Misplaced Pages

#701298

125-806: During the Dardanelles Campaign of the First World War , the town and its harbour were used as an Allied base, commanded by Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss . The British Empire troops used the form Mudros . On 30 October 1918, it was the site of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros , which saw the end of hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. Moudros has a Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) cemetery for 148 Australian and 76 New Zealander soldiers who died during

250-657: A truce was organised by Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May, to bury the dead lying in no man's land , which led to a camaraderie between the armies, much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front. A witness account from Private Victor Laidlaw of the Australian 2nd Field Ambulance described the day, The armistice was declared from 8:30 a.m. this morning till 4:30 p.m. it is wonderful, things are unnaturally quiet and I felt like getting up and making

375-703: A "sense of superiority" among the Entente, because of the decline of the Ottoman Empire and its poor performance in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 and the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Entente intelligence failed to adequately prepare for the campaign, in some cases relying on information gained from Egyptian travel guides. The troops for the assault were loaded on transports in

500-555: A bay just south of Ari Burnu, due to undetected currents or a navigational error. The landing was more difficult, over ground which rose steeply from the beaches, unlike the objective to the south, which was more open. The landing site was garrisoned by only two Ottoman companies but from positions on commanding ground, the Ottomans inflicted numerous casualties on the Australians before being overcome. The broken terrain prevented

625-426: A commander at Gallipoli, as founder and president . The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness . The anniversary of the landings, 25 April, is known as Anzac Day , the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day ( Armistice Day ). On 29 October 1914, two former German warships,

750-413: A coordinated drive inland, with the Australians on unfamiliar ground and with inaccurate maps. In the maze of steep ravines, spurs and dense scrub, Australian parties that got forward quickly lost contact and were broken up into small groups. Some Australian troops reached the second ridge but fewer still reached their objectives and, having become dispersed, the covering force could provide little support to

875-506: A destroyer. The submarine ran aground beneath a Ottoman fort but the Ottoman gunners could not bring their guns to bear and AE2 was manoeuvred free. Shortly after refloating, the periscope was sighted by a Ottoman battleship firing over the peninsula at Entente landing sites and the ship ceased fire and withdrew. AE2 advanced toward the Sea of Marmara and, at 08:30 , Stoker decided to rest

1000-458: A hill at Ariburnu saw a multitude of ships far on the horizon. Captain Faik, in charge of a company from the 27th Infantry Regiment verified it with his binoculars and immediately informed his commanding officer, Ismet Bey, at Kabatepe. By 3:00 a.m., the moon was covered and the ships were no longer visible to the Ottomans. The Ottomans were not sure if this was a real landing or a diversion. Once

1125-466: A landing on either side of the Straits was the 5th Army . This force, which initially consisted of five divisions with another en route, was a conscript force, commanded by Sanders. Many of the senior officers in the 5th Army were also German. Ottoman commanders and senior German officers debated the best means of defending the peninsula. All agreed that the best defence was to hold the high ground on

1250-711: A large number are down bathing and you would think today was Cup Day down at one of our seaside beaches. The truce was not repeated formally. The British advantage in naval artillery diminished after the battleship HMS  Goliath was torpedoed and sunk on 13 May by the Muâvenet-i Millîye , killing 570 men out of a crew of 750, including the ship's commander, Captain Thomas Shelford. A German submarine, U-21 , sank HMS  Triumph on 25 May and HMS  Majestic on 27 May. More British reconnaissance patrols were flown around Gallipoli and U-21

1375-640: A lawyer, he founded the Democratic Labour Party in 1955 after defecting from the Barbados Labour Party . He served as the third and final premier of Barbados (serving from 1961 to 1966) and lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the country's first prime minister and served two terms (1966–1976 and 1986–1987) and died in office from illness in 1987. George Cadle Price (1919–2011)

