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119-534: It is considered the world's first bridge camera that can record in 4K (2160p) video resolution, compared to other compact cameras as of 2014 filming at full HD (1080p) resolution. What sets it apart the most is the introduction of 4K Ultra HD video with a price lower than $ 900. The frame rate at that resolution is 25p on units sold in PAL regions and 30p in NTSC regions, and can not be changed. 8 megapixel still photographs in

238-480: A 405-line field-sequential color television standard in October 1950, which was developed by CBS . The CBS system was incompatible with existing black-and-white receivers. It used a rotating color wheel, reduced the number of scan lines from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144, but had an effective frame rate of only 24 frames per second. Legal action by rival RCA kept commercial use of

357-440: A frame rate of 30 frames (images) per second, consisting of two interlaced fields per frame at 262.5 lines per field and 60 fields per second. Other standards in the final recommendation were an aspect ratio of 4:3, and frequency modulation (FM) for the sound signal (which was quite new at the time). In January 1950, the committee was reconstituted to standardize color television . The FCC had briefly approved

476-693: A "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage" ). The first broadcasts began in the United Kingdom in July 1967, followed by West Germany at the Berlin IFA on August 25. The BBC channel initially using the broadcast standard was BBC2 , which had been the first UK TV service to introduce "625-lines" during 1964. The Netherlands and Switzerland started PAL broadcasts by 1968, with Austria following

595-410: A 6 MHz channel with a chrominance subcarrier frequency of 3.582056 MHz (917/4*H) similar to NTSC (910/4*H). On the studio production level, standard PAL cameras and equipment were used, with video signals then transcoded to PAL-N for broadcast. This allows 625 line, 50 frames per second video to be broadcast in a 6 MHz channel, at some cost in horizontal resolution . In Brazil, PAL

714-584: A European signal. The BBC tested their pre-war (but still broadcast until 1985) 405-line monochrome system ( CCIR System A ) with all three colour standards including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on 625/ System I only. Many countries have turned off analogue transmissions, so the following does not apply anymore, except for using devices which output RF signals, such as video recorders . The majority of countries using or having used PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 50 fields per second. Differences concern

833-598: A Gold Award. While cameras.reviewed.com wrote "it is better than 100% of the point & shoot cameras we have tested under $ 900". The Leica V-Lux (Typ 114) is based on and nearly identical to the FZ1000 with differences only in exterior design elements, warranty, bundled software, and price. The Lumix DMC-FZ1000 was first succeeded by the Lumix DMC-FZ2500 in November 2016. Afterwards, Panasonic also released

952-887: A PAL-N TV broadcast can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc.) and it will display in colour. This will also play back successfully in Russia and other SECAM countries, as the USSR mandated PAL compatibility in 1985—this has proved to be very convenient for video collectors. People in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N. DirecTV also conveniently broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central, and South America. Most DVD players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also play PAL discs—however, this

1071-537: A color subcarrier of precisely 315/88 MHz (usually described as 3.579545 MHz±10 Hz). The precise frequency was chosen so that horizontal line-rate modulation components of the chrominance signal fall exactly in between the horizontal line-rate modulation components of the luminance signal, such that the chrominance signal could easily be filtered out of the luminance signal on new television sets, and that it would be minimally visible in existing televisions. Due to limitations of frequency divider circuits at

1190-457: A color image. When a transmitter broadcasts an NTSC signal, it amplitude-modulates a radio-frequency carrier with the NTSC signal just described, while it frequency-modulates a carrier 4.5 MHz higher with the audio signal. If non-linear distortion happens to the broadcast signal, the 3.579545 MHz color carrier may beat with the sound carrier to produce a dot pattern on the screen. To make

1309-423: A comb-like effect known as Hanover bars on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance analogue delay line , which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the picture tube . The effect is that phase errors result in saturation changes, which are less objectionable than

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1428-480: A consequence, the ATSC digital television standard states that for 480i signals, SMPTE C colorimetry should be assumed unless colorimetric data is included in the transport stream. Japanese NTSC never changed primaries and whitepoint to SMPTE C, continuing to use the 1953 NTSC primaries and whitepoint. Both the PAL and SECAM systems used the original 1953 NTSC colorimetry as well until 1970; unlike NTSC, however,

1547-538: A delay line and suffering from the “ Hannover bars ” effect. An example of this solution is the Kuba Porta Color CK211P set. Another solution was to use a 1H analogue delay line to allow decoding of only the odd or even lines. For example, the chrominance on odd lines would be switched directly through to the decoder and also be stored in the delay line. Then, on even lines, the stored odd line would be decoded again. This method (known as 'gated NTSC')

1666-421: A digital shorthand to System M. The so-called NTSC-Film standard has a digital standard resolution of 720 × 480 pixel for DVD-Videos , 480 × 480 pixel for Super Video CDs (SVCD, Aspect Ratio: 4:3) and 352 × 240 pixel for Video CDs (VCD). The digital video (DV) camcorder format that is equivalent to NTSC is 720 × 480 pixels. The digital television (DTV) equivalent

