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80-667: It also held, at some stages, cross-shareholdings in ASARCO , Cominco and Metallgesellschaft . It sold its interests in Cominco and Metallgesellschaft during the 1993–1994 Australian financial year. MIM Holdings was responsible for several significant technological advances in the mining industry, including the Isa Process tank house technology , developed at its subsidiary Copper Refineries Pty Limited in Townsville, Queensland;

160-494: A Dodge touring car for personal transportation, to keep abreast of the moving columns and control their movements, employing aircraft of the 1st Aero Squadron as messengers. His headquarters advanced as far as the 1st Aero Squadron's field at Satevó , southeast of the city of Chihuahua , before falling back at the end of April. Villa had a six-day head start on the pursuit, all but ensuring that his forces would successfully break up into smaller bands and he would be able to hide in

240-541: A Pershing aide and a future World War II general, was out looking to buy some corn from the Mexicans when he came across the ranch of Julio Cárdenas , an important leader in the Villista military organization. With fifteen men and three Dodge touring cars, Patton led America's first motorised military action, in which Cárdenas and two other men were shot dead. The young lieutenant then had the three Mexicans strapped to

320-488: A charge with pistols through the hacienda. Unable to deploy on line, the charge was made in column of fours and closed with the fleeing elements of Villistas. The other troops deployed to either side of the hacienda attempting to block escape and were supported by plunging fire from the machine gun troop. Friedrich Katz called the action the "greatest victory that the Punitive Expedition would achieve." Without

400-693: A demolition and site cleanup plan to the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality for their impact on the local residential area. Fined $ 3.6 million in 1996 for discharging lead and other pollutants into the Missouri River , ASARCO closed its Omaha plant in July 1997. After extensive site cleanup, the land was turned over to the City of Omaha as a 23-acre (93,000 m ) park. All of East Omaha , comprising more than 8,000 acres (32 km ),

480-551: A month in the field when troops sent by Venustiano Carranza , the head of the Constitutionalist faction of the revolution and then head of the Mexican government, resisted the U.S. incursion. The Constitutionalist forces used arms at the town of Parral to resist passage of a U.S. Army column. The U.S. mission was changed to prevent further attacks on it by Mexican troops and to plan for the possibility of war. When war

560-523: A new force was on the border and about to make an attack that would force the United States to intervene, embarrassing the Carranza government. Raids were so commonplace, however, that the rumor was not seen as credible. However, at about 4:00 am on March 9, 1916, Villa's troops attacked Columbus, New Mexico, and Camp Furlong , the U.S. Army post there, where four troops (about 240 soldiers) of

640-575: A night march under Major Robert L. Howze . Arriving at Cusihuirischic, Howze found that 140 Villistas under Julio Acosta had pulled back into the mountains to the west to a ranch at Ojos Azules, and that the garrison commander had received orders not to cooperate with the Americans. Howze was delayed three hours in finding a guide and by the time he located the ranch and was deploying to attack, day had broken. When Acosta's guards and Howze's advance guard exchanged fire, Howze with Troop A immediately ordered

720-626: A result, using powers granted by passage of the National Defense Act of 1916 , Wilson on June 18 fully mobilized Guard units from the remainder of the states and the District of Columbia for duty on the border. More than 140,000 National Guard troops were called up, but only two regiments, the 1st New Mexico Infantry and the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , were actually assigned to the Mexican Expedition, and those to guard

800-477: A single casualty, the Americans killed forty-four Villistas and wounded many more. The survivors, including Acosta, were dispersed. Also on May 5, several hundred Mexican raiders, under a Villista officer, attacked the geographically isolated towns of Glenn Springs and Boquillas in the Big Bend region of Texas. At Glenn Springs the Mexicans overwhelmed a squad of just nine 14th Cavalry troopers guarding

880-608: A smelter in Hayden, Arizona . ASARCO's smelting plant in El Paso, Texas , was suspended in 1999 and then demolished on April 13, 2013. Before closing, the plant produced 1,000,000,000 pounds (450,000,000 kg) of anodes each year. Refining at the mines as well as at a copper refinery in Amarillo, Texas , produce 375,000,000 pounds (170,000,000 kg) of refined copper each year. ASARCO's hourly workers are primarily represented by

