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56-628: Luserna ( Cimbrian : Lusérn , German : Lusern ) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Trento . As 2021, it had a population of 271 and an area of 8.2 square kilometres (3.2 sq mi). Luserna is part of the Magnificent Community of the Cimbrian Highlands ( Altipiani Cimbri ) together with

112-426: A One Standard German Axiom is a defining feature of Germanistik. Outside of Switzerland, Austria and South Tyrol, local dialects tend to be used mainly in informal situations or at home and in dialect literature, but more recently, a resurgence of German dialects has appeared in mass media. In German, Standard German is generally called Hochdeutsch , reflecting the fact that its phonetics are largely those of

168-534: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cimbrian language Cimbrian is a Germanic language related to Bavarian most probably deriving from a Southern Bavarian dialect. It is also related to the Mòcheno language . Its many essential differences in grammar as well as in vocabulary and pronunciation make it practically unintelligible for people speaking Standard German . Even many people speaking Bavarian have problems. The use of Italian throughout

224-675: A Tschechoslowako hebat in forte gebelt augem un hat ausgezoget di bais bandiara un is vongant pin soldan. A trunkhantar soldado alua is no gestant sem in forte. Bia da soin zuakhent di Balischan zo giana drin in forte, is se darbkeht dar trunkhante soldado un hat agehevt z'schiasa. [REDACTED] Media related to Cimbrian language at Wikimedia Commons Standard German Standard High German ( SHG ), less precisely Standard German or High German ( German : Standardhochdeutsch , Standarddeutsch , Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch ),

280-546: A hyphen after their stems. Words that are written with capital letters in Standard German are nouns. English has taken many loanwords from German, often without any change of spelling (aside from frequently eliminating umlauts and not capitalizing nouns ): The Duden is the de facto official dictionary of the Standard High German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880. The Duden

336-526: A recommended standard is published by the Council for German Orthography which represents the governments of all majority and minority German-speaking countries and dependencies. Adherence is obligatory for government institutions, including schools. Regarding the pronunciation, although there is no official standards body, there is a long-standing de facto standard pronunciation ( Bühnendeutsch ), most commonly used in formal speech and teaching materials. It

392-517: A traditional dialect of a specific region but as a written language developed over a process of several hundred years in which writers tried to write in a way that was understood in the largest area. Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in 1522 (New Testament, Old Testament 1534) was an important development towards an early standardization of written German. Luther based his translation largely on

448-452: Is generally used in radio and television as well as in German learning materials for non-natives and at least aspirationally by language teachers. The accent is documented in reference works such as Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary) by Eva-Maria Krech et al., Duden 6 Das Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden volume 6, The Pronunciation Dictionary) by Max Mangold and

504-465: Is in danger of extinction both from standard Italian, which is often used in public, and the neighboring regional Venetian language . It is estimated that about 2,220 people speak Cimbrian. In Trentino, according to the census of 2001, the first in which data on native languages were recorded, Cimbrian was spoken by a majority in the municipality of Lusérn (267 people, 89.9%). In other municipalities of Trentino 615 persons declared themselves members of

560-509: Is preserved in dialect literature and scholarly descriptions. It can thus be argued that it is the spread of Standard German as a language taught at school that defines the German Sprachraum , which was thus a political decision, rather than a direct consequence of dialect geography . That allowed areas with dialects with very little mutual intelligibility to participate in the same cultural sphere. Some linguists claim today that

616-611: Is seen in the fact that Cimbrian does not move its verb to the second position as in German: Cimbrian, in most sentences, uses subject–verb–object (SVO) word ordering, similar to Romance languages ; however, in some cases it adopts some German syntax . The vocabulary of Cimbrian is closely related to that of Bavarian, containing words that set it apart from any other German varieties. Although today many Bavarian words in Bavarian communities are used less and less due to

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672-511: Is similar to the formal German spoken in and around Hanover . Adherence to those standards by private individuals and companies, including the print and audio-visual media, is voluntary. Austrian German has had standard pronunciation exceptions since 1904 ( Luick's österreichische Bühnenaussprache). In Switzerland, no such official pronunciation codex exists, yet most Standard Swiss German speakers are markedly different sounding from Hanover-type phonetic targets. Standard German originated not as

