Cargo airlines (or air freight carriers , and derivatives of these names) are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air . Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines . In 2018, airline cargo traffic represented 262,333 million tonne-kilometres with a 49.3% load factor : 52.1% for dedicated cargo operations, and 47.9% within mixed operations (belly freight of passenger airliners).
59-566: MASkargo (stylised as maskargo ) is a cargo airline with its head office in the Advanced Cargo Centre (ACC) on the grounds of Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang District , Selangor , Malaysia . It is a cargo division of its parent company Malaysia Airlines (MAS) that operates scheduled, charter air cargo services as well as airport to seaport cargo logistics via ground transportation. The company
118-434: A million-tonne cargo capacity. In 2010, MASkargo, a cargo division of Malaysia Airlines, updated its branding to a more simplified design, diverging from the more colorful scheme of its parent company. The new livery adopted a minimalist approach, featuring a predominantly white color scheme with the company's logo and titles on the tail. This design approach, while officially adopted in 2010, had been intermittently used since
177-470: A natural rainforest in the middle of the terminal, exhibiting the Malaysian rainforests. Under Malaysia Airports Berhad retail optimisation plan, the retail space in satellite terminal A will be further optimised to increase its revenue derived from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts to 50% by year 2010 which currently stands at 35%. Some notable improvements that will be seen after
236-421: A new air traffic control tower (Tower West) were built to support its operation. KLIA T2 has an initial capacity of 45 million passengers per year. The terminal has a built-up area of 257,845 sqm with 68 departure gates, 10 remote stands, 80 aerobridges, includes a retail space of 32,000 sqm to accommodate a total of 220 retail outlets. The main terminal building of KLIA T2 is connected with its satellite piers with
295-562: A skybridge, making it the first airport in Asia with such facility. KLIA T2 is certified with Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED). Check-in counters are divided into 8 rows located in 4 islands, each row identified by the letters S – Z. Boarding gates are located in 5 piers, indicated by the letters J and K for domestic flights, and L , P and Q for international flights. Piers J, K and L are connected directly to
354-561: Is a virtual extension of KL International Airport where city check-in services are provided. KL City Air Terminal is recognised by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and carries the IATA designation XKL . Currently there are only three airlines providing city check-in services: Cathay Pacific , Malaysia Airlines and Batik Air Malaysia . Built at a cost of approximately RM4 billion, it
413-522: Is an extension of the main terminal building with gates marked with prefix A and B for domestic departures, G and H for international flights. The gate allocation is based on operational requirements, although it has been observed that Malaysia Airlines has been operating most of its operations out from the contact pier. The 176,000 square metres (1,890,000 sq ft) satellite building accommodates international flights departing and arriving at KLIA T1. Passengers taking flights parked at
472-509: Is capable of handling 78 landings per hour and was expected to increase to 108 landings per hour once upgrading of the Kuala Lumpur Flight Information Region had been completed in 2019. These runways operate on different departure/arrival modes according to the air traffic requirements. Kuala Lumpur International Airport features a number of modern design features that assist in the efficient operation of
531-625: Is currently available at Malaysia Airlines stations worldwide. Opened in 1998, the same year KLIA (Kuala Lumpur International Airport) began operations, the MASkargo Animal Hotel started as a centre catering to inbound animal shipments for staging and delivery. On 15 June 2004, the Animal Hotel became a one-stop centre. The activities included import, export and transhipment delivery and payment. The MASkargo Animal Hotel has around 1,297 m (14,000 sq ft) of space. The facility
590-404: Is largely complete. Phase Three is anticipated to increase capacity to 100 million passengers per year. Kuala Lumpur International Airport was officially inaugurated by the tenth Yang di-Pertuan Agong , Tuanku Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan , on 27 June 1998 at 20:30 MST . The first domestic arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1263 from Kuantan at 07:10 MST. The first international arrival