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960-619: A subsidiary of Grupo México since 1999. Its three largest open-pit mines are the Mission, Silver Bell and Ray mines in Arizona. Its mines produce 350,000,000 to 400,000,000 pounds (160,000,000 to 180,000,000 kg) of copper a year. ASARCO conducts solvent extraction and electrowinning at the Ray and Silver Bell mines in Pima County, Arizona , and Pinal County, Arizona , and operates

1040-639: A total of US$ 2.96 billion (A$ 4.93 billion), including assumed debt, in 2003, and delisted from the Australian Stock Exchange on 30 June 2003. At that time, MIM Holdings was one of the world's biggest coal exporters. On 2 May 2013, Xstrata merged with Glencore to form Glencore Xstrata plc. ASARCO ASARCO (American Smelting and Refining Company) is a mining , smelting , and refining company based in Tucson, Arizona , which mines and processes primarily copper . The company has been

1120-465: A wet chicken". During the three months of active operations, American forces killed or captured 292 Villistas and captured 605 rifles, 5 pistols, 14 machine guns, and 139 horses and mules from the Villistas. Most of the horses and mules were returned to local residents and the pistols kept as souvenirs. Pershing was permitted to bring into New Mexico 527 Chinese refugees who had assisted him during

1200-467: A wooded ridge, some of the Villistas attempted to defend themselves behind a stone wall, resulting in what was purported to be the first mounted cavalry charge by U.S. troops since 1898, led by Major Charles Young . The pursuit lasted until darkness and the Buffalo Soldiers killed at least two Villistas left on the field and routed the remainder without loss. The action also was the first time

1280-478: A year. ASARCO conducts solvent extraction and electrowinning at the Ray and Silver Bell mines in Pima County, Arizona , and Pinal County, Arizona , and operates a smelter in Hayden, Arizona . It also had a smelting plant in El Paso, Texas , operations of which were suspended. In 1975 it officially changed its name to ASARCO Incorporated. In 1999 it was acquired by Grupo México, which had begun as ASARCO's 49%-owned Mexican subsidiary in 1965. On August 9, 2005,

1360-527: The 11th Cavalry arrived in Columbus by train from Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia , and then forced marched into Mexico, Pershing dispatched four additional "flying columns" through the mountainous territory into the gaps between the original three columns. Persistent winter weather through early April, particularly bitterly cold nights at high altitude, made both pursuit and logistics more difficult. An additional regiment of cavalry and two of infantry were added to

1440-421: The 13th Cavalry Regiment had been stationed since September 1912. Ten civilians and eight soldiers were killed in the attack, and two civilians and six soldiers wounded. The raiders burned the town, stole horses and mules, and seized machine guns , ammunition, and merchandise before fleeing back to Mexico. Villa's soldiers had suffered considerable losses, with at least 67 dead and dozens more wounded. Many of

1520-688: The Battle of Carrizal , with Captain Charles T. Boyd , 1st Lt. Henry R. Adair , and ten enlisted men killed, ten wounded and another 24 (23 soldiers and 1 civilian guide) taken prisoner. The remainder, including the sole surviving officer, Capt. Lewis S. Morey, were rescued four days later by a relief squadron of the 11th Cavalry. The Mexicans did not do much better; they reported the loss of 24 men killed and 43 wounded, including their commander, General Félix Uresti Gómez , while Pershing listed 42 Carrancistas killed and 51 wounded. When General Pershing learned of

1600-681: The Bottom-blown oxygen converter ("BBOC") developed at its lead refining subsidiary, Britannia Refined Metals, at Northfleet in England; and the ISASMELT top-entry submerged lance smelting process, Jameson Cell flotation technology, and the IsaMill fine grinding technology, all developed at its Mount Isa Mines Limited operations in Mount Isa. MIM Holdings was taken over by Xstrata for

1680-579: The Bunker Hill Mining Company . ASARCO eventually controlled 90% of the U.S. lead production, essentially becoming a smelter trust . On January 11, 1916, sixteen ASARCO employees were killed and mutilated by Pancho Villa 's men near the town of Santa Isabel, Chihuahua . It was one of the incidents that sparked the Mexican Expedition , a United States Army attempt to capture or kill Villa. Based in Tucson, Arizona ,

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1760-556: The Mexican Central Railway on April 29, 1916, were: The next significant engagement took place on May 5. A small Carrancista garrison at the silver mining town of Cusihuiriachic was attacked by Villa's forces on May 4, prompting the garrison commander to request help from U.S. forces at nearby San Antonio. Six troops of the 11th Cavalry, its machine gun platoon, and a detachment of Apache Scouts under 1st Lt. James A. Shannon, totaling 14 officers and 319 men, began