1785-493: A higher vertical resolution, but a lower temporal resolution of 25 frames or 50 fields per second. The NTSC field refresh frequency in the black-and-white system originally exactly matched the nominal 60 Hz frequency of alternating current power used in the United States. Matching the field refresh rate to the power source avoided intermodulation (also called beating ), which produces rolling bars on

1904-454: A major issue considering Europe's geographical and weather-related particularities. To overcome NTSC's shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the development of the PAL and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture frequency of 50  fields per second (50  hertz ), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with NTSC. PAL

2023-480: A minimum of eight cycles of the unmodulated (pure original) color subcarrier. The TV receiver has a local oscillator, which is synchronized with these color bursts to create a reference signal. Combining this reference phase signal with the chrominance signal allows the recovery of the I ′ {\displaystyle I^{\prime }} and Q ′ {\displaystyle Q^{\prime }} signals, which in conjunction with

2142-428: A process called QAM . The I ′ Q ′ {\displaystyle I^{\prime }Q^{\prime }} color space is rotated relative to the difference signal color space, such that orange-blue color information (which the human eye is most sensitive to) is transmitted on the I ′ {\displaystyle I^{\prime }} signal at 1.3 MHz bandwidth, while

2261-465: A program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953, although it was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters. The first nationwide viewing of NTSC color came on the following January 1 with the coast-to-coast broadcast of the Tournament of Roses Parade , viewable on prototype color receivers at special presentations across

2380-474: A quasi-unique positive video modulation, system L) unless they are manufactured for the French market. They will correctly display plain (non-broadcast) CVBS or S-video SECAM signals. Many can also accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, and RF modulated NTSC with a PAL standard audio subcarrier (i.e., from a modulator), though not usually broadcast NTSC (as its 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier

2499-658: A typical bandwidth of 1.3 MHz. Composite PAL signal = E ′ Y + E ′ U sin ⁡ ( ω t ) + E ′ V cos ⁡ ( ω t ) + {\displaystyle =E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}\sin(\omega t)+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}\cos(\omega t)+} timing where ω = 2 π F S C {\displaystyle \omega =2\pi F_{SC}} . Subcarrier frequency F S C {\displaystyle F_{SC}}

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2618-475: A wideband receiver. The main audio carrier is 4.5 MHz above the video carrier, making it 250 kHz below the top of the channel. Sometimes a channel may contain an MTS signal, which offers more than one audio signal by adding one or two subcarriers on the audio signal, each synchronized to a multiple of the line frequency. This is normally the case when stereo audio and/or second audio program signals are used. The same extensions are used in ATSC , where

2737-411: Is composite video because luminance (luma, monochrome image) and chrominance (chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, PALplus , added support for widescreen broadcasts with no loss of vertical image resolution , while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in

2856-465: Is 100% for white level, 30% for black, and 0% for sync. The CVBS electrical amplitude is Vpp 1.0  V and impedance of 75 Ω . The vertical timings are: (Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms) As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame. PAL colorimetry, as defined by the ITU on REC-BT.470, and based on CIE 1931 x,y coordinates: The assumed display gamma

2975-488: Is 3.579545 MHz above the video carrier, and is quadrature-amplitude-modulated with a suppressed carrier. The audio signal is frequency-modulated , like the audio signals broadcast by FM radio stations in the 88–108 MHz band, but with a 25 kHz maximum frequency deviation , as opposed to 75 kHz as is used on the FM band , making analog television audio signals sound quieter than FM radio signals as received on

3094-426: Is 4.43361875  MHz for PAL 4.43, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC 3.58. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz. The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in

3213-441: Is 4.43361875 MHz (±5 Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N. The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a refresh rate of 50  interlaced fields per second (compatible with 25 full frames per second), such systems being B , G , H , I , and N (see broadcast television systems for

3332-531: Is 704 × 480 pixels. The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to resolve the conflicts between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States. In March 1941, the committee issued a technical standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by

3451-401: Is added to the composite baseband signal (video plus audio and data subcarriers) before modulation. This limits the satellite downlink power spectral density in case the video signal is lost. Otherwise the satellite might transmit all of its power on a single frequency, interfering with terrestrial microwave links in the same frequency band. In half transponder mode, the frequency deviation of

3570-411: Is composed of two fields, each consisting of 262.5 scan lines, for a total of 525 scan lines. The visible raster is made up of 486 scan lines. The later digital standard, Rec. 601 , only uses 480 of these lines for visible raster. The remainder (the vertical blanking interval ) allow for vertical synchronization and retrace. This blanking interval was originally designed to simply blank

3689-952: Is defined as 2.8. The PAL-M system uses color primary and gamma values similar to NTSC. Color is encoded using the YUV color space. Luma ( E ′ Y {\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}} ) is derived from red, green, and blue ( E ′ R , E ′ G , E ′ B {\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}} ) gamma pre-corrected ( E ′ {\displaystyle E'} ) primary signals: E ′ U {\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}} and E ′ V {\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}} are used to transmit chrominance . Each has

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3808-418: Is designed to excite only the corresponding red, green, or blue phosphor dots. TV sets with digital circuitry use sampling techniques to process the signals but the result is the same. For both analog and digital sets processing an analog NTSC signal, the original three color signals are transmitted using three discrete signals (Y, I and Q) and then recovered as three separate colors (R, G, and B) and presented as