SECTION 10

#1732772803702

1500-430: A minimum of troops guarding the coast. The 3rd Division and a cavalry brigade arrived from Istanbul in early April, bringing the front line strength of the Ottomans to 60,000–62,077 men, which Sanders concentrated in three groups. A maximum effort to improve land and sea communications was ordered, to move reinforcements swiftly to danger points; troops moving at night to avoid Entente air reconnaissance. Sanders' strategy

1625-456: A row myself, the rifle fire is quiet, no shell fire. The stench round the trenches where the dead had been lying for weeks was awful, some of the bodies were mere skeletons, it seems so very different to see each side near each other's trenches burying their dead, each man taking part in the ceremonies is called a pioneer and wears 2 white bands on his arms, everybody is taking advantage of the armistice to do anything they want to do out of cover and

1750-555: A shore overlooked by dunes and obstructed with barbed wire. On both beaches, the Ottoman defenders occupied good defensive positions and inflicted many casualties on the British infantry as they landed. Troops emerging one by one from sally ports on River Clyde were shot by machine-gunners at the Seddülbahir fort and, of the first 200 soldiers to disembark, 21 men reached the beach. The Ottoman defenders were too few to defeat

1875-525: A statue was erected in Freetown to honour him. The founder of modern Senegal is Léopold Sédar Senghor . He served as first President from 1960 to 1980. James Mancham served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa. He considered himself the self-proclaimed "Founding Father"; however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor France-Albert René , who led

2000-475: A three-week patrol, which became one of the most successful Entente naval actions of the campaign, in which four ships were sunk, including the transport Gul Djemal which was carrying 6,000 troops and a field battery to Gallipoli. While the quantity and value of the shipping sunk was minor, the effect on Ottoman communications and morale was significant; Boyle was awarded the Victoria Cross. Following

2125-422: A transport alongside the arsenal, sinking a gunboat and damaging the wharf. The Ottoman forces lacked artillery ammunition and field batteries were only able to fire c.  18,000 shells between early May and the first week of June. After the defeat of the counter-attack at Anzac in mid-May, the Ottoman forces ceased frontal assaults. Late in the month, the Ottomans began tunneling around Quinn's Post in

2250-422: Is a list of national founders of sovereign states who were credited with establishing a state. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, (i.e., political system form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the establishment of a sovereign state. Maurice Yaméogo

2375-617: Is claimed to be first the first Emperor of Ethiopia during the 10th century B.C (975–950 B.C). Yekuno Amlak founded the Solomonic dynasty and was the first emperor of the Ethiopian Empire from 1270 to 1285 A.D. Menelik II is the founder of modern Ethiopian state. Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (1922–1984)

2500-627: Is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878). José Martí is a Cuban national hero. Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution . Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered

2625-595: Is considered the maximum leader of the independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal , the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy. The name " Fathers of Confederation " is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and

SECTION 20

#1732772803702

2750-676: Is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize. He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981. Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia . Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America. José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence",

2875-605: Is known as the " Father of the Homeland " ( Spanish : Padre de la Patria ) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; " Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday. One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence , San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he

3000-515: Is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation." Habib Bourguiba , considered the founder of modern Tunisia , led Tunisia to independence from France in 1956 as prime minister, then abolished its monarchy and served as the country's first President from 1957 to 1987; during his leadership, he modernized Tunisia, built schools and hospitals, and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries, and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day. Milton Obote

3125-604: Is thus also celebrated as a national hero. One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes , when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces. Manuel Belgrano , another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina , is also widely regarded as a national hero. María Remedios del Valle , an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in

3250-688: The Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) and the entrance to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. While the Ottomans remained neutral, supplies could be sent to Russia through the Dardanelles but prior to the Ottoman entry into the war, the straits had been closed; in November the Ottomans began to mine the waterway. The French politician, Aristide Briand , proposed in November to attack

3375-618: The American Colonization Society . In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847. The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the Americo-Liberian people . King Idris Al-sanusi , also known as Idris I of Libya , (1889–1983) was