1840-564: The United Steelworkers . ASARCO has 20 superfund sites across the United States, and it is subject to considerable litigation over pollution . After emerging from bankruptcy in 2008, it made a settlement with the government of $ 1.79 billion for contamination at various sites; the funds were allotted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for cleanup at 26 sites around the country. ASARCO

1920-467: The ensuing battle , engaged with American forces before withdrawing. On January 11, 1916, sixteen American employees of the American Smelting and Refining Company were removed from a train near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua , and summarily stripped and executed. Brigadier General John J. Pershing , commanding the district headquartered at Fort Bliss, Texas , received information that Villa with

2000-410: The 10th Cavalry became isolated from Pershing's headquarters by a fierce snow storm on March 31. A squadron of the 10th marched toward Guerrero after receiving reports of the action there and at midday April 1 a meeting engagement resulted with one of the retreating Villista groups, 150 strong, under Francisco Beltrán at a ranch near Agua Caliente. Breaking up into even smaller groups and retreating over

2080-484: The 10th and 11th Cavalry returned to the base to guard the supply lines with Columbus and conduct reconnaissance in the absence of the temporarily grounded 1st Aero Squadron. As the threat of war with the de facto government increased, the northward movement continued. Pershing's headquarters left Namiquipa on June 21, setting up again in Dublán, after which the advanced supply depot at Namiquipa closed June 23. June 29 found

2160-562: The 13th Cavalry encountered an equally small force of Villistas and chased them through Santa Clara Canyon. Three of the Mexicans were killed, and the rest escaped. There were no American casualties. On May 9, at a face-to-face meeting in El Paso, Texas , Carranza's Secretary of War and Navy, General Álvaro Obregón , threatened to send a massive force against the expedition's supply lines and forcibly drive it out of Mexico. Funston reacted by ordering Pershing to withdraw all his troops from San Antonio de Los Arenales to Colonia Dublán . Although

2240-629: The 14th Cavalry from Fort Clark, rescued the captives at El Pino without a fight. Three days later a small detachment of cavalry encountered the raiders at Castillon, killing five of the Villistas and wounding two; the Americans had no casualties. The cavalry force returned to the United States May 21 after ten days in Mexico. On May 14, 2nd Lt. George S. Patton raided the San Miguelito Ranch, near Rubio, Chihuahua. Patton,

2320-617: The 1892 Geary Act . Most of them settled in San Antonio , Texas . A number of Mexicans who had supported the U.S. forces as well as American Mormons who had resided in Mexico also returned with Pershing. In 2009 a historical marker giving more details about these refugees was erected at Fort Sam Houston . Soldiers who took part in the Villa campaign were awarded the Mexican Service Medal . The chase after Villa

2400-410: The Americans were tried and hanged for murder. Local lore in Columbus holds that the attack may have been caused by a merchant in Columbus who supplied Villa with arms and ammunition. Villa is said to have paid several thousand dollars in cash for the weapons, but the merchant refused to deliver them unless he was paid in gold, giving "cause" for the raid. The next day, acting on the recommendations of

2480-661: The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment sued ASARCO for damages to natural resources in 1983, the EPA placed the ASARCO Globe Plant on its National Priorities List of Superfund sites, with ASARCO to pay for the site's cleanup. In 1972 ASARCO's downtown Omaha plant in Nebraska was found to be releasing high amounts of lead into the air and ground surrounding the plant. In 1995 ASARCO submitted

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2560-459: The EPA, in close coordination with ADEQ, to enter an agreement with ASARCO to conduct remedial actions..." After emerging from Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008, ASARCO made a settlement with the government of $ 1.79 billion for contamination at various sites; the funds were allotted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for cleanup at 26 sites around the country. A final settlement for $ 1.79 billion

2640-618: The Guardsmen were reinforced and ten Mexicans were killed or wounded. While incapable of conducting organized combat operations with other units, the border security mission proved a training environment for the officers and men of the National Guard, who were again inducted into federal service after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. Many National Guard leaders in both world wars traced their first federal service to

2720-412: The Mexican Expedition. In their history of the call-up, Charles Harris and Louis Sadler reveal its significance: Between June 1916 and April 1917 the guard received intensive field training. Units from different states were sometimes grouped into large provisional units. Not only did the men become more proficient, but many officers gained invaluable experience commanding large formations. At the same time