649-1023: Is located on Ground Floor, Block C and KLIA 2 bus terminal is located on Level 1 of the terminal. Ticketing counters are present in the terminals. Buses to the Kuala Lumpur city mainly goes to KL Sentral railway station and Integrated Southern Terminal bus terminal (TBS) , both a prominent transport hub of Kuala Lumpur, as well as various other places like Pudu Sentral, Jalan Ipoh and Jalan Pekeliling Terminal. There are also buses to parts of other Klang Valley cities like Shah Alam (Section 17 terminal), Klang (AEON Bukit Tinggi) as well as Putra Heights LRT station . Popular providers are Aerobus, Airport Coach and Jetbus. Intercity services are available to Penang , Ipoh , Yong Peng (central Johor), Johor Bahru , Malacca and Sitiawan (Perak). Local buses are also available to Nilai and Banting , with SmartSelangor free shuttle available to Banting, Tanjung Sepat and Salak Tinggi . Kuala Lumpur International Airport
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#1732793931668708-607: Is mainly served by tolless KLIA Expressway (Federal Route 26) which is an 11 kilometre direct road from KLIA Interchange of ELITE Expressway (E6) to both KLIA and KLIA2. The expressway also has connection to: The further end of the expressway leads to tolled ELITE Expressway , which connects it to the PLUS expressway networks (E1 North-South Expressway-North , E1 New Klang Valley Expressway and E2 North-South Expressway-South ) which links to most of Klang Valley's major townships and further to Peninsular Malaysia's west coast states, to
767-561: Is one of the world's largest airport sites. An ambitious three-phase development plan anticipates KLIA to have three runways and two terminals each with two satellite terminals. Phase One involved the construction of the main terminal and one satellite terminal, giving a capacity of 25 million passengers, and two full service runways. The Phase One airport had 60 contact piers, 20 remote parking bays with 80 aircraft parking positions, four maintenance hangars and fire stations. Phase Two, designed to increase capacity to 35 million passengers per year,
826-510: Is open 24 hours a day. An on-call veterinarian is available. The MASkargo Animal Hotel emphasizes comfort, safety and hygiene. MASkargo's Priority Business Centre is serving by-invitation-only customers. PBC is open 24 hours a day. The facility is located on the Core 2 Ground Floor of MASkargo's Advanced Cargo Centre in KLIA and is staffed by a team of supervisors and officers. The perishable Centre
885-856: Is provided on the landside at Gateway@klia2 complex and there are provisions for future airside inter-terminal connection. Gateway@klia2 is an integrated shopping complex that is connected to the main KLIA T2 terminal building. It has a 350,000 square feet of net lettable space spanning over four levels. The transport hub at Gateway@klia2 links klia2 to the KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit service, with allotted pick-up and drop-off areas for coaches, taxis, rented vehicles and private transportation. Gateway@klia2 hosts an 8-storey car park that directly adjoins KLIA T2. There are 6,000 covered parking lots at Blocks A and B and another 5,500 lots at car park D (KLIA2 parking rate ). Shuttle buses are available to take
944-409: Is the largest purpose-built terminal optimised for low-cost carriers, like AirAsia in response to the exponential growth of low-cost travel in the region. It was built to replace the previous Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT). KLIA T2 began its operations on 2 May 2014, and all flight operations at LCCT were moved to KLIA T2 by 9 May 2014. As part of its development, a third runway (Runway 15/33) and
1003-539: Is the main international airport serving Kuala Lumpur , the capital of Malaysia . It is located in the Sepang District of Selangor , approximately 45 km (28 mi) south of downtown Kuala Lumpur and serves the city's greater conurbation . Kuala Lumpur International Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Malaysia and is recognised as a megahub. In 2023, it handled 47.2 million passengers, 980,040 tonnes of cargo and 819,026 aircraft movements, ranking as
1062-509: Is the major hub of Malaysia Airlines , MASkargo , Batik Air Malaysia , UPS Airlines and World Cargo Airlines , and the major operating base of AirAsia and AirAsia X . The ground breaking ceremony for Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) took place on 1 June 1993 when the government under Mahathir Mohamad decided that the existing Kuala Lumpur airport, then known as Subang International Airport (now Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport ) could not handle future demand. The construction of