3927-701: Is duplicated and then the resulting stream is interlaced. Film shot for NTSC television at 24 frames per second has traditionally been accelerated by 1/24 (to about 104.17% of normal speed) for transmission in regions that use 25-fps television standards. This increase in picture speed has traditionally been accompanied by a similar increase in the pitch and tempo of the audio. More recently, frame-blending has been used to convert 24 FPS video to 25 FPS without altering its speed. Film shot for television in regions that use 25-fps television standards can be handled in either of two ways: Because both film speeds have been used in 25-fps regions, viewers can face confusion about

4046-450: Is interpreted as iƵoom, and will be used, if the highest image resolution is not selected. This is also available for Videos up to FullHD-Resolution. According to test images from a Polish review, the level of detail remains high until ISO 6400 and acceptable at ISO 12800. The level of detail plunges at peak ISO 25600. Phase Alternating Line Phase Alternating Line ( PAL ) is a colour encoding system for analog television . It

4165-526: Is not supported). Many sets also support NTSC with a 4.43 MHz color subcarrier (see PAL 60 on the next section). VHS tapes recorded from a PAL-N or a PAL-B/G, D/K, H, or I broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the same. A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape recorded in Argentina, Paraguay or Uruguay off

4284-470: Is often known as "PAL 60" (sometimes "PAL 60/525", "Quasi-PAL" or "Pseudo PAL"). PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL 60" (a video playback system—see below). PAL television receivers manufactured since the 1990s can typically decode all of the PAL variants except, in some cases PAL-M and PAL-N. Many such receivers can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French-broadcast SECAM (because France used

4403-513: Is only used on UHF. Although System I is used on both bands, it has only been used on UHF in the United Kingdom. The PAL-L (Phase Alternating Line with CCIR System L broadcast system) standard uses the same video system as PAL-B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz line rate), but with a larger 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz and moving the audio subcarrier to 6.5 MHz. An 8 MHz channel spacing

4522-443: Is severely limited, analog video transmission through satellites differs from terrestrial TV transmission. AM is a linear modulation method, so a given demodulated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requires an equally high received RF SNR. The SNR of studio quality video is over 50 dB, so AM would require prohibitively high powers and/or large antennas. Wideband FM is used instead to trade RF bandwidth for reduced power. Increasing

4641-408: Is the first American standard for analog television , published and adopted in 1941. In 1961, it was assigned the designation System M . It is also known as EIA standard 170. In 1953, a second NTSC standard was adopted, which allowed for color television broadcast compatible with the existing stock of black-and-white receivers. It is one of three major color formats for analog television,

4760-628: Is transmitted for two video fields (lasting 1 video frame). Two film frames are thus transmitted in five video fields, for an average of 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  video fields per film frame. The average frame rate is thus 60 ÷ 2.5 = 24 frames per second, so the average film speed is nominally exactly what it should be. (In reality, over the course of an hour of real time, 215,827.2 video fields are displayed, representing 86,330.88 frames of film, while in an hour of true 24-fps film projection, exactly 86,400 frames are shown: thus, 29.97-fps NTSC transmission of 24-fps film runs at 99.92% of

4879-491: Is used for PAL-L, to maintain compatibility with System L channel spacings. The PAL-N standard was created in Argentina , through Resolution No. 100 ME/76, which determined the creation of a study commission for a national color standard. The commission recommended using PAL under CCIR System N that Paraguay and Uruguay also used. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of PAL-B/G, D/K, H, and I, but on

Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ1000 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4998-490: Is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 60 field/s CCIR System M , using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz, or 227.25 times System M's horizontal scan frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC. The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line picture to form what

5117-585: Is usually mentioned as "PAL" (eg: "PAL DVD"). Likewise, video game consoles outputting a 50 Hz signal might be labeled as "PAL", as opposed to 60 Hz on NTSC machines. These designations should not be confused with the analog colour system itself. In the 1950s, the Western European countries began plans to introduce colour television, and were faced with the problem that the NTSC standard demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under poor transmission conditions, which became

5236-532: Is usually output in the European variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set which only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in black and white (unless the TV supports RGB SCART ) as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3.582056 MHz. NTSC NTSC (from National Television System Committee )

5355-410: The Q ′ {\displaystyle Q^{\prime }} signal encodes purple-green color information at 0.4 MHz bandwidth; this allows the chrominance signal to use less overall bandwidth without noticeable color degradation. The two signals each amplitude modulate 3.58 MHz carriers which are 90 degrees out of phase with each other and the result added together but with

5474-516: The Y ′ {\displaystyle Y^{\prime }} signal, is reconstructed to the individual R ′ G ′ B ′ {\displaystyle R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime }} signals, that are then sent to the CRT to form the image. In CRT televisions, the NTSC signal is turned into three color signals: red, green, and blue, each controlling an electron gun that

5593-440: The menial method , i.e. the output of Slow-Motion recording is not saved as being the original duration but is instead "stretched": for example, a one-second recording at 120 fps will be saved as being 4 seconds at 30 fps. While this is easily corrected for the video track without the need for reencoding, one consequence is that audio is not recorded. The FZ1000 also has a feature for Lossless Digital Zooming, which