2800-404: The Mexican government. Despite this, Pershing was ordered on January 18, 1917, to prepare the expedition for return to the United States, which was executed between January 28 and February 5. While the expedition made a dozen successful contacts with Villista groups in the first two months of the campaign, killing many of his important subordinates and 169 of his men, all of whom had participated in

2880-439: The Mexicans near Las Varas Pass, about forty miles south of Namiquipa. Using the cover of darkness, Shannon and his scouts attacked the Villistas' hideout, killing one of them and wounding another without losses to themselves. The Villista who died was thought to be the leader as he carried a sword during the fight. Another skirmish was fought on June 9, north of Pershing's headquarters and the city of Chihuahua . Twenty men from

2960-414: The U.S. Army used plunging fire by machine guns to support an attack. The columns pushed deeper into Mexico, increasing tensions between the United States and the Carranza government. On April 12, 1916, Major Frank Tompkins and Troops K and M, 13th Cavalry, numbering 128 men, were attacked by an estimated 500 Mexican troops as they were leaving the town of Parral , 513 miles into Mexico and almost to

3040-531: The United States Army employed trucks to convoy supplies to the encampment where the Signal Corps also set up wireless telegraph service from the border to Pershing's headquarters. This was the first use of truck convoys in a U.S. military operation and provided useful experience for World War I. During this phase of the campaign Pershing maintained a small mobile headquarters of 30 men using

3120-559: The United States as the Mexican Expedition , but originally referred to as the " Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army " —was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. The expedition was launched in retaliation for Villa's attack on

3200-400: The United States, from Eagle Pass, Texas , to Douglas, Arizona , to move more than 5,000 Carrancista forces to fight Villa at the Battle of Agua Prieta ; Villa's seasoned División del Norte was smashed. Feeling betrayed, Villa began attacking U.S. nationals and their property in northern Mexico. On November 26, 1915, Villa sent a force to attack the city of Nogales and in the course of

3280-460: The attack on Columbus, it failed in its other major objective of capturing Villa. However, between the date of the American withdrawal and Villa's retirement in 1920, Villa's troops did not again successfully raid the United States. Between June 1915 and June 1916 Mexican irregulars carried out 38 raids on United States territory, resulting in the deaths of 26 soldiers and 11 civilians. Following

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3360-450: The attack on Glenn Springs, the Army transferred three regiments of active duty soldiers to the border area. On May 8, state militia units from Texas, Arizona , and New Mexico were activated. On June 15, 1916, another attempted raid by Mexican border-crossers, this at San Ygnacio, Texas , 30 miles downstream from Laredo , was repulsed by U.S. soldiers with casualties to both sides. As

3440-624: The base at Columbus. Historian Clarence C. Clendenen asserts that although no Guard units officially crossed into Mexico at any time, soldiers from the two regiments at Columbus did enter Mexico to perform various tasks. Wide differences in proficiency existed between various Guard units in training, leadership and equipment, but for the most part, units came to the border with only basic drilling as experience. Units were initially assigned as static guards for railroad bridges and border crossing points, but as training made them more proficient, they were assigned increasing responsibilities for patrolling

3520-465: The battle he was furious and asked for permission to attack the Carrancista garrison in the city of Chihuahua. President Wilson refused, knowing that it would certainly start a war. The action at Parral in April had made the destruction of Villa and his troops secondary to the objective of preventing further attacks on U.S. forces by Carrancistas. The battle at Carrizal brought the countries to

3600-496: The border that resulted in encounters with smugglers and bandits who still posed an occasional threat. For example, records of the Utah National Guard indicate that it participated in three skirmishes after it arrived at Camp Stephen J. Little on the Arizona border in July 1916. The final action of the three, occurring January 26, 1917, resulted in an all-day border skirmish between Utah cavalrymen and Mexicans in which

3680-472: The brink of war and forced both governments to make immediate overt gestures clearly showing their intent to avoid it. Although the United States deployed 100,000 troops on the border, by July 4 the major crisis had passed. The Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army remained at Colonia Dublán indefinitely as a fixed-base operation to be a negative incentive to the Carranza government to take seriously its obligation to catch Villa. The Carranza government proved unequal to