1121-469: The 35th-busiest airport by total passenger traffic . As of 2024, Kuala Lumpur International Airport has become the second most connected airport globally, according to the OAG Megahub Index , following London-Heathrow . Other airports in the top five included Tokyo-Haneda , Amsterdam-Schiphol and Seoul-Incheon . The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports (MAHB) Sepang Sdn Bhd and
1180-586: The 1997 Asian financial crisis , September 11 attacks , SARS , bird flu epidemic ( Avian flu ), the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , the 2009 swine flu pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic . The airport is also largely overshadowed by the more internationally renowned Changi Airport located approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) to the southeast in Singapore , especially in regards to connecting flights by various airlines or Malaysians especially living in
1239-573: The Airbus A380 . KLIA is the only airport in Malaysia that accommodate the landing and take off of the A380. Upgrading works started on 3 April 2006, and was completed by 28 May 2007. Works include the provision of shoulders on both sides of the two existing runways of 15 meters as well as the taxiways, building additional aerobridges at the three departure halls, namely C17, C27 and C37, and enhancing
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#17327939316681298-474: The COVID-19 pandemic , adjusted cargo capacity fell by 4.4% in February while air cargo demand also fell by 9.1%, but the near-halt in passenger traffic cut capacity even deeper as half of global air cargo is carried in passenger jets’ bellies. Air freight rates rose as a consequence, from $ 0.80 per kg for transatlantic cargoes to $ 2.50-4 per kg, enticing passenger airlines to operate cargo-only flights through
1357-559: The Ilyushin Il-76 . Examples of the 80+-year-old Douglas DC-3 are still flying around the world carrying cargo (as well as passengers). Short range turboprop airliners such as the Antonov An-12 , Antonov An-26 , Fokker Friendship , and British Aerospace ATP are being modified to accept standard air freight pallets to extend their working lives. This normally involves the replacement of glazed windows with opaque panels,
1416-562: The 1990s, particularly on aircraft that were leased from other carriers. On 30 April 2015, Malaysia Airlines announced it would either lease out or sell MASkargo's entire fleet due to its ongoing financial crisis. On 1 November 2015, Malaysia Airlines CEO told reporters that MASkargo would not be shut down. In March 2016, the renamed MAB Kargo signed an agreement with Silk Way Airlines of Azerbaijan, which sees it use block space on Silk Way flights from Kuala Lumpur to Amsterdam via Baku , thus ending its freighter aircraft service to Europe via
1475-710: The Air Support Zone; it ceased operations on 9 May 2014, and all low-cost carrier flights subsequently operated out of KLIA T2. The Aerotrain , currently out of service for repairs, is an automated people mover (APM) that connects the airside of KLIA Main Terminal Building (MTB) and the Satellite Building. Each 250-person capacity train can transport 3,000 passengers per hour in each direction at up to 56 km/h (35 mph). These three-car driverless trains run on elevated rail and under
1534-701: The MASkargo Air-Zone online handling office, known as "XPQ", situated within the port's Northport Container Yard Terminal. I-PORT is listed in the Malaysian Guinness Book of Records as the first service "of its kind" in Malaysia . i-secure is an airport-to-airport logistics facility from MASkargo. Cargo under this service will be stored in a surveillance area before being transported. Types of cargo supported by i-secure include semiconductor products, consumer electronics, cameras, CD-ROMs, computers, watches, and pharmaceutical items. i-secure
1593-524: The Main Terminal Building and klia2 station at Gateway@klia2. Kuala Lumpur International Airport has bus terminals in both KLIA and KLIA2 building which serves local buses, city express and intercity express buses to various destination in Kuala Lumpur, Klang Valley and also various parts of Peninsular Malaysia, as well as shuttles between KLIA and KLIA2, terminals to Long Term Car Park and terminals to Mitsui Outlet Park. KLIA bus terminal
1652-486: The Main Terminal Building and Terminal 2; connecting passengers must clear Malaysian immigration and customs checks before taking a landside transportation option ( Express Rail Link , bus or taxi). Kuala Lumpur International Airport is linked to the KL Sentral transportation hub in the city centre by the 57 km (35 mi) long Express Rail Link (ERL). There are two ERL stations at the airport: KLIA station at
1711-460: The Middle East countries where it had served Dubai Al Maktoum Airport. In October 2016, both Boeing 747-400 planes were phased out, and a third Airbus A330-200F, which was stored for 6 months, was added to the fleet. MASkargo provides freighter services to the following (as of November 2019): Amsterdam is also served in a block space agreement by Silk Way West Airlines and Jakarta through