5712-402: The 625-line /50 Hz television system in general, to differentiate from the 525-line /60 Hz system generally used with NTSC. For example, DVDs were labelled as PAL or NTSC (referring to the line count and frame rate) even though technically the discs carry neither PAL nor NTSC encoded signal. These devices would still have analog outputs (ex; composite video output), and would convert

5831-464: The Americas (except Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , and Uruguay ), Myanmar , South Korea , Taiwan , Philippines , Japan , and some Pacific Islands nations and territories (see map). Since the introduction of digital sources (ex: DVD) the term NTSC has been used to refer to digital formats with number of active lines between 480 and 487 having 30 or 29.97 frames per second rate, serving as

5950-602: The Americas and Japan . With the advent of digital television , analog broadcasts were largely phased out. Most US NTSC broadcasters were required by the FCC to shut down their analog transmitters by February 17, 2009, however this was later moved to June 12, 2009. Low-power stations , Class A stations and translators were required to shut down by 2015, although an FCC extension allowed some of those stations operating on Channel 6 to operate until July 13, 2021. The remaining Canadian analog TV transmitters, in markets not subject to

6069-860: The Lumix DC-FZ1000 II in March 2019. The original Lumix DMC-FZ1000 was discontinued in the spring of 2021. The Leica V-Lux 5 is based on and nearly identical to the FZ1000 II with differences only in exterior design elements, warranty, bundled software, and price. The FZ1000 is equipped with a 5-axis optical image stabilization . However, it is deactivated while recording in the highest available resolution, 2160p 4K. The FZ1000's burstshot mode can record up to 12 JPEG pictures per second with full resolution at highest selected burst speed. There are four different burst speeds to choose from. The second-highest speed can capture photos continuously, but if

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6188-482: The Philippines , and Taiwan . With the introduction of home video releases and later digital sources (e.g. DVD-Video ), the name "PAL" might be used to refer to digital formats, even though they use completely different colour encoding systems. For instance, 576i (576 interlaced lines) digital video with colour encoded as YCbCr , intended to be backward compatible and easily displayed on legacy PAL devices,

6307-546: The RCA brand and licences it to other companies; Radio Corporation of America , the originator of that brand, created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved. The Soviets developed two further systems, mixing concepts from PAL and SECAM, known as TRIPAL and NIIR, that never went beyond tests. In 1993, an evolution of PAL aimed to improve and enhance format by allowing 16:9 aspect ratio broadcasts, while remaining compatible with existing television receivers,

6426-497: The carriers themselves being suppressed . The result can be viewed as a single sine wave with varying phase relative to a reference carrier and with varying amplitude. The varying phase represents the instantaneous color hue captured by a TV camera, and the amplitude represents the instantaneous color saturation . The 3.579545 MHz subcarrier is then added to the Luminance to form the composite color signal which modulates

6545-645: The process of conversion , or have already converted transmission standards to DVB , ISDB or DTMB . The PAL designation continues to be used in some non-broadcast contexts, especially regarding console video games . PAL was adopted by most European countries, by several African countries, by Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay , and by most of Asia Pacific (including the Middle East and South Asia) . Countries in those regions that did not adopt PAL were France , Francophone Africa, several ex- Soviet states, Japan , South Korea , Liberia , Myanmar ,

6664-471: The 2013 Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 , it is part of a new class of superzoom cameras that use larger sensors, better displays and electronic viewfinders. They easily provide much narrower depth of field when desired, compared to previous more compact superzoom/ultrazoom cameras. Out of the two, the FZ1000 has a much larger zoom range (16×); the exact video mode and whether OIS is used determines the crop factor, here expressed as 35 mm equivalent focal length for

6783-562: The ATSC digital carrier is broadcast at 0.31 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. "Setup" is a 54 mV (7.5  IRE ) voltage offset between the "black" and "blanking" levels. It is unique to NTSC. CVBS stands for Color, Video, Blanking, and Sync. The following table shows the values for the basic RGB colors, encoded in NTSC There is a large difference in frame rate between film, which runs at 24 frames per second, and

6902-902: The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) rejected color correction in receivers and studio monitors that year and instead explicitly called for all equipment to directly encode signals for the "EBU" colorimetric values. In reference to the gamuts shown on the CIE chromaticity diagram (above), the variations between the different colorimetries can result in significant visual differences. To adjust for proper viewing requires gamut mapping via LUTs or additional color grading . SMPTE Recommended Practice RP 167-1995 refers to such an automatic correction as an "NTSC corrective display matrix." For instance, material prepared for 1953 NTSC may look desaturated when displayed on SMPTE C or ATSC/ BT.709 displays, and may also exhibit noticeable hue shifts. On

7021-470: The JPEG format can be extracted from any video frame from 4K videos in playback mode. However, the 4K (2160p) video resolution is only accessible in the manual camera mode, is not optically stabilized, and the field of view is restricted because only a cropped area of 3840 by 2160 pixels is read out from the image sensor instead of downsampled from a wider area of the image sensor. Along with its main competitor,

