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52-413: Its light weight allows the use of a relatively small engine to power the vehicle, a 6V53 Detroit two-stroke six cylinder diesel, with an Allison TX-100-1 three-speed automatic transmission, and allows the vehicle to carry a large payload cross-country and to be transported by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. The driveline consists of a front sprocket, five roadwheels and a rear tensioner. Suspension

104-432: A flywheel in a child's toy is not efficient; however, the flywheel velocity never approaches its burst velocity because the limit in this case is the pulling-power of the child. In other applications, such as an automobile, the flywheel operates at a specified angular velocity and is constrained by the space it must fit in, so the goal is to maximize the stored energy per unit volume. The material selection therefore depends on

156-416: A flywheel is determined by E M = K σ ρ {\textstyle {\frac {E}{M}}=K{\frac {\sigma }{\rho }}} , in which K {\displaystyle K} is the shape factor, σ {\displaystyle \sigma } the material's tensile strength and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } the density. While

208-433: A flywheel is determined by the maximum amount of energy it can store per unit weight. As the flywheel's rotational speed or angular velocity is increased, the stored energy increases; however, the stresses also increase. If the hoop stress surpass the tensile strength of the material, the flywheel will break apart. Thus, the tensile strength limits the amount of energy that a flywheel can store. In this context, using lead for

260-456: A form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its rotational speed . In particular, assuming the flywheel's moment of inertia is constant (i.e., a flywheel with fixed mass and second moment of area revolving about some fixed axis) then the stored (rotational) energy is directly associated with the square of its rotational speed. Since a flywheel serves to store mechanical energy for later use, it

312-436: A fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars . In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens rotational inertia for a given total mass. A flywheel may also be used to supply intermittent pulses of energy at power levels that exceed

364-434: A given flywheel design, the kinetic energy is proportional to the ratio of the hoop stress to the material density and to the mass. The specific tensile strength of a flywheel can be defined as σ t ρ {\textstyle {\frac {\sigma _{t}}{\rho }}} . The flywheel material with the highest specific tensile strength will yield the highest energy storage per unit mass. This

416-474: A percentage of the flywheel's moment of inertia, with the majority from the rim, so that I r i m = K I f l y w h e e l {\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=KI_{\mathrm {flywheel} }} . For example, if the moments of inertia of hub, spokes and shaft are deemed negligible, and the rim's thickness is very small compared to its mean radius ( R {\displaystyle R} ),

468-627: A single camshaft per cylinder bank, paired with a balancing shaft for inline engines, or a second camshaft for the other cylinder bank in vee-block engines. The flywheel drives either one camshaft or the balancing shaft via an idler gear , depending on the specific engine configuration. Because the Series 53 engines are equipped with a blower which provides relatively little additional intake air pressure, in common with most Detroit Diesel two-cycle engines, they are designated as " naturally aspirated " according to SAE . However, turbocharged variants of

520-482: A superflywheel does not explode or burst into large shards like a regular flywheel, but instead splits into layers. The separated layers then slow a superflywheel down by sliding against the inner walls of the enclosure, thus preventing any further destruction. Although the exact value of energy density of a superflywheel would depend on the material used, it could theoretically be as high as 1200 Wh (4.4 MJ) per kg of mass for graphene superflywheels. The first superflywheel

572-488: A thin-walled empty cylinder it is approximately m r 2 {\textstyle mr^{2}} , and for a thick-walled empty cylinder with constant density it is 1 2 m ( r e x t e r n a l 2 + r i n t e r n a l 2 ) {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}m({r_{\mathrm {external} }}^{2}+{r_{\mathrm {internal} }}^{2})} . For

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624-467: A typical flywheel has a shape factor of 0.3, the shaftless flywheel has a shape factor close to 0.6, out of a theoretical limit of about 1. A superflywheel consists of a solid core (hub) and multiple thin layers of high-strength flexible materials (such as special steels, carbon fiber composites, glass fiber, or graphene) wound around it. Compared to conventional flywheels, superflywheels can store more energy and are safer to operate. In case of failure,

676-463: A vee share the corresponding inline engine cylinder heads; for instance, a 6V-53 uses two 3-53 cylinder heads. Naturally aspirated 6V-53 variants (model 5063-7000) had peak output ratings of 216 hp (161 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 445 lb⋅ft (603 N⋅m) at 1500 RPM, with an 21:1 compression ratio, using N50 injectors. The firing order of the 6V-53 is 1L-1R-2L-2R-3L-3R (left hand) and 1L-3R-3L-2R-2L-1R (right hand). The 6V-53