728-655: Is the Austrian counterpart to the German Duden and contains a number of terms unique to Austrian German or more frequently used or differently pronounced there. A considerable amount of this "Austrian" vocabulary is also common in Southern Germany , especially Bavaria , and some of it is used in Switzerland as well. Since the 39th edition in 2001 the orthography of the ÖWB has been adjusted to

784-463: Is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language , which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas. German is a pluricentric Dachsprache with currently three codified (or standardised) specific national varieties: German Standard German , Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German . Regarding the spelling and punctuation,

840-441: Is updated regularly, with new editions appearing every four or five years. As of August 2017 , it was in its 27th edition and in 12 volumes, each covering different aspects such as loanwords , etymology , pronunciation , synonyms , and so forth. The first of these volumes, Die deutsche Rechtschreibung (German Orthography), has long been the prescriptive source for the spelling of Standard High German. The Duden had become

896-537: The Duden , in 1880. The first spelling codification by the Second Orthographic Conference of 1901 , based on Duden's work, came into effect in 1902. In 1944 there was a failed attempt at another reform; this was delayed on the order of Hitler and not taken up again after the end of World War II . In the following decades German spelling was essentially decided de facto by the editors of

952-540: The Cimbri who arrived in the region in the 2nd century BC. This is the likely origin of the current endonym ( Zimbar ). Actually, though the ancient Cimbri are considered to have been a Germanic tribe, there is no reason to connect them linguistically or otherwise with the speakers of Cimbrian. An alternative hypothesis derives the name from a term for 'carpenter', cognate with English timber (lit. 'timberer'). The three major dialects of Cimbrian are spoken in: Cimbrian

1008-472: The German spelling reform of 1996 . The dictionary is also officially used in the Italian province of South Tyrol . It is currently available in 44th edition, from 2022, and includes an online version with limited access. Several organisations promote the use and learning of the Standard German language. The government-backed Goethe-Institut , (named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ) aims to enhance

1064-608: The High German spoken in the southern uplands and the Alps (including Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein and parts of northern Italy as well as southern Germany ). The corresponding term Low German reflects the fact that these dialects belong to the lowlands stretching towards the North Sea . The widespread but mistaken impression that Hochdeutsch is so-called because it is perceived to be "good German" has led to use of

1120-593: The Zimbern was proposed in 1948 by Bruno Schweizer and again in 1974 by Alfonso Bellotto . The debate was again revived in 2004 by Cimbrian linguist Ermenegildo Bidese. The majority of linguists remain committed to the hypothesis of medieval (11th to 12th century) immigration. The presence of Germanic-speaking communities in Italy was discovered in the 14th century by the Italian humanists , who associated them with

1176-405: The 1980s, German has widely been considered a pluricentric language with the national standard varieties of German Standard German , Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German . These varieties of standard German differ above all in vocabulary , pragmatics and pronunciation , but in some instances also in grammar and, in only a handful of cases, in orthography . In formal writing,

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1232-576: The Cimbrian linguistic group, a total of 882 in Trentino. With this, it is seen that the most thriving variety of Cimbrian is that of Lusern with most of the community able to speak Cimbrian, whereas in Giazza and Roana only a few elderly speakers remain. Cimbrian is officially recognised in Trentino by provincial and national law. Beginning in the 1990s, various laws and regulations have been passed by

1288-694: The Duden dictionaries. After the war, this tradition was followed with two different centers: Mannheim in West Germany and Leipzig in East Germany . By the early 1950s, a few other publishing houses had begun to attack the Duden monopoly in the West by publishing their own dictionaries, which did not always conform to the "official" spellings prescribed by Duden. In response, the Ministers of Culture of

1344-412: The German speaking minority of the municipality of Luserna while paying special attention to historic and linguistic expressions, to the protection of the environment, and to the economic-cultural development of the Cimbrian community territory." The cultural institute hosts literature competitions for children as well as immersion summer camps. * A star represents sounds that are used by those who speak