3760-411: The casualties were inflicted when the machine gun troop of the 13th Cavalry led by 2nd Lt. John P. Lucas set up its Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine guns under fire along the north boundary of Camp Furlong, firing over 5,000 rounds apiece using the glow of burning buildings to illuminate targets. About 13 of Villa's wounded later died of their wounds, and five wounded Villistas taken prisoner by

3840-411: The cavalry regiments, including the newly arrived 5th Cavalry , to five districts created in central Chihuahua in which to patrol and seek out the smaller bands. While executing the withdrawal order, Dodd and a portion of the 7th Cavalry fought an engagement on April 22 with about 200 Villistas under Candelario Cervantes  [ es ] at the small village of Tomochic. As the Americans entered

3920-468: The commanders of his cavalry regiments, Southern Department commanding general Frederick Funston recommended an immediate pursuit in force into Mexico. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson concurred, designating Pershing to command the force and releasing a statement to the press: An adequate force will be sent at once in pursuit of Villa with the single object of capturing him and putting a stop to his forays. This can and will be done in entirely friendly aid to

4000-513: The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in Corpus Christi , Texas under then-president Daniel Tellechea. As of 2019, ASARCO operates two primary locations in the United States, a mining and smelting complex in Arizona and a copper refinery in Amarillo, Texas . ASARCO has been found responsible for environmental pollution at 20 Superfund sites across the U.S. by the Environmental Protection Agency . Among those sites are: After

4080-543: The company grew to conduct mining , smelting , and refining of primarily copper. Open-pit mining is primarily utilized as the most efficient method of recovering this metal; the company's three largest such works are the Mission, Silver Bell, and the Ray mines in Arizona. The company had also operated in silver mining in Idaho. Its mines produce 350,000,000 to 400,000,000 pounds (160,000,000 to 180,000,000 kg) of copper

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4160-463: The constituted authorities in Mexico and with scrupulous respect for the sovereignty of that Republic. Pershing assembled an expeditionary force consisting primarily of cavalry and horse artillery, the cavalry units being armed with M1909 machine guns, M1903 Springfield rifles , and M1911 semi-automatic pistols . On March 15, 1916, organized into a provisional division of three brigades (four regiments of cavalry, two of infantry, and 6,600 men),

4240-767: The early 1980s. In 1996 the United States joined the suit. In 2008 after emerging from bankruptcy, ASARCO LLC settled for $ 452 million for contributions to this site. This was part of a nearly $ 2 billion settlement (see below) with the US for a total of 26 sites. In 2007, the Environmental Protection Agency released the results of soil and air tests in Hayden, Arizona , taken adjacent to the ASARCO Hayden Smelter. The results showed abnormally high amounts of pollutants that violate prescribed health standards. Arsenic, lead and copper were among

4320-488: The episode behind him, he wrote that "Having dashed into Mexico with the intention of eating the Mexicans raw, we turned back at the first repulse and are now sneaking home under cover, like a whipped curr with its tail between its legs", referring to the massive rules of political restrictions put on him by President Wilson. Villa, however, gloated about Pershing's failure of capturing him with his characteristic harshness "That Pershing, came in like an eagle, and leaves now like

4400-532: The expedition concentrated on the main base and a forward camp at El Valle 60 miles to the south. The last and most costly engagement of the Mexican Expedition was fought on June 21 when 3 officers and 87 men of Troops C and K of the 10th Cavalry, sent separately to scout Carrancista dispositions reported along the Mexican Central Railway, combined into a single column and encountered a blocking force of 300 soldiers. They were soundly defeated at

4480-553: The expedition crossed the border into Mexico to search for Villa, marching in two columns from Columbus and Culberson's Ranch . The 2nd Provisional Cavalry Brigade reached Colonia Dublán after dark on March 17, where Pershing established the main base of operations for the campaign. The 1st Aero Squadron , included in the expedition for liaison duties and aerial reconnaissance on the orders of United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker , departed San Antonio, Texas , on March 13 by rail with eight Curtiss JN3 airplanes and flew

4560-554: The expedition in late April, bringing its total size to 4,800 men. Ultimately more than 10,000 men—virtually every available unit of the Regular Army and additional National Guard troops—were committed to the expedition either in Mexico or its supporting units at Columbus. Because of disputes with the Carranza administration over the use of the Mexico North Western Railway to supply Pershing's troops,