728-416: A wide range of applications: gyroscopes for instrumentation, ship stability , satellite stabilization ( reaction wheel ), keeping a toy spin spinning ( friction motor ), stabilizing magnetically-levitated objects ( Spin-stabilized magnetic levitation ). Flywheels may also be used as an electric compensator, like a synchronous compensator , that can either produce or sink reactive power but would not affect

780-471: Is a two-stroke diesel engine series, available in both inline and V configurations, manufactured by Detroit Diesel as a more compact alternative to the older Series 71 for medium and heavy duty trucks . The number 53 refers to the nominal swept displacement per cylinder in cubic inches. Inline models included two, three, and four cylinders, and the V-types six and eight cylinders. The Series 53

832-436: Is a low-production / prototype engine consisting of two coupled 6V-53 engines; fewer than 20 were estimated to have been built, mostly for marine service in generator sets. One of the 6V-53 engines was a left-hand rotation and the other was right-hand rotation; they were coupled at their flywheels. Flywheel A flywheel is a mechanical device that uses the conservation of angular momentum to store rotational energy ,

884-481: Is by torsion bar . Support rollers are not necessary because of the taut and relatively light track. In off-road driving, the driver must be careful to keep the track tension constant. Even with a failed torsion bar the M548 is still roadworthy. The power of the motor drives the transfer gearcase, generator and the cooling of the differential/steering gear. The transfer gearcase can be used as a separating clutch when towing

936-610: Is done with an electric hoist. The British Army used M548 as logistical support for (UK) Armoured Division in the 1991 Gulf War . The M548 was also used as the basis for the Tracked Rapier anti-aircraft missile system, originally intended for the Iranian Army but delivered to the British Army after the revolution caused the order to be cancelled. On 25 February 1991, a pair of M548 crewed by personnel of

988-432: Is injected into the heated, compressed air in the cylinder, creating the power stroke and pushing the piston downward. The injectors are cycled from the same camshaft responsible for opening the exhaust valves . Shortly after the combustion (power) stroke, the camshaft opens pushrod -operated poppet valves in the cylinder head(s) to allow engine exhaust to escape, through either two or four valves per cylinder . As

1040-419: Is natural to consider it as a kinetic energy analogue of an electrical capacitor . Once suitably abstracted, this shared principle of energy storage is described in the generalized concept of an accumulator . As with other types of accumulators, a flywheel inherently smooths sufficiently small deviations in the power output of a system, thereby effectively playing the role of a low-pass filter with respect to

1092-630: Is one reason why carbon fiber is a material of interest. For a given design the stored energy is proportional to the hoop stress and the volume. An electric motor-powered flywheel is common in practice. The output power of the electric motor is approximately equal to the output power of the flywheel. It can be calculated by ( V i ) ( V t ) ( sin ⁡ ( δ ) X S ) {\textstyle (V_{i})(V_{t})\left({\frac {\sin(\delta )}{X_{S}}}\right)} , where V i {\displaystyle V_{i}}

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1144-437: Is the angular velocity of the cylinder. A rimmed flywheel has a rim , a hub, and spokes . Calculation of the flywheel's moment of inertia can be more easily analysed by applying various simplifications. One method is to assume the spokes, shaft and hub have zero moments of inertia, and the flywheel's moment of inertia is from the rim alone. Another is to lump moments of inertia of spokes, hub and shaft may be estimated as

1196-407: Is the voltage of rotor winding, V t {\displaystyle V_{t}} is stator voltage, and δ {\displaystyle \delta } is the angle between two voltages. Increasing amounts of rotation energy can be stored in the flywheel until the rotor shatters. This happens when the hoop stress within the rotor exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of

1248-573: The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers , were supporting 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers who were providing the reconnaissance for the division. They were attacked by an Iraqi Type 59 tank . One M548 was disabled and the Type 59 reengaged the second M548 who returned fire with small arms. Two crewmen (Sergeant Dowling, MM and Lance Corporal F. Evans, REME) were killed. Detroit Diesel Series 53 The Detroit Diesel Series 53

1300-549: The 3-53 is 1-2-3 (left hand) and 1-3-2 (right hand). Turbocharged 3-53T variants (model 5033-8300) had peak output ratings of 131 hp (98 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 312 lb⋅ft (423 N⋅m) at 1600 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using N65 injectors. Naturally aspirated 4-53 variants (model 5043-7000) had peak output ratings of 140 hp (100 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 282 lb⋅ft (382 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 21:1 compression ratio, using N50 injectors. With S45 injectors and