1400-405: The Italian parliament and provincial assembly that put the Cimbrian language and culture under protection. School curricula were adapted in order to teach in Cimbrian, and bilingual street signs are being developed. A cultural institute (Istituto Cimbro/Kulturinstitut Lusérn) was founded by decree in 1987, whose purpose is to "...safeguard, promote and exploit the ethnographic and cultural heritage of

1456-495: The Lusern dialect outside of Lusern in strictly Italian areas. The following description of Cimbrian grammar refers predominantly to the dialect of Lusern. Notes on orthography : Nouns in Cimbrian, as in German and other German dialects, have three genders - masculine, feminine and neuter. Cimbrian makes use of the nominative, dative, and accusative cases . The genitive case was formerly used but has now been replaced by

1512-409: The Standard German varieties must not be confused with the variation of the local German dialects . Even though the Standard German varieties are to a certain degree influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct. All varieties of Standard German are based on the common tradition of the written German language, whereas the local dialects have their own historical roots that go further back than

1568-521: The already developed language of the Saxon chancery, which was more widely understood than other dialects and as a Central German dialect, was felt to be "halfway" between the dialects of the north and south. Luther drew principally on Eastern Upper and East Central German dialects and preserved much of the grammatical system of Middle High German . Later in 1748, a grammar manual by Johann Christoph Gottsched , Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst ,

1624-709: The ancient county of Tyrol, which later became the region of Venice Tridentine. After the Second World War, thanks to the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement , the Cimbrian linguistic minority of Luserna became part of the autonomy basis of the Autonomous Province of Trento and the Trentino - South Tyrol Region. In 1987 the Mocheno Cimbro Institute was founded and in 2001 the Cimbrian language was officially recognized within

1680-687: The annexation to the Kingdom of Italy and with the advent of fascism, the people of Luserna were forbidden to speak Cimbro. This is because one of the dogmas of fascism was to Italianize every village and culture. This caused the phenomenon of the Options, an agreement between the Third Reich and the Kingdom of Italy to distribute the Mochen, Cimbrian and German populations who had lived for millennia in

1736-658: The bible of the Standard High German language, being the definitive set of rules regarding grammar, spelling, and usage of Standard High German. The Österreichisches Wörterbuch ("Austrian Dictionary"), abbreviated ÖWB , is the official dictionary of the Standard High German language in the Republic of Austria . It is edited by a group of linguists under the authority of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (German: Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur ). It

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1792-456: The country and the influence of nearby Venetian have both had large effects on the number of speakers of Cimbrian throughout past centuries. This effect has been large enough to cause Cimbrian to be deemed an endangered language . The earliest record of the movement of Bavarians to Verona dates to ca. 1050 ( Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Cod. lat. 4547). The settlement continued during the 11th and 12th centuries. A theory of Lombardic origin of

1848-966: The dative + vo ('of'), a similar case which can also be seen in modern German. Cimbrian nouns inflect for gender, case, and number, usually keeping the same patterns for even Italian loanwords ending in -a, - o, and -e. Nouns also have forms for diminutives. Cimbrian articles (both definite and indefinite) have long and short forms depending on stress. Examples of Cimbrian noun inflection (with long articles and German counterparts) can be seen below. The letter å denotes open back unrounded vowel . (Sing./Pl.) (Sing./Pl.) (Sing./Pl.) (Cimbrian) (German) (Cimbrian) (German) (Cimbrian) (German) Cimbrian verbs are inflected for person, number, tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, infinitive, gerund, and participial), and voice (active, passive). In regards to conjugation, Cimbrian shares many aspects with many other upper-German dialects. As in these other dialects,

1904-451: The difference between British and American English. The pronouncing dictionary of the Duden dictionary group codifies the standard pronunciation for German Standard German and allows for a small number of divergences; for example, the string "äh" has two authorized pronunciations, /ɛː/ and /eː/. Some regions see only the first as correct, and others use only the second; Duden now recognizes both as correct. Standardized High German pronunciation

1960-642: The differences are small; in regards to the spoken language, the different varieties of Standard German are easily recognized by most speakers. These three national standards (German, Austrian and Swiss) have each been adopted by other German-speaking countries and communities as their standard form of German. The German standard is applied in Luxembourg , Belgium , and Namibia while the Swiss standard has been adopted in Liechtenstein . The variation of

