 hours after exposure. The burn continues to develop for 1 to 3 days, occasionally followed by peeling skin after 3 to 8 days. Some peeling and itching may continue for several weeks. Ultraviolet radiation causes sunburns and increases

1260-493: The intensity of UV radiation passing through the atmosphere, the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the tropic latitudes , located between 23.5° north and south latitude. All else being equal (e.g., cloud cover, ozone layer , terrain , etc.), each location within the tropic or polar regions receives approximately the same amount of UV radiation over a year. In the temperate zones between 23.5° and 66.5°, UV radiation varies substantially by latitude and season. The higher

1302-507: The internal physiology is different in each case. In all plants, trunks thicken over time due to the formation of secondary growth , or, in monocots, pseudo-secondary growth. Trunks can be vulnerable to damage, including sunburn . Trunks which are cut down for making lumber are generally called logs ; if they are cut to a specific length, called bolts . The term "log" is informally used in English to describe any felled trunk not rooted in

Lumber yard - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-466: The iris. The tender skin of the eyelids can also become sunburned and can be especially irritating. The lips can become chapped (cheilitis) by sun exposure. Sunscreen on the lips does not have a pleasant taste and might be removed by saliva. Some lip balms (ChapSticks) have SPF ratings and contain sunscreens. The skin of the feet is often tender and protected, so sudden prolonged exposure to UV radiation can be particularly painful and damaging to

1386-420: The latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays. Sun intensity in the northern hemisphere is greatest during May, June and July—and in the southern hemisphere, November, December and January. On a minute-by-minute basis, the amount of UV radiation depends on the Sun's angle. Ultraviolet radiation is easily determined by the height ratio of any object to the size of its shadow . Height is measured parallel to

1428-507: The least capacity to burn. However, all skin types can develop sunburn. Fitzpatrick's skin phototypes: Age also affects how skin reacts to the sun. Children younger than six and adults older than sixty are more sensitive to sunlight. Certain genetic conditions, for example, xeroderma pigmentosum , increase a person's susceptibility to sunburn and subsequent skin cancers. These conditions involve defects in DNA repair mechanisms which decrease

1470-409: The lumber yard. Lumber yards may also sell wood-plastic composites, such as Trex , any other type of construction material or supplies, and general hardware store items . Lumber yards are the primary resources for contractors and homeowners when construction material is needed. Some big box stores, such as Home Depot , Lowe’s , and Menards , also have lumber sections, but this may not be considered

1512-446: The overproduction of a protein called CXCL5 , which activates nerve fibers. Skin type determines the ease of sunburn. People with lighter skin tones and limited capacity to develop a tan after UV radiation exposure have a greater risk of sunburn. Fitzpatrick's Skin phototypes classification describes the normal variations of skin responses to UV radiation. Persons with type I skin have the greatest capacity to sunburn, and type VI have

1554-836: The removal of bark and spraying of pesticides to prevent insect infestation. Some lumber/timber yards use cranes to move logs, and sprinklers to keep the logs moist. Ransfords, located in Shropshire , England, operates one of the largest timber yards in Europe, and processes 70,000 tonnes of logs annually. Some lumber yards sell products that are assessed and certified by the Forest Stewardship Council 's (FSC), per its standards. One lumber yard in Portland, Oregon limits its product line to only those that meet or exceed FSC's requirements. In 2008, Sustainable Northwest,

1596-420: The risk of three types of skin cancer: melanoma , basal-cell carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma . Of greatest concern is that the melanoma risk increases dose-dependently proportional to the number of a person's lifetime cumulative episodes of sunburn. An estimated 1/3 of melanomas in the United States and Australia could be prevented with regular sunscreen use. Sunburn is caused by UV radiation from

1638-678: The sunblock's ability to suppress sunburn: The higher the SPF rating, the lower the amount of direct DNA damage. The stated protection factors are correct only if 2 mg of sunscreen is applied per square cm of exposed skin translates into about 28 mL (1 oz) to cover the whole body of an adult male. The recommended dose is much more than many people use in practice. Sunscreens function as chemicals such as oxybenzone and dioxybenzone (organic sunscreens) or opaque materials such as zinc oxide or titanium oxide (inorganic sunscreens) that mainly absorb UV radiation. Chemical and mineral sunscreens vary in

1680-460: The top of the foot. Protective measures include sunscreen, socks, or swimwear that covers the foot. Dietary factors influence susceptibility to sunburn, recovery from sunburn, and risk of secondary complications. Several dietary antioxidants , including essential vitamins, are effective in protecting against sunburn and skin damage associated with ultraviolet radiation, in both human and animal studies. Supplementation with Vitamin C and Vitamin E

1722-572: The wavelengths of UV radiation blocked. Broad-spectrum sunscreens contain filters that protect against UVA radiation as well as UVB. Although UVA radiation does not primarily cause sunburn, it contributes to skin aging and increases skin cancer risk. Sunscreen is effective and thus recommended for preventing melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma . There is little evidence that it is effective in preventing basal cell carcinoma . Typical use of sunscreen does not usually result in vitamin D deficiency , but extensive usage may. Research has shown that

Lumber yard - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-464: Was shown in one study to reduce the amount of sunburn after a controlled amount of UV exposure. A review of scientific literature through 2007 found that beta carotene (Vitamin A) supplementation had a protective effect against sunburn. The effects of beta carotene were only evident in the long-term, with studies of supplementation for periods less than ten weeks in duration failing to show any effects. There

#938061