4640-476: The expedition, despite the ban on Chinese immigration at that time under the Chinese Exclusion Act . The Chinese refugees, known as " Pershing's Chinese ", were allowed to remain in the U.S. if they worked under the supervision of the military as cooks and servants on bases. In 1921, Congress passed Public Resolution 29, which allowed them to remain in the country permanently under the conditions of

4720-496: The fatigued horses were unable to attain the proper gait. During a five-hour pursuit of fleeing Villista elements, over 75 of Villa's men were killed or wounded and he was forced to retreat into the mountains. Only five of the Americans were hurt, none of them fatally. The battle is considered the single most successful engagement of the expedition and possibly the closest Pershing's men came to capturing Villa. After advancing from Namiquipa on March 24 to San Diego del Monte ,

4800-445: The first aerial reconnaissance of the area from Columbus on March 16, the day after it arrived. The entire squadron flew to the advanced camp at Colonia Dublán on March 19–20, losing two aircraft in the process. Pershing immediately sent the 7th Cavalry (seven troops in two squadrons) south just after midnight on March 18 to begin the pursuit, followed by the 10th Cavalry moving by rail two days later. From March 20 to March 30, as

4880-467: The guard was receiving badly needed equipment and supplies. The great call-up transformed the national guard into a much more effective fighting force, for it was as close as the United States came to the large-scale military maneuvers in which European armies traditionally engaged. After U.S. forces were withdrawn in January 1917, Pershing publicly claimed the expedition to be a success, which in light of

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4960-591: The hood of the cars and driven back to General Pershing's headquarters. Patton is said to have carved three notches into the twin Colt Peacemakers he carried, representing the men he claimed to have killed that day. General Pershing nicknamed him the "Bandito". The Villistas launched an attack of their own on May 25. This time a small force of ten men from the 7th Cavalry were out looking for stray cattle and correcting maps when they were ambushed by twenty rebels just south of Cruces. One American corporal

5040-483: The most egregious pollutants found in Hayden. As a consequence of the contamination, the EPA proposed to add Hayden, Arizona, to the list of Federal Superfund sites. This action would provide funding to clean up the contamination. ASARCO fought the action, supported by Democratic Gov. Janet Napolitano , who said: "I am asking that the EPA delay final decision on listing until March 31, 2008. This would provide ample time for

5120-441: The order was rescinded on the evening of May 11 when no evidence of Carrancista troop movements was found, the southernmost supply depots had been closed and materiel sent north that could not easily be turned around. Pershing was ordered to halt in place at Namiquipa, making tactical dispositions of his forces there and on El Valle to the north. The movements began a gradual withdrawal of the expedition to Dublán. On May 19, units of

5200-469: The public declarations by President Wilson was clearly not the case since Villa eluded capture by the U.S. Army. Pershing complained privately to his family that Wilson had imposed too many restrictions, which made it impossible for him to fulfill that portion of his mission. In the sting of the moment, having been compelled to withdraw out of political considerations and before much larger events in Europe put

5280-619: The skirmishing, one was missing from the rear guard, and another six were wounded, while the Carrancistas lost between fourteen and seventy men, according to conflicting accounts. The battle marked a turning point in the campaign. Military opposition by Carranza forced a halt in further pursuit while diplomatic conversations took place by both nations to avoid war. Only four days earlier, on April 8, Army Chief of Staff General Hugh L. Scott had expressed to Secretary of War Baker that Pershing had virtually accomplished his mission and that it

5360-400: The state of Durango , following violent protests by the civilian populace. Tompkins had been personally ordered to avoid a straight-up engagement with de facto government troops to prevent war between the countries and so used a rear guard to keep the Carrancistas at a distance during a retreat to his starting point, the fortified village of Santa Cruz de Villegas. Two Americans were killed in

5440-484: The task but nevertheless U.S. operations inside Mexico virtually ceased over the next six months. A Joint High Commission for negotiations with the Carranza government was agreed upon in July, and the first of 52 sessions met on September 6 in New London, Connecticut . Although the commission reached accord on all issues, the negotiations failed to result in a formal agreement for withdrawal of U.S. forces signed by

5520-480: The town of Columbus, New Mexico , an incident of the larger Mexican Border War . The declared objective of the expedition by the Wilson administration was the capture of Villa. Despite locating and defeating the main body of Villa's command who were responsible for the Columbus raid, U.S. forces were unable to achieve Wilson's stated main objective of preventing Villa's escape. The active search for Villa ended after