2016-468: The federal states in West Germany officially declared the Duden spellings to be binding as of November 1955 ("Duden-Monopol" or "Dudenmonopol", "Duden-Privileg" or "Dudenprivileg"). The orthography reform of 1996 was based on an international agreement signed by the governments of the German -speaking countries Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein and Switzerland ; but acceptance of the reform

2072-593: The influence of standard German, in Cimbrian many such words have remained. Besides its original Bavarian vocabulary, Cimbrian has been affected by Italian as well as neighboring languages . Christ is risen from all tortures, therefore let us rejoice Christ shall be our solace Christ ist erstanden von der Marter alle, des solln (also: soll'n ) wir alle froh sein , Christ will unser Trost sein . Christus ist au gestanden von der marter alle, daz sunna bier alle froalich sayn Christus bil unsare troast sayn. During

2128-683: The knowledge of German culture and language within Europe and the rest of the world. This is done by holding exhibitions and conferences with German-related themes, and providing training and guidance in the learning and use of the German language. For example, the Goethe-Institut teaches the Goethe-Zertifikat German language qualification. The German state broadcaster Deutsche Welle provides radio and television broadcasts in Standard German and 30 other languages across

2184-443: The letter ß because it contains a long vowel, even though that letter occurs at the end of a syllable. The logic of this change is that an 'ß' is a single letter whereas 'ss' are two letters, so the same distinction applies as (for example) between the words den and denn . This is a selection of cognates in both English and Standard German. Instead of the usual infinitive ending -en , Standard German verbs are indicated by

2240-463: The municipalities of Lavarone and Folgaria. In the tourist sphere it is part of the Alpe Cimbra. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). Lusérn borders the following municipalities: Caldonazzo , Lavarone , Levico Terme , Pedemonte , Rotzo and Valdastico . Lusérn is the centre of Cimbrian language and culture. In the 2021 census, around 68,8% of

2296-1039: The people of Lusérn stated Cimbrian , an Upper German dialect of the Germanic language , to be their first language. The Cimbrian spoken in Lusérn is a slightly different dialect from Cimbrian spoken elsewhere. Vatar ünsar bo do pist in Hümbl, azda sai haile Doi Nàm. Dain Raich khimme. Vater unser der Du bist im Himmel, geheiligt werde Dein Name. Dein Reich komme. Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, The village of Luserna has eight restaurants and hotels, four museums and four thematic trails that tell Cimbrian legends and stories. They are passable by families and mountain bikes, and in winter they become paths suitable for snowshoeing. Luserna

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2352-400: The reform, some newspapers, such as Die Zeit , Neue Zürcher Zeitung and Süddeutsche Zeitung , created their own in-house orthographies. After 10 years, without any intervention by the federal parliament, a major revision of the spelling reform was installed in 2006 because there were disagreements regarding capitalization and splitting of German words. Also revised were

2408-453: The regulations for the protection of Trentino linguistic minorities. In 2008, provincial legislation was implemented to protect the Ladin, Mochena and Cimbrian linguistic minorities settled in the Autonomous Province of Trento. Thanks to it, the Cimbrian community of Luserna now enjoys one of the most complete regulations in Europe. This Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol location article is

2464-520: The rest of Northern Germany. Standard High German is written in the Latin alphabet . In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with an umlaut mark , namely ä , ö and ü , as well as the Eszett or scharfes s (sharp s): ß . In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, ss is used instead of ß . A first step to standardisation, although non-prescriptive, of Early New High German

2520-452: The rules governing punctuation marks. The most noticeable change was probably in the use of the letter ß , called scharfes s ( Sharp S ) or Eszett (pronounced ess-tsett , coming from ſz). Traditionally, this letter was used in three situations: Examples are Füße , paßt , and daß . Currently, only the first rule is in effect, making the reformed spellings Füße , passt , and dass . The word Fuß 'foot' has

2576-431: The same manner as the simple infinitive, just as in standard German. Thus vallen acts as the infinitive, first-person plural, and third-person plural. The first- and third-person plural also match each other in other tenses and moods. The syntax of Cimbrian shows measurable influence from Italian; however, it still shows German traits which would be completely foreign to Italian speakers. An example of Italian influence

