15-474: Lymantria is a genus of tussock moths in the family Erebidae . They are widely distributed throughout Europe, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Java, and Celebes. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. In the male, the palpi are porrect (extending forward) and hairy. Antennae with long branches. Forewings with veins 3, 4 and 5 from close to angle of cell. Vein 6 from below upper angle. Veins 7 to 10 are stalked, where vein 7 being given off further from
30-440: A subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae . The members of the subfamily are called litter moths because the caterpillars of most members feed on dead leaves of plants, though others feed on living leaves, and/or the mushrooms of fungi as in the case of genus Idia . The subfamily was previous treated as a separate family, Herminiidae, or as a subfamily of the family Noctuidae . Phylogenetic analysis has determined that
45-543: Is a dynamic discipline, and recent phylogenetic studies have reclassified the family Lymantriidae as the subfamily Lymantriinae of the newly formed family Erebidae . The studies found that the family Lymantriidae form a specialized lineage within the Erebidae and is part of a clade that includes the litter moths ( Herminiinae ), the Aganainae , and the tiger and lichen moths ( Arctiinae ). The reclassification affected
60-591: Is to be given nomenclatural precedence over the family-group names Orgyiidae Wallengren, 1861, and Dasychiridae Packard, 1864, when applied to the same taxon. As pointed out, "Liparidae" once was an alternative family name for the Lymantriidae, but nowadays " Liparidae " is firmly established as the name of a family of fish, and according to the conventions of zoological taxonomy, family names have to be unique, even though they are permitted to coincide with botanical names. Herminiinae The Herminiinae are
75-635: The Antilles and New Caledonia . Adult moths of this subfamily do not feed. They usually have muted colours (browns and greys), although some are white, and tend to be very hairy. Some females are flightless, and some have reduced wings. Usually, the females have a large tuft at the end of the abdomen. The males, at least, have tympanal organs . They are mostly nocturnal, but Schaefer lists 20 confirmed diurnal species and 20 more likely diurnal species (based on reduced eye size). The larvae are also hairy, often with hairs packed in tufts, and in many species
90-479: The Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata, and the nun moth Lymantria monacha . They tend to have broader host plant ranges than most Lepidoptera. Most feed on trees and shrubs, but some are known from vines, herbs, grasses, and lichens. Most genera are classified into the following tribes, while others remain unclassified ( incertae sedis ): See also the list of Lymantriinae genera . Taxonomy
105-462: The World: Volume 2 , Allen Watson, D. S. Fletcher and I. W. B. Nye wrote: Lymantriidae Hampson, [1893], Fauna Br. India (Moths) 1: 432. This family was first separated under the name Lariidae Newman, 1832, Sphinx vespiformis; an essay: 40, 44 (as Lariae), based on the nominal genus Laria Schrank, 1802, a junior homonym of Laria Scopoli, 1763. The next name established for this family
120-475: The cell than vein 10. Hindwings with veins 3, 4 and 5 from close to angle of cell. Vein 6 and 7 from upper angle. In female, antennae serrate (tooth like on one side). Wings either fully developed or partially reduced or completely reduced to scales. The following species are included in the genus. Tussock moth The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae ) are a subfamily of moths of
135-415: The eggs are covered by a froth that soon hardens or are camouflaged by material the female collects and sticks to them. In the larvae of some species, hairs are gathered in dense tufts along the back and this gives them the common name of tussocks or tussock moths . Lymantria means "destroyer", and several species are important defoliators of forest trees, including the spongy moth Lymantria dispar ,
150-911: The family Erebidae . The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893. Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The caterpillar, or larval, stage of these species often has a distinctive appearance of alternating bristles and haired projections. Many tussock moth caterpillars have urticating hairs (often hidden among longer, softer hairs), which can cause painful reactions if they come into contact with skin. The subfamily Lymantriinae includes about 350 known genera and over 2,500 known species found in every continent except Antarctica . They are particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa , India , Southeast Asia , and South America . One estimate lists 258 species in Madagascar alone. Apart from oceanic islands, notable places that do not host lymantriines include
165-556: The family by Ferguson, 1978, in Dominick et al., Moths Am. N. of Mexico 22 (2), the family name Lymantriidae has been adopted. Because of the overwhelming worldwide use of the name Lymantriidae an application has been submitted by D. S. Fletcher, I. W. B. Nye and D. C. Ferguson to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature requesting them to rule that the family-group name Lymantriidae Hampson, [1893]
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#1732772220916180-437: The former family as a whole and largely kept the clade intact. This description clarifies the standing of the former name "Lymantriidae" relative to other proposed names, e.g. Liparidae and other currently unacceptable alternatives. It authoritatively explains the status of the family name Lymantriidae and its various alternatives as matters stood towards the end of the 20th century: In the 1980 The Generic Names of Moths of
195-427: The hairs break off very easily and are extremely irritating to the skin (especially members of the genus Euproctis ). This highly effective defence serves the moth throughout its life cycle. The hairs are incorporated into the cocoon . An emerging adult female of some species collects and stores the hairs at the tip of the abdomen and uses them to camouflage and protect the eggs as they are laid. In other species,
210-420: The last paragraph Liparidae was the most widely used during the nineteenth century; Orgyiidae and Dasychiridae had minor usage, but neither name became widely adopted. During the present century, Orgyiidae has been used occasionally in contrast with Lymantriidae, which has been used many hundreds of times throughout the world. In North America, the use of Liparidae has continued until, in the most recent revision of
225-412: Was Liparidae Boisduval, 1834, Icon. hist. Lèpid. nouv. ou peu connus 2: 134 (as Liparides), based on the nominal genus Liparis Ochsenheimer, 1810, a junior homonym of Liparis Scopoli, 1777. Neither of these family-group names may be used as a valid name, the type-genus in each case being a junior homonym. These names have also been established for the family: Of the family-group names listed in
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