3500-625: The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), commanded by Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood , comprising the volunteer 1st Australian Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division . The ANZAC troops were joined by the regular 29th Division and the Royal Naval Division . The French Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient (Orient Expeditionary Corps), initially consisting of two brigades within one division,

3625-762: The Central Powers , by taking control of the Ottoman straits . This would expose the Ottoman capital at Constantinople to bombardment by Entente battleships and cut it off from the Asian part of the empire. With the Ottoman Empire defeated, the Suez Canal would be safe and the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits would be open to Entente supplies to the Black Sea and warm-water ports in Russia. In February 1915

3750-706: The Dardanelles campaign , the Defence of Gallipoli or the Battle of Gallipoli ( Turkish : Gelibolu Muharebesi , Çanakkale Muharebeleri or Çanakkale Savaşı ) was a military campaign in the First World War on the Gallipoli peninsula (now Gelibolu) from 19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain , France and the Russian Empire , sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire , one of

3875-797: The First Battle of Ypres in Flanders. The war of manoeuvre had evolved into trench warfare . The German Empire and Austria-Hungary closed the overland trade routes between Britain and France in the west and Russia in the east. The White Sea in the Arctic and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and distant from the Eastern Front ; the Baltic Sea was blockaded by

Moudros - Misplaced Pages Continue

4000-1035: The Gallipoli Campaign . The municipal unit Moudros is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets): This North Aegean location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dardanelles Campaign 5 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final) Total : 489,000–550,000 Supported by: 6 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final) Total : 250,000–315,500 British Empire: 198,340 (31,389 killed, 9,708 missing and POW 78,749 wounded 78,494 evacuated sick) France: 9,000 killed & missing 18,000 wounded 20,000 evacuated sick Australia: 8,709 killed 18,500 wounded New Zealand: 3,431 killed 4,140 wounded Total: 300,000 Ottoman Empire: 255,268 (56,643 killed, 97,007 wounded or injured, 11,178 missing or POW, 69,440 evacuated sick, 21,000 died of disease) Total: 255,268 The Gallipoli campaign ,

4125-845: The London Conference of 1866 , to establish the Canadian Confederation . There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation. Queen Victoria , who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation". Errol Barrow (Barbados: 1920–1987); Forbes Burnham (Guyana: 1923–1985); Michael Manley (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and Eric Williams (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were

4250-486: The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and the Entente employed a small force of seaplanes and other aircraft from 3 Squadron , RNAS (Commander Charles Samson ) which arrived at Tenedos at the end of March. The aircraft were unopposed by the small Ottoman air force at first and during the planning, the force had been used to provide aerial reconnaissance, although this ultimately proved inadequate to meet

4375-688: The first constitution of Colombia . Antonio Nariño ("Precursor of the Independence") and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic. Juan Mora Fernández , first Head of State of Costa Rica . José María Castro Madriz , First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress Juan Rafael Mora Porras , President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker , proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes

4500-702: The "Founding Father." Patrice Lumumba , Joseph Kasa-Vubu , Albert Kalonji , Jean Bolikango , Cléophas Kamitatu , and Paul Bolya are all considered "Fathers of Independence" in the Congo . The prevailing historical view is that Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) is the Father of Modern Egypt, being the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently divest the Porte of its power in Egypt. While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he

4625-466: The 19th Division, reinforced by six battalions from the 5th Division, counter-attacked the six Entente brigades at Anzac. With the support of naval gunfire, the Entente held back the Ottomans throughout the night. The following day the British were joined by French troops transferred from Kum Kale on the Asiatic shore to the right of the line near 'S' Beach at Morto Bay . On 28 April, the Entente fought

4750-556: The Anzac sector and early in the morning of 29 May, despite Australian counter-mining, detonated a mine and attacked with a battalion from the 14th Regiment. The Australian 15th Battalion was forced back but counter-attacked and recaptured the ground later in the day, before being relieved by New Zealand troops. Operations at Anzac in early June returned to consolidation, minor engagements and skirmishing with grenades and sniper-fire. List of national founders#Turkey The following

