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21-620: The attribution, based on the type's "elongated proportions, elegant pose and somewhat effeminate anatomy", as Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway characterised it, is traditionally supported on the grounds of the type's similarity to Praxiteles's Hermes from Olympia - one replica of the Lycian Apollo even passed as a copy of the Hermes for a time. The comparison essentially rests on the Apollino , whose head has proportions similar to those of

42-656: A privatdozent at the University of Berlin . In later years Furtwängler concluded he had dedicated his best years to the museum. His catalogue of the Saburov collection (1883–87) demonstrated his mastery of classical terracottas. In 1885 he married Adelheid Wendt. The same year, his catalogue of the Greek pottery of the Antikensammlung Berlin , Beschreibung der Vasensammlung im Antiquarium (2 vols.)

63-586: A 2nd-century BCE work The Apollino , for its part, would thus be an eclectic creation from the Roman era, mixing several styles from the " second classicism " (i.e. from the 4th century BC). The famous pose with the arm resting on the head was so thoroughly identified with Apollo that it was used for the Hadrianic sculpture of Antinous as Apollo at Leptis Magna . With the Hellenistic and Roman depictions of

84-457: A complete publication of the Mycenaean pottery finds on Aegina. This not only provided a valuable chronology but also represented the first corpus of pottery finds in archaeology. The study was the first to distinguish between Mycenaean and Geometric styles in pottery, and contributed to the developing technique of identifying archaeological strata, and giving them relative dates, through

105-610: A prisoner-of-war camp in Kenya, she secured a job as a telephone operator at police headquarters in Asmara (Eritrea) where she learned to speak English. After World War II , she studied classics at the University of Messina , where she obtained her degree in classics in 1953. An archaeology scholarship and Fulbright Travel Grant allowed her to continue her studies at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania , where she came under

126-573: A youthful Dionysus typologically not always distinguishable from Apollo, the pose seems to have been inherited by Dionysus, as in the 2nd century CE Ludovisi Dionysus , a Roman sculpture. The pose is also used in the Amazon statue types , and its long-established conventional expression of lassitude identified Sleeping Ariadne as well. [REDACTED] Media related to Lycian Apollo at Wikimedia Commons Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway (14 November 1929 – 19 October 2024)

147-569: Is finding a type statuary through its Roman copies, focusing on identifying the originality of Roman sculptors. Rather skeptical vis-à-vis the literary sources, she stuck to the stylistic analysis of the works. Known for the safety of her erudition and for the stimulating quality of its analyses, it has been criticized, like Carpenter, for what was described as a "devastating" or "systematic scepticism”, or revisionism. Her main works and writings are: Adolf Furtw%C3%A4ngler Johann Michael Adolf Furtwängler (30 June 1853 – 10 October 1907)

168-474: The Aphrodite of Cnidus and whose pronounced sfumato confirms the long-held idea that it is Praxitelean in style, in spite of the many differences among the extant examples. Nevertheless, most exemplars of this type exhibit a pronounced musculature which does not resemble masculine types normally attributed to Praxiteles - it has further been proposed that it is a work of his contemporary Euphranor , or of

189-755: The Gold Medal of the Archaeological Institute of America . She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1993. She married physical therapist Henry W. Ridgway in 1958. Ridgway died in Haverford, Pennsylvania on 19 October 2024, at the age of 94. Brunilde Ridgway is, in keeping with her mentor Rhys Carpenter, a follower of the radical questioning of the Meisterforschung , or search for

210-627: The University of Leipzig , with Johannes Overbeck , and having graduated from Freiburg (1874), with a dissertation, Eros in der Vasenmalerei , he spent the academic years 1876-1878 supported by a scholarship at the German Archaeological Institute , studying in Italy and Greece. In 1878, he participated in Ernst Curtius ’ excavations at Olympia . In 1879, he published with Georg Loeschcke Mykenische Thongefäβe ,