1352-568: The 4-53 is 1-2-4-3 (left hand) and 1-3-4-2 (right hand). Turbocharged 4-53T variants (model 5047-5340) had peak output ratings of 170 hp (130 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 402 lb⋅ft (545 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using 5A60 injectors. Off-highway 4-53T variants (model 5043-8301) had peak output ratings of 175 hp (130 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 420 lb⋅ft (570 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using N65 injectors. Engines with cylinder blocks arranged in

1404-477: The AN/MLQ-24 TACJAM, and AN/TSQ-138 Trailblazer Direction Finding systems. The M548 was mainly used as ammunition transporter in units equipped with the self-propelled M109 howitzer . Also, the armor and weapons mechanic school's recruits, as well as at the tank mortar unit 16/5, used the M548. The usual load is ten pallets of eight 155 mm projectiles including charges and detonators. The handling

1456-569: The German artisan Theophilus Presbyter (ca. 1070–1125) who records applying the device in several of his machines. In the Industrial Revolution , James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine , and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel combined with a crank to transform reciprocating motion into rotary motion. The kinetic energy (or more specifically rotational energy ) stored by

1508-657: The M113A3 variant and MIM-72 Chaparral , which uses the M113 chassis. Cylinders are numbered sequentially starting from the front of the engine. The most commonly encountered Series 53 engines include the 3-53, 4-53, and 6V-53. The firing order of the 2-53 (right-hand rotation) is 1-2. Naturally aspirated 3-53 variants (model 5033-7000) had peak output ratings of 101 hp (75 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 205 lb⋅ft (278 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 21:1 compression ratio, using N50 injectors. The firing order of

1560-553: The Series 53 exist. In common with similar, contemporaneous two-stroke diesel engines , including the Detroit Diesel Series 71 and EMD 567 , the Series 53 does not use crankcase aspiration and cannot naturally draw in combustion air; the Series 53 engines are fitted with a gear -driven Roots blower mounted to the exterior of the engine, which is inherently necessary to charge the cylinders with air for combustion. The air intake ports are through passages bored into

1612-444: The abilities of its energy source. This is achieved by accumulating energy in the flywheel over a period of time, at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing energy at a much higher rate over a relatively short time when it is needed. For example, flywheels are used in power hammers and riveting machines . Flywheels can be used to control direction and oppose unwanted motions. Flywheels in this context have

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1664-411: The air intake ports are covered by the side of the piston and the air trapped in the cylinder is compressed and heated. Unit fuel injection is employed, one injector per cylinder; each unit injector is responsible for metering the fuel, pressurizing it, and atomizing it when it is injected into the cylinder. No high fuel pressure exists outside of the injector body. The atomized fuel combusts when

1716-416: The application. Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth the fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston and then returns that energy to the piston to compress

1768-497: The cylinder until the intake ports are covered again by the upward motion of the piston. Most Series 53 engines were "symmetrical," meaning that the blower, exhaust, water manifold, starter, and other components could be mounted on either side of the basic block to fit a particular application. In addition, the engines were designed to run with the crankshaft turning either clockwise or counter-clockwise, called "Left Hand" or "Right Hand" rotation engines, respectively, as viewed from

1820-591: The flywheel is found in the Neolithic spindle and the potter's wheel , as well as circular sharpening stones in antiquity. In the early 11th century, Ibn Bassal pioneered the use of flywheel in noria and saqiyah . The use of the flywheel as a general mechanical device to equalize the speed of rotation is, according to the American medievalist Lynn White , recorded in the De diversibus artibus (On various arts) of

1872-442: The flywheel side of the engine. Viewed from the flywheel side of the engine, inline engines could be classified into one of eight basic arrangements, depending on the direction of rotation and location of the blower and exhaust manifold. Similarly, vee-block engines could be classified into one of four basic arrangements, depending on the direction of rotation and the location of the starter and oil cooler. The first number refers to

1924-402: The flywheel's rotor can be calculated by 1 2 I ω 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}} . ω is the angular velocity , and I {\displaystyle I} is the moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of symmetry. The moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to torque applied on a spinning object (i.e.