7140-431: The NTSC color standard, which was cooperatively developed by several companies, including RCA and Philco. In December 1953, the FCC unanimously approved what is now called the NTSC color television standard (later defined as RS-170a). The compatible color standard retained full backward compatibility with then-existing black-and-white television sets. Color information was added to the black-and-white image by introducing

7259-485: The NTSC standard, as well as those using other analog television standards , have switched to, or are in process of switching to, newer digital television standards, with there being at least four different standards in use around the world. North America, parts of Central America , and South Korea are adopting or have adopted the ATSC standards, while other countries, such as Japan , are adopting or have adopted other standards instead of ATSC. After nearly 70 years,

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7378-402: The NTSC standard, which runs at approximately 29.97 (10 MHz×63/88/455/525) frames per second. In regions that use 25-fps television and video standards, this difference can be overcome by speed-up . For 30-fps standards, a process called " 3:2 pulldown " is used. One film frame is transmitted for three video fields (lasting 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  video frames), and the next frame

7497-519: The Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA). Technical advancements of the vestigial side band technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution. The NTSC selected 525 scan lines as a compromise between RCA 's 441-scan line standard (already being used by RCA's NBC TV network) and Philco 's and DuMont 's desire to increase the number of scan lines to between 605 and 800. The standard recommended

7616-546: The air and through cable, but also in the home-video market, on both tape and disc, including laser disc and DVD . In digital television and video, which are replacing their analog predecessors, single standards that can accommodate a wider range of frame rates still show the limits of analog regional standards. The initial version of the ATSC standard, for example, allowed frame rates of 23.976, 24, 29.97, 30, 59.94, 60, 119.88 and 120 frames per second, but not 25 and 50. Modern ATSC allows 25 and 50 FPS. Because satellite power

7735-481: The alternating subcarrier phase to reduce phase errors, described as " PAL-D " for "delay", and " PAL-N " for "new" or " Chrominance Lock ". This excluded very basic PAL decoders that relied on the human eye to average out the odd/even line phase errors, and in the early 1970s some Japanese set manufacturers developed basic decoding systems to avoid paying royalties to Telefunken . These variations are known as " PAL-S " (for "simple" or "Volks-PAL"), operating without

7854-399: The audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. The variants are: Systems B and G are similar. System B specifies 7 MHz channel bandwidth, while System G specifies 8 MHz channel bandwidth. Australia and China used Systems B and D respectively for VHF and UHF channels. Similarly, Systems D and K are similar except for the bands they use: System D is only used on VHF, while System K

7973-420: The audio subcarrier frequency or lower the line frequency. Raising the audio subcarrier frequency would prevent existing (black and white) receivers from properly tuning in the audio signal. Lowering the line frequency is comparatively innocuous, because the horizontal and vertical synchronization information in the NTSC signal allows a receiver to tolerate a substantial amount of variation in the line frequency. So

8092-426: The blue difference signal is B ′ − Y ′ {\displaystyle B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }} . These difference signals are then used to derive two new color signals known as I ′ {\displaystyle I^{\prime }} (in-phase) and Q ′ {\displaystyle Q^{\prime }} (in quadrature) in

8211-475: The burst memory is full and the memory card cannot keep up, it will slow down automatically. Prior to official release, the Lumix FZ1000 was originally announced as being able to record slow-motion in the following resolutions and framerates: But the firmware currently only allows to record FullHD at 120 fps. Another caveat to be aware of is that the device records slow motion (“high speed”) videos using

8330-448: The camera shutter from the video signal itself. The actual figure of 525 lines was chosen as a consequence of the limitations of the vacuum-tube-based technologies of the day. In early TV systems, a master voltage-controlled oscillator was run at twice the horizontal line frequency, and this frequency was divided down by the number of lines used (in this case 525) to give the field frequency (60 Hz in this case). This frequency

8449-601: The channel bandwidth from 6 to 36 MHz allows a RF SNR of only 10 dB or less. The wider noise bandwidth reduces this 40 dB power saving by 36 MHz / 6 MHz = 8 dB for a substantial net reduction of 32 dB. Sound is on an FM subcarrier as in terrestrial transmission, but frequencies above 4.5 MHz are used to reduce aural/visual interference. 6.8, 5.8 and 6.2 MHz are commonly used. Stereo can be multiplex, discrete, or matrix and unrelated audio and data signals may be placed on additional subcarriers. A triangular 60 Hz energy dispersal waveform

8568-525: The chrominance signal. (Another way this is often stated is that the color subcarrier frequency is an odd multiple of half the line frequency.) They then chose to make the audio subcarrier frequency an integer multiple of the line frequency to minimize visible (intermodulation) interference between the audio signal and the chrominance signal. The original black-and-white standard, with its 15,750 Hz line frequency and 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier, does not meet these requirements, so designers had to either raise

8687-411: The colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency (number of lines per second) is 15625 Hz (625 lines × 50 Hz ÷ 2), the colour carrier frequency calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 × 15625 Hz + 25 Hz. The frequency 50 Hz is the optional refresh frequency of

8806-415: The colour decoder circuitry to distinguish the phase of the R − Y ′ {\displaystyle R-Y'} vector which reverses every line. For PAL-B/G the signal has these characteristics. (Total horizontal sync time 12.05 μs) After 0.9 μs a 2.25 ± 0.23 μs colourburst of 10 ± 1 cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in 250 ± 50  ns range. Amplitude