1770-496: The abstract symbolic architecture by the late Kisho Kurokawa encompasses the Islamic geometry and cutting-edge technology with the tropical rainforest in mind. The KLIA Main Terminal Building (MTB) now also referred to as KLIA Main is located in between the two runways. The floor area of the terminal covers 390,000 m (4,200,000 sq ft) and the building consists of 39 square roof units, which enables future expansion of
1829-403: The airport and the baggage handling breaking down. Bags were lost, and there were waits of over five to seven hours. Most of these issues were remedied eventually, though the baggage handling system was plagued with problems until it was put up for a complete replacement tender in 2007. The airport suffered greatly reduced traffic with the general reduction in economic activity brought about by
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1888-538: The airport was done mainly by a few state owned construction companies as well as Ekovest Berhad – helmed by Tan Sri Datuk Lim Kang Hoo . It was created as part of the Multimedia Super Corridor , a grand development plan for Malaysia. The chief architect who designed the new airport terminal was the Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa . Upon KLIA's completion, Subang Airport's Terminal 1 building
1947-495: The airport. It is one of the first Asia Pacific airports to become 100% Bar Coded Boarding Pass capable. Malaysia Airlines ; AirAsia ; MASkargo , a cargo airline; and Malaysia Airports , the Malaysian Airports operator and manager; are headquartered on the property of KLIA. Malaysia Airlines also operates its Flight Management Building at KLIA. Kuala Lumpur International Airport comprises two main terminals:
2006-470: The building. There are a total of 216 check-in counters, located in 6 different islands, identified by the letters A – M (excluding I). Multi check-in services are available, designed for the use of all passengers arriving, departing or in transit. Self check in facilities are available in this airport since 2007, and KLM was the first airline to use the Common-use self-service kiosks. The contact pier
2065-473: The extent of the border with Thailand and Singapore. With the slight modification of the masterplan, the future Terminal 2's satellite terminal will be combined into one satellite terminal. The expansion of Terminal 2's satellite terminal will be exactly the same as Terminal 1's (the current Main Terminal) satellite terminal, where initially the satellite terminal will have four arms, and another four arms when
2124-505: The geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in process, and finished inventories. Larger cargo airlines tend to use new or recently built aircraft to carry their freight. Current passenger aircraft such as the Boeing 777 and Airbus A330 offer freighter variants either from new the factory or as a conversion. Compared to the passenger variant, the freighter has a supernumerary area, which includes four business-class seats forward of
2183-553: The load centre for sea and air traffic in the region. The I-port transfers cargo from the seaport in Port Klang to MASkargo's Advanced Cargo Centre. Any additional documentation from the seaports is sealed by the Customs Department and loaded onto MASkargo's scheduled trucks for outbound destinations through KLIA . Cargo space and flights for the intended airport of destinations are pre-booked by forwarding agents at
2242-422: The main terminal building, while Piers P and Q are accessible via the skybridge. Piers K and L are physically the same pier and share the same gates, but with waiting lounges on different levels (Level 1A for K and Level 2 for L). For international flights, the access door from Pier K is sealed off, while for domestic flights, the access door from Pier L is sealed off instead. At present, inter-terminal connection
2301-410: The mezzanine lounges for upper deck passengers of the aircraft at the departure halls. Emirates is the only current operator of the Airbus A380 to Kuala Lumpur; its services commenced on 1 January 2012. Malaysia Airlines started its A380 services from Kuala Lumpur to London on 1 July 2012 before retiring the aircraft type at the end of 2018. On 22 November 2024, KLIA was awarded Large Airport of
2360-471: The original terminal, Terminal 1, previously known simply as "KLIA"; and the newer Terminal 2 (formerly KLIA2). Terminal 1 was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa , who also designed the Domestic Terminal (T2) at Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport , with an emphasis of natural lighting within the airport complex. Spanning 38.4m along a grid pattern allowing for future expansions,