231-477: The display of the collection in the Department of Egyptology. Furtwängler published a study on Greek engraved gems and their inscriptions Die Antiken Gemmen (1900). With Karl W. Reichhold he initiated the corpus of Greek vases, Griechische Vasenmalerei in 1904, issued in fascicles. After Furtwängler's death, Friedrich Hauser assumed editorship; a third volume of Furtwängler's Griechische Vasenmalerei

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252-558: The masterpiece or archetype that inspired a replica series, that dominated the history of Greek art since Adolf Furtwängler . Elaborating on Carpenter's remark that Greek sculpture is “the anonymous product of an impersonal craft,” she maintained that the notion of the artistic personality didn't emerge in the West before the 15th century AD. She also addressed the Kopienforschung ("copy research") of Johann Joachim Winckelmann , who

273-595: The most recent scholarship in the field has moved away from assigning sculptors' names to masterpieces. His 1891 reconstructions of the Lemnian Athena by Phidias were celebrated but have subsequently occasioned dispute; they may be found in the Dresden Albertinum . In 1894, he left Berlin to succeed his early mentor, Heinrich von Brunn , as professor of classical archaeology in Munich, where he

294-488: The painting styles represented on pottery sherds , which previously had been discarded as spoil. By noting the recurrence of similar vases within a variety of strata Furtwangler was able to use these sherds as a tool for dating sites. On the strength of this, Furtwängler received double appointments the following year (1880) as assistant director at the Royal Museums of Berlin ( Königliche Museen zu Berlin ) and as

315-488: The tutelage of Rhys Carpenter . At the end of her MA , she wrote her thesis on Archaic sculpture at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens . She received her Ph.D. in 1958 and returned as a teacher to Bryn Mawr, where she spent most of her career. In 1977, she was named Rhys Carpenter Professor of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology, a post she held until her retirement in 1994. In 1988, she won

336-543: Was a German archaeologist , teacher, art historian and museum director. He was the father of the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler and grandfather of the German archaeologist Andreas Furtwängler . Furtwängler was born at Freiburg im Breisgau , where his father was a classical scholar and schoolteacher; he was educated there, at Leipzig and at Munich , where he was a pupil of Heinrich Brunn , whose comparative method in art criticism he much developed. After studying at

357-615: Was a prolific writer, with a prodigious knowledge and memory, and a most ingenious and confident critic; and his work not only dominated the field of archaeological criticism but also raised its standing both at home and abroad. Among his numerous publications the most important were a volume on the bronzes found at Olympia, vast works on ancient gems and Greek vases, and the invaluable Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik ( Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture ) (1893 and 1908; English translations by Eugenie Strong and Taylor, London, 1914). Furtwängler's students formed an outstanding group among

378-531: Was also Director of the Munich Glyptothek . In 1896 in his book Beschreibung der geschnittenen Steine im Antiquarium , Furtwängler excluded from his own catalogues of engraved stones in Berlin those engraved gems that were associated with magic, as their artistic value was considered by him not important. For this reason, he was convinced that these types of engraved stones should also be removed from

399-700: Was an Italian-American archaeologist and specialist in ancient Greek sculpture. The daughter of Giuseppe Sismondo, a career army officer, and Maria (Lombardo) Sismondo, Ridgway was born in Chieti on 14 November 1929; as a young child she lived in Sicily and then in Ethiopia and Eritrea , where her father had been stationed during World War II. When her father was captured by the British in World War II and sent to

420-592: Was published in 1932. In the field, he renewed the excavations at the temple of Aphaia in Aegina , southwest of Athens; the work resulted in a monograph of the site (1906), but the following year resulted in the dysentery contracted at the site from which he died (October 10, 1907), in the full maturity of his career. He was buried in Athens. His grave is located at the First Cemetery of Athens . Furtwängler

441-449: Was published. His book on Greek sculpture, Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (1893) made his name familiar to a wider audience; an English translation Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture , translated by Eugénie Sellers Strong, appeared in 1895. Through connoisseurship he refined identifications of the Greek sculptors responsible for the originals of many works known only through Roman copies; many of his attributions still stand, though

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