8925-519: The country. The first color NTSC television camera was the RCA TK-40 , used for experimental broadcasts in 1953; an improved version, the TK-40A, introduced in March 1954, was the first commercially available color television camera. Later that year, the improved TK-41 became the standard camera used throughout much of the 1960s. The NTSC standard has been adopted by other countries, including some in

9044-508: The digital signals ( 576i or 480i ) to the analog standards to assure compatibility. CCIR 625/50 and EIA 525/60 are the proper names for these (line count and field rate) standards; PAL and NTSC on the other hand are methods of encoding colour information in the signal. "PAL-D", "PAL-N", "PAL-H" and "PAL-K" designations on this section describe PAL decoding methods and are unrelated to broadcast systems with similar names. The Telefunken licence covered any decoding method that relied on

9163-480: The display, etc. Over its history, NTSC color had two distinctly defined colorimetries, shown on the accompanying chromaticity diagram as NTSC 1953 and SMPTE C. Manufacturers introduced a number of variations for technical, economic, marketing, and other reasons. The original 1953 color NTSC specification, still part of the United States Code of Federal Regulations , defined the colorimetric values of

9282-462: The early B&W sets did not do this and chrominance could be seen as a crawling dot pattern in areas of the picture that held saturated colors. To derive the separate signals containing only color information, the difference is determined between each color primary and the summed luma. Thus the red difference signal is R ′ − Y ′ {\displaystyle R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }} and

9401-405: The electron beam of the receiver's CRT to allow for the simple analog circuits and slow vertical retrace of early TV receivers. However, some of these lines may now contain other data such as closed captioning and vertical interval timecode (VITC). In the complete raster (disregarding half lines due to interlacing ) the even-numbered scan lines (every other line that would be even if counted in

9520-476: The end of 2016. Digital broadcasting allows higher-resolution television , but digital standard definition television continues to use the frame rate and number of lines of resolution established by the analog NTSC standard. NTSC color encoding is used with the System M television signal, which consists of 30 ⁄ 1.001  (approximately 29.97)  interlaced frames of video per second . Each frame

9639-417: The engineers chose the line frequency to be changed for the color standard. In the black-and-white standard, the ratio of audio subcarrier frequency to line frequency is 4.5 MHz ⁄ 15,750 Hz  = 285.71. In the color standard, this becomes rounded to the integer 286, which means the color standard's line rate is 4.5 MHz ⁄ 286  ≈ 15,734 Hz. Maintaining

9758-433: The equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luma signal. The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of

9877-549: The film's normal speed.) Still-framing on playback can display a video frame with fields from two different film frames, so any difference between the frames will appear as a rapid back-and-forth flicker. There can also be noticeable jitter/"stutter" during slow camera pans ( telecine judder ). Film shot specifically for NTSC television is usually taken at 30 (instead of 24) frames per second to avoid 3:2 pulldown. To show 25-fps material (such as European television series and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, every fifth frame

9996-582: The inbuilt lens: While the RX10 has a macro focus spot of 5 cm, the FZ1000 is able to record clear-focused photos and videos. The optical zoom is also usable while recording videos in any video recording mode, including the highest resolution with 3840 × 2160 pixels. It is possible to record HDR photos, but not HDR videoclips. In their review of the FZ1000, DPReview wrote "the FZ1000 has an advantage over ILCs, as any lens you add to one of those cameras will be larger, heavier and pricier" and gave it

10115-427: The lower bound of the channel. The video carrier is 1.25 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. Like most AM signals, the video carrier generates two sidebands , one above the carrier and one below. The sidebands are each 4.2 MHz wide. The entire upper sideband is transmitted, but only 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband, known as a vestigial sideband , is transmitted. The color subcarrier, as noted above,

10234-721: The majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the United States ceased on June 12, 2009, and by August 31, 2011, in Canada and most other NTSC markets. The majority of NTSC transmissions ended in Japan on July 24, 2011, with the Japanese prefectures of Iwate , Miyagi , and Fukushima ending the next year. After a pilot program in 2013, most full-power analog stations in Mexico left the air on ten dates in 2015, with some 500 low-power and repeater stations allowed to remain in analog until

10353-466: The mandatory transition in 2011, were scheduled to be shut down by January 14, 2022, under a schedule published by Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada in 2017; however the scheduled transition dates have already passed for several stations listed that continue to broadcast in analog (e.g. CFJC-TV Kamloops, which has not yet transitioned to digital, is listed as having been required to transition by November 20, 2020). Most countries using

10472-432: The monitor to be able to create an illusion of motion, while 625 lines means the vertical lines or resolution that the PAL system supports. The original colour carrier is required by the colour decoder to recreate the colour difference signals. Since the carrier is not transmitted with the video information it has to be generated locally in the receiver. In order that the phase of this locally generated signal can match

10591-400: The monochrome luma signal, with the three RGB colour channels mixed down onto two, U {\displaystyle U} and V {\displaystyle V} . Like NTSC, PAL uses a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information added to the luma video signal to form a composite video baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier

10710-494: The next year. Telefunken PALcolour 708T was the first PAL commercial TV set. It was followed by Loewe -Farbfernseher S 920 and F 900 . Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson . Thomson also bought the Compagnie Générale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SECAM, the first European Standard for colour television. Thomson, now called Technicolour SA, also owns

10829-559: The nonlinear gamma corrected signals transmitted, the adjustment can only be approximated, introducing both hue and luminance errors for highly saturated colors. Similarly at the broadcaster stage, in 1968–69 the Conrac Corp., working with RCA, defined a set of controlled phosphors for use in broadcast color picture video monitors . This specification survives today as the SMPTE C phosphor specification: As with home receivers, it

10948-515: The only practical method of frequency division was the use of a chain of vacuum tube multivibrators , the overall division ratio being the mathematical product of the division ratios of the chain. Since all the factors of an odd number also have to be odd numbers, it follows that all the dividers in the chain also had to divide by odd numbers, and these had to be relatively small due to the problems of thermal drift with vacuum tube devices. The closest practical sequence to 500 that meets these criteria

11067-419: The original black-and-white system; when color was added to the system, however, the refresh frequency was shifted slightly downward by 0.1%, to approximately 59.94 Hz, to eliminate stationary dot patterns in the difference frequency between the sound and color carriers (as explained below in §   Color encoding ). By the time the frame rate changed to accommodate color, it was nearly as easy to trigger

11186-426: The other hand, SMPTE C materials may appear slightly more saturated on BT.709/sRGB displays, or significantly more saturated on P3 displays, if the appropriate gamut mapping is not performed. NTSC uses a luminance - chrominance encoding system, incorporating concepts invented in 1938 by Georges Valensi . Using a separate luminance signal maintained backward compatibility with black-and-white television sets in use at

11305-471: The others being PAL and SECAM . NTSC color is usually associated with the System M; this combination is sometimes called NTSC II. The only other broadcast television system to use NTSC color was the System J . Brazil used System M with PAL color. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos used System M with SECAM color - Vietnam later started using PAL in the early 1990s. The NTSC/System M standard was used in most of

11424-407: The place of the original monochrome signal . The color difference information is encoded into the chrominance signal, which carries only the color information. This allows black-and-white receivers to display NTSC color signals by simply ignoring the chrominance signal. Some black-and-white TVs sold in the U.S. after the introduction of color broadcasting in 1953 were designed to filter chroma out, but

11543-400: The resulting pattern less noticeable, designers adjusted the original 15,750 Hz scanline rate down by a factor of 1.001 (0.1%) to match the audio carrier frequency divided by the factor 286, resulting in a field rate of approximately 59.94 Hz. This adjustment ensures that the difference between the sound carrier and the color subcarrier (the most problematic intermodulation product of

11662-441: The same number of scan lines per field (and frame), the lower line rate must yield a lower field rate. Dividing 4500000 ⁄ 286 lines per second by 262.5 lines per field gives approximately 59.94 fields per second. An NTSC television channel as transmitted occupies a total bandwidth of 6 MHz. The actual video signal, which is amplitude-modulated , is transmitted between 500  kHz and 5.45 MHz above

11781-514: The same, resulting in the different sound carrier. Instead, other European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G. The PAL-N system has a different sound carrier, and also a different colour subcarrier, and decoding on incompatible PAL systems results in a black-and-white image without sound. The PAL-M system has a different sound carrier and a different colour subcarrier, and does not use 625 lines or 50 frames/second. This would result in no video or audio at all when viewing

11900-415: The screen. Synchronization of the refresh rate to the power incidentally helped kinescope cameras record early live television broadcasts, as it was very simple to synchronize a film camera to capture one frame of video on each film frame by using the alternating current frequency to set the speed of the synchronous AC motor-drive camera. This, as mentioned, is how the NTSC field refresh frequency worked in

12019-436: The standard at both the receiver and broadcaster was the source of considerable color variation. To ensure more uniform color reproduction, some manufacturers incorporated color correction circuits into sets, that converted the received signal—encoded for the colorimetric values listed above—adjusting for the actual phosphor characteristics used within the monitor. Since such color correction can not be performed accurately on

12138-601: The system as shown in the above table. Early color television receivers, such as the RCA CT-100 , were faithful to this specification (which was based on prevailing motion picture standards), having a larger gamut than most of today's monitors. Their low-efficiency phosphors (notably in the Red) were weak and long-persistent, leaving trails after moving objects. Starting in the late 1950s, picture tube phosphors would sacrifice saturation for increased brightness; this deviation from

12257-591: The system off the air until June 1951, and regular broadcasts only lasted a few months before manufacture of all color television sets was banned by the Office of Defense Mobilization in October, ostensibly due to the Korean War . A variant of the CBS system was later used by NASA to broadcast pictures of astronauts from space. CBS rescinded its system in March 1953, and the FCC replaced it on December 17, 1953, with

12376-549: The technical details of each format). This ensures video interoperability. However, as some of these standards ( B/G/H , I and D/K ) use different sound carriers (5.5 MHz, 6.0 MHz and 6.5 MHz respectively), it may result in a video image without audio when viewing a signal broadcast over the air or cable. Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system