5600-403: The town, set fire to it, then rode on to Boquillas where they killed a boy, looted the town and took two captives. Local commanders pursued the Mexicans 100 miles into the state of Coahuila to free the captives and regain the stolen property. On May 12, Major George T. Langhorne and two troops of the 8th Cavalry from Fort Bliss, Texas, reinforced by Colonel Frederick Sibley and Troops H and K of

5680-473: The trackless mountains. Nevertheless, he was nearly caught by the forced marches of the pursuing cavalry columns when he recklessly paused in his retreat to attack a Carrancista garrison. The Battle of Guerrero was fought on March 29, 1916, after a 55-mile night march through the snowy Sierra Madre by Colonel George A. Dodd and 370 men of the 7th Cavalry. 360 Villistas had remained in Guerrero celebrating

5760-414: The victory won over the Carrancista garrison and 160 more were in the next valley in nearby San Ysidro . Dodd's force was unexpected by the Villistas, who hastily dispersed when the U.S. troops appeared on the steep eastern bluffs overlooking the town. Dodd immediately attacked, sending one squadron west around the town to block escape routes and advancing with the other. A planned charge was thwarted when

5840-542: The village, the Mexicans opened fire from the surrounding hills. Dodd first sent patrols out to engage the Villistas' rear guard , to the east of Tomochic, and after these were "scattered", located the main body on a plain to the north and brought it into action. Skirmishing continued, but after dark the Villistas retreated and the Americans moved into Tomochic. The 7th Cavalry lost two men killed and four wounded, while Dodd reported his men had killed at least thirty Villistas. The five districts that Pershing established west of

5920-452: Was "not dignified for the United States to be hunting one man in a foreign country". Baker concurred and so advised Wilson, but following the fight at Parral the administration refused to withdraw the expedition, not wanting to be seen as caving in to Mexican pressure during an election year. Instead, on April 21 Pershing ordered the four columns that had converged near Parral to withdraw to San Antonio de Los Arenales . A week later he assigned

6000-401: Was a small military episode, but it had important long-term implications. It enabled Carranza to mobilize popular anger, strengthen his political position, and permanently escalate anti-American sentiment in Mexico. On the American side, it made Pershing a national figure and, when Funston died of a heart attack shortly after the expedition returned to the United States, an obvious choice to lead

6080-463: Was averted diplomatically, the expedition remained in Mexico until February 1917 to encourage Carranza's government to pursue Villa and prevent further raids across the border. Trouble between the United States and Pancho Villa had been growing since October 1915, when the United States government officially recognized Villa's rival and former ally Venustiano Carranza as head of the government of Mexico. The U.S. also provided rail transportation through

6160-665: Was declared a Superfund site. As of 2003, 290 acres (1.2 km ) had been cleaned. In 1991 the Coeur d'Alene Tribe filed suit under CERCLA against Hecla Mining Company, ASARCO and other defendants for damages and cleanup costs downstream of what has been designated as the Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex Superfund site. Contamination had affected Lake Coeur d'Alene and the Saint Joe River, as well as related waters and lands, and cleanup had been under way since

6240-665: Was founded in 1888 as the American Smelting and Refining Company by Henry H. Rogers , William Rockefeller , Adolph Lewisohn , Robert S. Towne, Anton Eilers , and Leonard Lewisohn . From 1901 to 1959, American Smelting and Refining was included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average . In April 1901, the Guggenheim family gained control of the company, and in 1905, bought the Tacoma smelter from

6320-468: Was killed and two other men were wounded, though they killed two of the "bandit leaders" and drove off the rest. On June 2, Shannon and twenty Apache scouts fought a small skirmish with some of Candelaro Cervantes' men who had stolen a few horses from the 5th Cavalry. Shannon and the Apaches found the rebels' trail, which was a week old by then, and followed it for some time until finally catching up with

6400-649: Was made in 2009 for up 80 sites, including one of the most notorious, the smelting plant at El Paso, Texas , for which cleanup was set to start in 2010. ASARCO's Tar Creek Superfund site was the subject of the film documentary Tar Creek (2009), made by Matt Myers. At one time, Tar Creek was considered to be the worst environmental problem on the EPA's list of more than 1200 sites. Pancho Villa Expedition [REDACTED] Conventionists [REDACTED] Constitutionalists [REDACTED] Pancho Villa c.  500 (Conventionists) see also The Pancho Villa Expedition —now known officially in

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