4875-540: The British in return for freedom. Peters, alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson , were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone . The descendants of Peters and the Black American founders form part of the Sierra Leone Creole or Krio ethnicity today and in 2011,

5000-479: The British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its prime minister . British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956. Ngwane III was King of kaNgwane from 1745 to 1780. He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini. Menelik I

5125-477: The Dardanelles, to divert Ottoman troops from Caucasia. On 17 February 1915, a British seaplane from HMS  Ark Royal flew a reconnaissance sortie over the Straits. Two days later, the first attack on the Dardanelles began when an Anglo-French flotilla, including the British dreadnought HMS  Queen Elizabeth , began a long-range bombardment of Ottoman coastal artillery batteries . The British had intended to use eight aircraft from Ark Royal to spot for

Moudros - Misplaced Pages Continue

5250-510: The Entente dug in, having failed to take Krithia or Achi Baba. A brief period of consolidation followed; the Entente had almost run out of ammunition, particularly for the artillery and both sides consolidated their defences. The Ottomans relieved troops opposite the Australian line, which was reinforced by the Australian Light Horse operating as infantry. Sporadic fighting continued, with sniping, grenade attacks and raids,

5375-520: The Entente fleet failed to force a passage through the Dardanelles. An amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula began in April 1915. In January 1916, after eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a costly campaign for the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire as well as for the sponsors of

5500-426: The Entente fleet, comprising 18 battleships with an array of cruisers and destroyers, began the main attack against the narrowest point of the Dardanelles, where the straits are 1 mi (1.6 km) wide. Despite some damage to the Entente ships by Ottoman return fire, minesweepers were ordered along the straits. In the Ottoman official account, by 2:00 p.m. "all telephone wires were cut, all communications with

5625-424: The Entente landed unopposed and advanced inland. There were only a small number of defenders in the village but, lacking orders to exploit the position, the "Y" Beach commander withdrew his force to the beach. It was as close as the Entente ever came to capturing the village as the Ottomans brought up a battalion of the 25th Regiment, checking any further movement. The main landings were made at "V" Beach , beneath

5750-472: The Entente planners was illustrated by a leaflet that was issued to the British and Australians while they were still in Egypt, Turkish soldiers as a rule manifest their desire to surrender by holding their rifle butt upward and by waving clothes or rags of any colour. An actual white flag should be regarded with the utmost suspicion as a Turkish soldier is unlikely to possess anything of that colour. The underestimation of Ottoman military potential stemmed from

5875-556: The Entente' intelligence needs and make up for the lack of adequate maps. After the landings, Entente aircraft conducted photographic reconnaissance, observed naval gunfire, reported on Ottoman troop movements and conducted a small number of bombing raids. Allocated the northern landing, Birdwood's force included the 1st Australian Division (Major General William Bridges ) and the New Zealand and Australian Division (Major General Sir Alexander Godley ), about 25,000 men. The force

6000-471: The First Battle of Krithia to capture the village. Hunter-Weston made a plan which proved overly complex and was poorly communicated to the commanders in the field. The troops of the 29th Division were still exhausted and unnerved by the battles for the beaches and for Seddülbahir village, which was captured after much fighting on 26 April. The Ottoman defenders stopped the Entente advance halfway between

6125-552: The German High Seas Fleet , in a Dardanelles operation, with a small occupation force provided by the army. It was hoped that an attack on the Ottomans would also draw Bulgaria and Greece into the war on the Entente side. On 2 January 1915, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottomans, who were campaigning in the Caucasus. Planning began for a naval demonstration in