12495-658: The time the color standard was promulgated, the color subcarrier frequency was constructed as composite frequency assembled from small integers, in this case 5×7×9/(8×11) MHz. The horizontal line rate was reduced to approximately 15,734 lines per second (3.579545×2/455 MHz = 9/572 MHz) from 15,750 lines per second, and the frame rate was reduced to 30/1.001 ≈ 29.970 frames per second (the horizontal line rate divided by 525 lines/frame) from 30 frames per second. These changes amounted to 0.1 percent and were readily tolerated by then-existing television receivers. The first publicly announced network television broadcast of

12614-491: The time; only color sets would recognize the chroma signal, which was essentially ignored by black and white sets. The red, green, and blue primary color signals ( R ′ G ′ B ′ ) {\displaystyle (R^{\prime }G^{\prime }B^{\prime })} are weighted and summed into a single luma signal, designated Y ′ {\displaystyle Y^{\prime }} (Y prime) which takes

12733-405: The transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution. Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the human eye to do that cancelling; however, this resulted in

12852-412: The transmitted information, a 10 cycle burst of colour subcarrier is added to the video signal shortly after the line sync pulse, but before the picture information, during the so-called back porch . This colour burst is not actually in phase with the original colour subcarrier, but leads it by 45 degrees on the odd lines and lags it by 45 degrees on the even lines. This swinging burst enables

12971-597: The true speed of video and audio, and the pitch of voices, sound effects, and musical performances, in television films from those regions. For example, they may wonder whether the Jeremy Brett series of Sherlock Holmes television films, made in the 1980s and early 1990s, was shot at 24 fps and then transmitted at an artificially fast speed in 25-fps regions, or whether it was shot at 25 fps natively and then slowed to 24 fps for NTSC exhibition. These discrepancies exist not only in television broadcasts over

13090-409: The two carriers) is an odd multiple of half the line rate, which is the necessary condition for the dots on successive lines to be opposite in phase, making them least noticeable. The 59.94 rate is derived from the following calculations. Designers chose to make the chrominance subcarrier frequency an n + 0.5 multiple of the line frequency to minimize interference between the luminance signal and

13209-449: The video signal carrier . 3.58 MHz is often stated as an abbreviation instead of 3.579545 MHz. For a color TV to recover hue information from the color subcarrier, it must have a zero-phase reference to replace the previously suppressed carrier. The NTSC signal includes a short sample of this reference signal, known as the colorburst , located on the back porch of each horizontal synchronization pulse. The color burst consists of

13328-466: The video signal, e.g. {2, 4, 6, ..., 524}) are drawn in the first field, and the odd-numbered (every other line that would be odd if counted in the video signal, e.g. {1, 3, 5, ..., 525}) are drawn in the second field, to yield a flicker-free image at the field refresh frequency of 60 ⁄ 1.001  Hz (approximately 59.94 Hz). For comparison, 625 lines (576 visible) systems, usually used with PAL-B/G and SECAM color, and so have

13447-409: Was 3×5×5×7=525 . (For the same reason, 625-line PAL-B/G and SECAM uses 5×5×5×5 , the old British 405-line system used 3×3×3×3×5 , the French 819-line system used 3×3×7×13 etc.) Colorimetry refers to the specific colorimetric characteristics of the system and its components, including the specific primary colors used, the camera,

13566-484: Was adopted by Sony on their 1970s Trinitron sets ( KV-1300UB to KV-1330UB ), and came in two versions: " PAL-H " and " PAL-K " (averaging over multiple lines). It effectively treated PAL as NTSC, suffering from hue errors and other problems inherent in NTSC and required the addition of a manual hue control. Most PAL systems encode the colour information using a variant of the Y'UV colour space. Y ′ {\displaystyle Y'} comprises

13685-591: Was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany , with important input from Gerhard Mahler  [ de ] . The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch" the inventor answered that

13804-886: Was further recommended that studio monitors incorporate similar color correction circuits so that broadcasters would transmit pictures encoded for the original 1953 colorimetric values, in accordance with FCC standards. In 1987, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) Committee on Television Technology, Working Group on Studio Monitor Colorimetry, adopted the SMPTE C (Conrac) phosphors for general use in Recommended Practice 145, prompting many manufacturers to modify their camera designs to directly encode for SMPTE C colorimetry without color correction, as approved in SMPTE standard 170M, "Composite Analog Video Signal – NTSC for Studio Applications" (1994). As

13923-536: Was introduced. Named PALplus , it was defined by ITU recommendation BT.1197-1. It was developed at the University of Dortmund in Germany , in cooperation with German terrestrial broadcasters and European and Japanese manufacturers. Adoption was limited to European countries. With the introduction of digital broadcasts and signal sources (ex: DVDs , game consoles), the term PAL was used imprecisely to refer to

14042-419: Was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM . In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines , 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B , D , G , H , I or K . The articles on analog broadcast television systems further describe frame rates , image resolution , and audio modulation. PAL video

14161-401: Was then compared with the 60 Hz power-line frequency and any discrepancy corrected by adjusting the frequency of the master oscillator. For interlaced scanning, an odd number of lines per frame was required in order to make the vertical retrace distance identical for the odd and even fields, which meant the master oscillator frequency had to be divided down by an odd number. At the time,

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