1976-445: The four-valve cylinder head (model 5043-7000), peak output ratings dropped slightly to 130 hp (97 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 270 lb⋅ft (370 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM. The base model (with a two-valve cylinder head and reduced compression to 17:1, model 5043-5101 and -7101) had peak output ratings of 108 hp (81 kW) at 2200 RPM (gross) and 263 lb⋅ft (357 N⋅m) at 1500 RPM The firing order of

2028-407: The higher the moment of inertia, the slower it will accelerate when a given torque is applied). The moment of inertia can be calculated for cylindrical shapes using mass ( m {\textstyle m} ) and radius ( r {\displaystyle r} ). For a solid cylinder it is 1 2 m r 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}} , for

2080-423: The mechanical velocity (angular, or otherwise) of the system. More precisely, a flywheel's stored energy will donate a surge in power output upon a drop in power input and will conversely absorb any excess power input (system-generated power) in the form of rotational energy. Common uses of a flywheel include smoothing a power output in reciprocating engines , energy storage , delivering energy at higher rates than

2132-506: The model number includes a suffix, it denotes additional features. The engine model code is stamped on the cylinder block, consisting of an eight-digit code which provides additional information on the number of cylinders and basic arrangement: The 6V53 is most famously used with the M113 armored personnel carrier , starting with the M113A1 variant. The turbocharged version, 6V53T, is used in

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2184-429: The number of cylinders in the engine, followed by a hyphen or "V", indicating inline or vee cylinder block arrangements, respectively, then 53 for the Series designation, referring the nominal swept displacement per cylinder in cubic inches, rounding from 53.07 cu in (0.9 L) per cylinder. The basic engine code does not have a model suffix identifier: for example, 4-53 is an inline four engine . When

2236-419: The piston continues downward, it uncovers the air intake ports again, which helps to displace exhaust gases. This is an example of uniflow scavenging ; since the intake air enters at slightly greater than atmospheric pressure, the blower also assists in scavenging spent combustion gasses at the end of the power stroke. When scavenging is complete, the exhaust valves are closed and air continues to be taken in to

2288-450: The radius of rotation of the rim is equal to its mean radius and thus I r i m = M r i m R 2 {\textstyle I_{\mathrm {rim} }=M_{\mathrm {rim} }R^{2}} . A shaftless flywheel eliminates the annulus holes, shaft or hub. It has higher energy density than conventional design but requires a specialized magnetic bearing and control system. The specific energy of

2340-428: The real power. The purposes for that application are to improve the power factor of the system or adjust the grid voltage. Typically, the flywheels used in this field are similar in structure and installation as the synchronous motor (but it is called synchronous compensator or synchronous condenser in this context). There are also some other kinds of compensator using flywheels, like the single phase induction machine. But

2392-405: The rotor material. Tensile stress can be calculated by ρ r 2 ω 2 {\displaystyle \rho r^{2}\omega ^{2}} , where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the cylinder, r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the cylinder, and ω {\displaystyle \omega }

2444-407: The sides of the cylinder block, rather than in the cylinder head. Intake air is discharged from the blower into an air chamber in the cylinder block; when the intake ports are uncovered by the downward stroke of the piston, the air from the air chamber enters the combustion chamber. These intake ports are angled to impart a swirling motion to the intake air. As the piston continues to travel upward,

2496-459: The source, controlling the orientation of a mechanical system using gyroscope and reaction wheel , etc. Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are generally limited to a maximum revolution rate of a few thousand RPM . High energy density flywheels can be made of carbon fiber composites and employ magnetic bearings , enabling them to revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM (1  kHz ). The principle of

2548-520: The vehicle and serves to reduce the motor's speed. The power transmission between the drive follows the torque converter with an automatic lock-up clutch. NATO Stock Number (NSN) 2350–01–096–9356 It has the same improvements as M113A2. Improved suspension and cooling system. Entered service in 1982. NATO Stock Number (NSN) 2350-01-369-6081 Modified M548 to carry Electronic Warfare Shelters. Modifications included installation of 60W, 400hz power system and ground rod driver. EW Shelters carried included

2600-404: Was available with either a cast iron or aluminum cylinder block. Turbocharged off-highway 6V-53T variants (model 5063-5300) had peak output ratings of 233 hp (174 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 568 lb⋅ft (770 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using 5A55 injectors. The firing order of the 8V-53 is 1L-3R-3L-4R-4L-2R-2L-1R (right hand). The 12V-53

2652-502: Was introduced in 1957; in 1961, the 4-53 and 6V-53 were introduced as options for the 1962 model year Chevrolet -branded medium and heavy duty trucks. Production of Series 53 engines ended in the 1990s along with other two-stroke Detroit Diesel designs, as tightening emissions regulations could not be met with their design. Bore and stroke are the same across all units, at 3 + 7 ⁄ 8  in ×  4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (98 mm × 114 mm). These engines use

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2704-581: Was patented in 1964 by the Soviet-Russian scientist Nurbei Guilia . Flywheels are made from many different materials; the application determines the choice of material. Small flywheels made of lead are found in children's toys. Cast iron flywheels are used in old steam engines. Flywheels used in car engines are made of cast or nodular iron, steel or aluminum. Flywheels made from high-strength steel or composites have been proposed for use in vehicle energy storage and braking systems. The efficiency of

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