6250-526: The Helles headland and Krithia around 6:00 p.m., having inflicted 3,000 casualties. As Ottoman reinforcements arrived, the possibility of a swift Entente victory on the peninsula disappeared and the fighting at Helles and Anzac became a battle of attrition. On 30 April, the Royal Naval Division (Major General Archibald Paris ) landed. The same day, Kemal, believing that the Entente were on

6375-568: The New Zealand Infantry Brigade, along with 20 Australian field guns, to the Helles front as reserves for the Second Battle of Krithia . Involving a force of 20,000 men , it was the first general attack at Helles and was planned for daylight. French troops were to capture Kereves Dere and the British, Australians and New Zealanders were assigned Krithia and Achi Baba . After 30 minutes of artillery preparation,

SECTION 50

#1732772803702

6500-420: The Ottoman Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli , conducted the Black Sea raid , in which they bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several ships. On 31 October, the Ottomans entered the war and began the Caucasus campaign against Russia. The British briefly bombarded forts in Gallipoli, invaded Mesopotamia and studied the possibility of forcing the Dardanelles. Before the Dardanelles operation

6625-403: The Ottoman Empire but this was rejected and an attempt by the British to bribe the Ottomans to join the Entente side also failed. Later that month, Winston Churchill , First Lord of the Admiralty , proposed a naval attack on the Dardanelles, based in part on erroneous reports of Ottoman troop strength. Churchill wanted to use a large number of obsolete battleships, which could not operate against

6750-419: The Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition but the views of de Robeck, the First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher and others prevailed. Entente attempts to force the straits using naval power were terminated, due to the losses and bad weather. Planning to capture the Ottoman defences by land, to open the way for the ships, began. Two Entente submarines tried to traverse the Dardanelles but were lost to mines and

6875-483: The Ottoman minelayer  Nusret ten days before and were also damaged. The losses forced de Robeck to sound the "general recall" to protect what remained of his force. During the planning of the campaign, naval losses had been anticipated and mainly obsolete battleships, unfit to face the German fleet, had been sent. Some of the senior naval officers like the commander of Queen Elizabeth , Commodore Roger Keyes , felt that they had come close to victory, believing that

7000-457: The Ottoman railway network, its capture would cut the empire in two. Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse , Commander-in-Chief, East Indies , ordered Captain Frank Larkin of HMS  Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914. The Russian cruiser  Askold and the French cruiser Requin were also present. Kitchener was working on the plan in March 1915, the beginning of the British attempt to incite an Arab Revolt . The Alexandretta landing

7125-410: The Republic, after independence from the United Kingdom in 1963. He was the preeminent political figure for independence during the Mau Mau rebellion guerilla war for independence. Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876) was born a free man of African American descent. He migrated to Liberia in 1829 with his family to join thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of

7250-430: The War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria ). Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973. Errol Barrow (1920–1987) is often referred to as the Father of Independence of Barbados . Initially a World War II pilot and then

7375-404: The area held by the British and French became known as the Helles sector or Helles. The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore before re-embarking to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector. The Royal Naval Division simulated landing preparations at Bulair and a New Zealand officer, Bernard Freyberg , swam ashore under fire to light flares to distract the defenders from

7500-456: The assault began at mid-morning on 6 May. The British and French advanced along the Gully, Fir Tree, Krithia and Kereves spurs which were separated by deep gullies, fortified by the Ottomans. As the attackers advanced, they became separated when trying to outflank Ottoman strong points and found themselves in unfamiliar terrain. Under artillery and then machine-gun fire from Ottoman outposts that had not been spotted by British aerial reconnaissance,

7625-416: The attack was stopped; next day, reinforcements resumed the advance. The attack continued on 7 May and four battalions of New Zealanders attacked up Krithia Spur on 8 May; with the 29th Division the attackers managed to reach a position just south of the village. Late in the afternoon, the Australian 2nd Brigade advanced quickly over open ground to the British front line. Amidst small arms and artillery-fire,