2419-459: The originally estimated 25 million passengers per year by 2003. On 9 February 2023, transport minister Anthony Loke Siew Fook announced that the government and MAHB had agreed to rebrand KLIA and klia2 to KLIA Terminal 1 and KLIA Terminal 2 respectively. The costs associated with the rebranding will be fully borne by MAHB. Kuala Lumpur International Airport has three parallel runways ( 14L/32R; 14R/32L; 15/33 ). The current three runway system
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2478-1127: The passenger cabin. [2] This is known as mixed operations or belly freight, and makes up 47.9% airline cargo traffic as of 2018. Alaska Airlines operates a series of short flights nicknamed the "Milk Run" to small towns in Southeast Alaska that do not have road access, using five Boeing 737-400 Combi aircraft whose cabin is divided in half with cargo up front and 72 seats in the back. [3] By freight tonne-kilometres flown (millions): Some more large cargo carriers are: The following are freight divisions of passenger airlines operating their own or leased freighter aircraft. Some have shut down or merged with others: The following are freight divisions without freighter fleets, using passenger aircraft holds or having other cargo airlines fly on their behalf. Some of these previously had freighters: These carriers operate freighter aircraft but do not have cargo divisions: These carriers operate freighter aircraft exclusively KLIA Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) ( IATA : KUL , ICAO : WMKK )
2537-408: The passengers of Malaysia's "no-frills" airline AirAsia . The terminal was designed and built in accordance to the low cost carrier business model , with limited terminal amenities. As requested by the low-cost airlines, the terminal did not provide aerobridges , nor were there transfer facilities, rail connections, and the other facilities provided in a fully fledged terminal. LCCT was located within
2596-421: The past, some cargo airlines would carry a few passengers from time to time on flights, and UPS Airlines once unsuccessfully tried a passenger charter airline division. Passenger airlines regularly use their largest passenger aircraft like the Boeing 777 -300ER to earn additional revenue beyond passengers on a scheduled flight, by transporting a limited amount of cargo alongside passengers' luggage underneath
2655-500: The public from the car park D to the terminal. The first capsule transit hotel in Asia, the Capsule by Container Hotel, is also located at Gateway@klia2. Gateway@klia2 is managed by WCT Holdings Berhad. The now defunct 36,000 square metres (390,000 sq ft) low cost carrier terminal (LCCT) was opened at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 23 March 2006 to cater for the growing number of users of low-cost airlines, especially
2714-546: The refurbishments will be the Jungle Boardwalk which will be the first of its kind in the world and larger mezzanine floor to accommodate F&B outlets and viewing galleries. The gates in Satellite Terminal A have the prefix C . The Satellite A terminal has 27 boarding gates altogether. KL City Air Terminal, sometimes known as Kuala Lumpur City Air Terminal or KL CAT , located at KL Sentral ,
2773-469: The rigid cargo barrier, full main deck access, bunks, and a galley. Passenger planes converted to freighters have their windows plugged, passenger doors deactivated, fuselage and floor reinforced, and a main-deck cargo door installed. Many cargo airlines still utilize older aircraft, including those no longer suited for passenger service, like the Boeing 707 , Boeing 727 , Douglas DC-8 , McDonnell Douglas DC-10 , McDonnell Douglas MD-11 , Airbus A300 , and
2832-571: The same by Raya Airways . As of July 2024, MASkargo operates the following aircraft: With MASkargo's recent “an airport within a seaport” plan, the company has extended its services to Port Klang , a major seaport in Peninsular Malaysia . A designated air zone has been established in Port Klang to facilitate this. In collaboration with MASkargo and Port Klang Terminal Operators, the I-port aims to promote Port Klang / KLIA as
2891-537: The satellite terminal are transported by bus from the main terminal; as of March 2023, the Aerotrain that connects this building with the main terminal has been suspended for repairs and rolling stock replacement. There is a wide array of duty-free shops and prestige brand boutiques in the satellite building. This includes international brands such as Burberry , Harrods , Montblanc , Salvatore Ferragamo , and Hermes . Among all international labels available within