2632-590: The supposedly less judgmental Standarddeutsch ("Standard German"), deutsche Standardsprache ("German standard language"). On the other hand, the "standard" written languages of Switzerland and Austria have each been codified as standards distinct from that used in Germany. For this reason, "Hochdeutsch" or "High German", originally a mere geographic designation, applies unproblematically to Swiss Standard German and Austrian German as well as to German Standard German and may be preferred for that reason. Since

2688-504: The training materials at the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (West German Broadcasting) and Deutschlandfunk (Radio Germany). It is an invented accent, rather than one radiating from any particular German-speaking city. It is often said that the people of Hannover speak German with an accent that comes closest to the standard of the Duden dictionaries, but the claim is debatable, particularly since it may apply equally well to

2744-437: The unification of the written language, and in the case of Low German, belong to a different language entirely. In most regions, the speakers use a continuum of mixtures from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties according to situation. However, there are two (or three) exceptions: While the three principal national varieties are recognized as three distinct standards, the differences are few, perhaps comparable to

2800-467: The use of the preterite has been replaced by the perfect which is formed with the prefix ga- ( vallen 'to fall'; gavallet 'fallen'). Infinitive verbs have two forms, a simple infinitive as well as a dependent infinitive which is formed with zo . An example of this can be seen with the verb 'to fall': vallen - zo valla . In the Cimbrian of Lusern's present indicative, first-person plural as well as third-person plural are both formed in

2856-1081: The war, the fort of Lusern resisted superbly. In the first few days a Czech commander wanted to give up, hoisting the white flag and withdrawing the garrison. Only one drunken soldier remained in the fort. When the Italians came storming into the fort to occupy it, the drunken soldier awoke from his intoxication and began to let the machine gun rattle. Während des Krieges wehrte sich die Festung von Lusern vortrefflich. Die ersten Tage wollte sie ein tschechischer Kommandant aufgeben, indem er die weiße Fahne hisste und mit der Besatzung abzog. Nur ein betrunkener Soldat blieb zurück in der Festung. Als die anstürmenden Italiener in die Festung eindringen wollten, um sie in Besitz zu nehmen, erwachte der betrunkene Soldat von seinem Rausch und fing an, das Maschinengewehr knattern zu lassen. Pan khriage dar forte vo Lusern hat se gebeart gerecht. Di earstn tage von khriage, dar kommandant

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2912-545: Was almost entirely a written language. People in Northern Germany who spoke mainly Low Saxon dialects , which were very different from Standard German, learned it more or less as a foreign language. However, the Northern pronunciation (of Standard German) later became considered standard and spread southward. In some regions such as around Hanover , the local dialect has completely died out as spoken language but

2968-575: Was founded around the year 1400 from Bavarians populations coming from nearby Lavarone who decided to stay and live here. In 1780 Luserna became independent from Lavarone. Until 1918 it was included in the Austro-Hungarian Empire , precisely in the County of Tyrol . During the last years of the 1800s it became famous for its tradition of bobbin lace and thanks to the Austrian administration, it had both German and Italian schools. After

3024-572: Was introduced by the Luther Bible of 1534. In consequence, the written language of the chancery of Saxony-Wittenberg rose in importance in the course of the 17th century so much so that it was used in texts such as the 1665 revision of the Zürich Bible . The First Orthographical Conference convened in 1876 by order of the government of Prussia , but failed. Konrad Duden published the first edition of his dictionary, later simply known as

3080-603: Was key in the development of German writing and standardization of the language. Similarly to Luther, Gottsched based his manual on the Central German variant of the Upper Saxon area. Over the course of the mid-18th century and onward, a written standard then began to emerge and be widely accepted in German-speaking areas, thus ending the period of Early New High German . Until about 1800, Standard German

3136-489: Was limited and led to public controversy and considerable dispute. The states ( Bundesländer ) of North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria refused to accept it. At one point, the dispute reached the highest court, which quickly dismissed it, claiming that the states had to decide for themselves and that only in schools could the reform be made the official rule – everybody else could continue writing as they had learned it. While, as of 2004 , most German print media followed

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