SECTION 60

#1732772803702

7750-421: The attack, of which 3,000 men were killed; Australian and New Zealand casualties were 160 killed and 468 wounded . The dead included a stretcher bearer , John Simpson Kirkpatrick , whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire became famous amongst the Australians at Anzac; afterwards, his story became part of the Australian narrative of the campaign. Ottoman losses were so severe that

7875-413: The attackers. The following night, Birdwood ordered the New Zealand and Australian Division to attack from Russell's Top and Quinn's Post towards Baby 700. The Australian 4th Infantry Brigade (Colonel John Monash ), the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and Royal Marines from the Chatham Battalion took part in the attack. Covered by a naval and artillery barrage, the troops advanced a short distance during

8000-423: The beaches and awaited signs of an invasion from his post at Boghali, near Maidos . The Ottomans created Ottoman Aviation Squadrons with German assistance and had four aircraft operating around Çanakkale in February, conducting reconnaissance and army co-operation sorties. From 11 April, an Ottoman aircraft made frequent flights over Mudros, keeping watch on the assembly of the British naval force and an airfield

8125-468: The boat on the seabed until nightfall. At around 9:00 p.m. , AE2 surfaced to recharge batteries and sent a wireless report to the fleet. The landing at Cape Helles was going well but the landing at Anzac Cove was not as successful and the Anzac commander, Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood, contemplated the re-embarkation of his troops. The success of AE2 was a consideration in Birdwood deciding to persist and reports about AE2 were relayed to

8250-410: The bombardment but only a Short Type 136 , was serviceable. A period of bad weather slowed the attack but by 25 February the outer forts had been reduced and the entrance cleared of mines. Royal Marines were landed to destroy guns at Kum Kale and Seddülbahir, while the naval bombardment shifted to batteries between Kum Kale and Kephez . Frustrated by the mobility of the Ottoman batteries, sited on

8375-403: The brigade charged towards Krithia and gained 600 m (660 yd), about 400 m (440 yd) short of the objective, with 1,000 casualties. Near Fir Tree Spur, the New Zealanders managed to get forward and link up with the Australians, although the British were held up and the French were exhausted, despite having occupied a point overlooking their objective. The attack was suspended and

8500-418: The commanding heights of Chunuk Bair and Sari Bair. The right flank of the small lodgement taken by the Australians was driven in at 10:30 a.m., with most of 400 Plateau being lost. During the afternoon and evening, the left flank was pushed back from Baby 700 and the Nek. By evening, Bridges and Godley recommended re-embarkation; Birdwood agreed but, after receiving advice from the navy that re-embarkation

8625-472: The country to Burkina Faso as well as adopting the national anthem, Ditanyè , which was written by Sankara himself. In 2023, Sankara was declared the hero of Burkina Faso and the “true” national founder by president Ibrahim Traoré . Amílcar Cabral (var. Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (1924–1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amílcar Cabral led

8750-435: The country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in Africa . The Somali Youth League played a major role for Somalia's independence since the 1940s, with two of its members having served as the first two Somali presidents , Aden Adde and Abdirashid Shermarke . There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL's independence movement in Mogadishu . Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal

8875-406: The defenders in a perimeter less than 1.2 mi (2 km) long. The Australian submarine HMAS  AE2 (Lieutenant Commander Henry Stoker ) penetrated the Straits on the night of 24/25 April. As landings began at Cape Helles and ANZAC Cove at dawn on 25 April, AE2 reached Chanak by 6:00 a.m. and torpedoed an Ottoman gunboat believed to be a Peyk-i Şevket-class cruiser then evaded

9000-717: The expedition, especially the First Lord of the Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill . The campaign was considered a great Ottoman victory . In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the history of the state, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire retreated. The campaign became the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who rose to prominence as

9125-463: The first King of Morocco in 1957. All are considered founders of Nigeria . The troika of Obafemi Awolowo , Nnamdi Azikiwe , and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from Britain , aided by such figures as Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti . Freetown, Sierra Leone was founded in part by a Black American soldier, Thomas Peters in 1792, after managing to convince British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for