2950-730: The southern parts of the country (e.g. Johor ) preferring to travel via Changi rather than at KLIA. The first year of opening immediately saw reduction of passenger numbers as some airlines, including All Nippon Airways (resumed on 1 September 2015), British Airways (reinstated on 28 May 2015 until 28 March 2021 ), Lufthansa (resumed between 28 March 2004 until 28 February 2016) and Northwest Airlines , terminated their loss-making services to KLIA. KLIA's first full year of operations in 1999, in its Phase One manifestation (capacity of 25 million passengers per year), saw only 13.2 million passengers. Passenger numbers eventually increased to 21.1 million in 2004 and 47 million in 2013 — though short of
3009-543: The strengthening of the cabin floor and insertion of a broad top-hinged door in one side of the fuselage. The Antonov An-225 Mriya , an enlarged version of the Antonov An-124 Ruslan , was the world's largest aircraft, used for transporting large shipments and oversized cargos. Usage of large military airplanes for commercial purposes, pioneered by Ukraine 's Antonov Airlines in the 1990s, has allowed new types of cargo in aerial transportation. In
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#17327939316683068-416: The taxiways. The journey takes under two minutes. The Aerotrain operates between three and five-minute intervals between terminal. Automatic train controls manage the operation of the entire Aerotrain system, controlling the speeds, headways, stops and door openings in stations, and integrating functions that enhance the reliability and performance of the system. No airside connection currently exists between
3127-569: The terminal reached its capacity. There is sufficient land and capacity to develop facilities to handle up to 97.5 million passengers a year, four runways by 2020 and two mega-terminals, each linked with satellite terminals. The operator of Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad, had spent about RM135 million (approx) to upgrade facilities at the KL International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang to accommodate
3186-493: The terminal, some boutiques such as Harrods are only available in the airport. A number of restaurants and international airlines' lounges are available as well as an Airside Transit Hotel. Within the terminal, wireless internet ( Wi-Fi ) is provided free of charge. The terminal also has prayer rooms, showers and massage service. Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas and movie lounge, broadcasting movie and sport channels. The terminal also features
3245-400: The use of preighters , while cargo airlines bring back into service fuel-guzzling stored aircraft , helped by falling oil prices . Air transport is a component of many international logistics networks, managing and controlling the flow of goods, energy, information and other resources like products, services, and people, from the source of production to the marketplace. Logistics involves
3304-407: Was Malaysia Airlines flight MH188 from Malé at 07:30 MST. The first domestic departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1432 to Langkawi at 07:20 MST; the first international departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH84 to Beijing at 09:00 MST. The inauguration of the airport was marked with numerous problems. The aerobridge and bay allocation systems broke down, with queues building up throughout
3363-460: Was demolished. Malaysia Airports agreed to redevelop the remaining Terminal 3 to create a specialist airport for turboprop and charter planes surrounded by a residential area and a business park. The IATA airport code KUL was transferred from Subang Airport, which currently handles only turboprop aircraft, general aviation and military aircraft. The airport's site spans 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of former agricultural land and
3422-484: Was established in 1972 to handle cargo delivery worldwide via Malaysia Airlines ' global network of routes. At that point, MASkargo handled 30,000 tonnes of cargo. It became a subsidiary of Malaysia Airlines in April 1997, with two Boeing 747-200F freighters from the parent company. It has 1,092 employees (as of March 2007). As of 2008, the new cargo facility is located in the Advanced Cargo Centre (ACC) KLIA . MASkargo has
3481-802: Was set up by MASkargo to ensure that perishable cargo remains preserved; the one-stop centre accepts and delivers the perishable cargo under one roof. MASkargo provides an “unbroken cool chain" for cooling conditions. Cargo is moved to cold rooms, where up to 16 units of ULD may be stored. [REDACTED] Media related to MASkargo at Wikimedia Commons Cargo airline A higher proportion of cargo flights are red-eye (overnight flights) than passenger flights. Compared to passenger airline pilots, cargo pilots are paid less but do not have to be responsible for passengers. Cargo pilots also have better job security due to air freight demand being more stable, as opposed to passenger airlines which often furlough their pilots in response to falling passenger demand. [1] Amid
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