9250-544: The first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania , another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan ). By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution

9375-409: The follow-up force. The 1st and 2nd Brigades, then the New Zealand and Australian Division, landed on the beaches around Ari Burnu but became entangled, which took time to sort out. About four hours after the landings began, the bulk of the 1st Australian Division was ashore safely and its leading elements were pushing inland. By mid-morning, Kemal had reorganised the defenders for a counter-attack on

9500-461: The following day as they fought their way inland. Five squads of Ottoman infantry led by Sergeant Yahya distinguished themselves by repulsing several attacks on their hilltop position, the defenders eventually disengaging under cover of darkness. After the landings, so few men remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were amalgamated into The Dubsters. Only one Dubliner officer survived

9625-461: The forts were interrupted, some of the guns had been knocked out ... in consequence the artillery fire of the defence had slackened considerably". The Bouvet struck a mine, causing her to capsize in two minutes, with just 75 survivors out of 718 men. Minesweepers, manned by civilians, retreated under Ottoman artillery fire, leaving the minefields largely intact. HMS  Irresistible and HMS  Inflexible struck mines and Irresistible

9750-450: The horses and guard ANZACs "many vehicles and mountains of baggage" . On 19 May, 42,000 Ottoman troops launched an attack at Anzac to push the 17,000 Australians and New Zealanders back into the sea. Short of artillery and ammunition, the Ottomans intended to rely on surprise and weight of numbers but on 18 May, the crews of a flight of British aircraft spotted the Ottoman preparations. The Ottomans suffered c. 13,000 casualties in

9875-442: The initiative of ships' captains. A reluctance to approach the shore later affected the landings at "V" and "W" beach where some of the worst losses among the infantry occurred, while naval gunfire was of some assistance at "S", "X" and ANZAC. Even then its effectiveness was limited by the initial confusion ashore, the broken terrain, thick vegetation and the lack of observation. Kitchener had ruled that air requirements must be met by

10000-482: The instructions of General Otto Liman von Sanders , which evaded the Entente bombardments and threatened the minesweepers sent to clear the Straits, Churchill pressed the naval commander, Admiral Sackville Carden , to increase the fleet's efforts. Carden drew up fresh plans and on 4 March sent a cable to Churchill, stating that the fleet could expect to arrive in Istanbul within 14 days. A sense of impending victory

10125-411: The intense artillery was heard, at around 6:00 a.m. the two remaining battalions of the 27th Infantry Regiment were ordered to make their way to Ariburnu urgently. Sanders had left his HQ and was at Bulair, distracted by the few Entente ships that had appeared; he had been confident that this was where the landings would take place. For two days, he remained at Bulair with the 5th Division waiting for

10250-470: The island of Lemnos in Greece on 12 April, where a small garrison had been established in early March and practice landings were undertaken. The British 29th Division departed for Mudros on 7 April and the Royal Naval Division rehearsed on the island of Skyros , after arriving there on 17 April. That day, the British submarine HMS  E15 tried to run the straits but hit a submarine net, ran aground and

10375-479: The land from every side at the tip of the peninsula. At Gaba Tepe, the short distance to the eastern coast meant that the Entente could easily reach the Narrows, the right-angled bend in the middle of the Dardanelles. Sanders considered Besika Bay on the Asiatic coast to be the most likely invasion site, since the terrain was easier to cross and was convenient to attack the most important Ottoman batteries guarding

10500-483: The landing but inflicted many casualties and contained the attack close to the shore. By the morning of 25 April, out of ammunition and with nothing but bayonets to meet the attackers on the slopes leading up from the beach to the heights of Chunuk Bair, the 57th Infantry Regiment received orders from Kemal: "I do not order you to fight, I order you to die. In the time which passes until we die, other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places". Every man of

10625-419: The landing while, of the 1,012 Dubliners who landed, just 11 survived the Gallipoli campaign unscathed. After the landings, little was done by the Entente to exploit the situation, apart from a few limited advances inland by small groups of men. The Entente attack lost momentum and the Ottomans had time to bring up reinforcements and rally the small number of defending troops. On the afternoon of 27 April,

10750-519: The leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community. Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution. Simón Bolívar , was founder of Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Venezuela . Francisco de Paula Santander wrote

10875-403: The most indispensable measures to be taken". Roads were constructed, small boats built to carry troops and equipment across the Narrows, beaches were wired and improvised mines were constructed from torpedo warheads. Trenches and gun emplacements were dug along the beaches and troops went on route marches to avoid lethargy. Kemal, whose 19th Division was vital to the defensive scheme, observed

11000-528: The nation to freedom. Abel Muzorewa (1925–2010) was the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia . Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) was the leader of ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), who ruled Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2017. Others The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he

11125-559: The nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau . He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founder of Cape Verde. Aristides Pereira served as first President of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991. David Dacko served as first President of Central African Republic from 1960 to 1966. The constitution outlines him as being

11250-478: The night but got separated in the dark. The attackers came under massed small-arms fire from their exposed left flank and were repulsed, having suffered about 1,000 casualties. On 30 April, the submarine AE2 began to rise uncontrollably and surfaced near the Sultanhisar , then dropped precipitously below the safe diving depth , then broke the surface again at the stern. Sultanhisar immediately fired on

11375-573: The old Seddülbahir fortress, and at "W" Beach , a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland. The covering force of Royal Munster Fusiliers and Hampshires landed from a converted collier, SS  River Clyde , which was run aground beneath the fortress so that the troops could disembark along ramps. The Royal Dublin Fusiliers landed at "V" Beach and the Lancashire Fusiliers at "W" Beach in open boats, on

11500-568: The only hope of success lay in the mobility of the three groups, particularly the 19th Division near Boghali, in general reserve, ready to move to Bulair, Gaba Tepe or the Asiatic shore. The time needed by the British to organise the landings meant that Sanders, Colonel Hans Kannengiesser and other German officers, supported by Esat Pasha ( III Corps ) had more time to prepare their defences. Sanders later noted, "the British allowed us four good weeks of respite for all this work before their great disembarkation ... This respite just sufficed for

11625-526: The opposing trenches separated in places by only a few metres. The Australians lost a number of officers to sniping, including the commander of the 1st Division, Major General William Bridges, who was wounded while inspecting a 1st Light Horse Regiment position near "Steele's Post" and died of his injuries on the hospital ship HMHS  Gascon on 18 May. At the end of April Birdwood told GHQ MEF (General Headquarters Mediterranean Expeditionary Force) that he could not land 6,000 horses at Anzac Cove as there

11750-672: The order they were to disembark, causing a long delay which meant that many troops, including the French at Mudros , were forced to detour to Alexandria to embark on the ships that would take them into battle. A five-week delay until the end of April ensued, during which the Ottomans strengthened their defences on the peninsula, although bad weather during March and April might have delayed the landings anyway, preventing supply and reinforcement. Following preparations in Egypt, Hamilton and his headquarters staff arrived at Mudros on 10 April. The ANZAC Corps departed Egypt in early April and assembled on

11875-410: The real landing. His absence created problems in chain of command and delays in decision making which negated his defence scheme that relied on rapid movement of troops. At 4:00 a.m. on the morning of 25 April, the first wave of troops from the 3rd Brigade began moving towards the shore on lighters and ships' boats. The covering force landed approximately 1.2 mi (2 km) too far north, in

12000-487: The real landings; Freyberg was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order . Arrangements for naval gunfire support to the landings had originally included bombarding the beaches and approaches but was changed to engagement of the ridges during the landings, with the beaches only to be shelled prior to the landings. No decision was ultimately made on the issue of close support and it was left to

12125-540: The regiment was either killed or wounded. At "W" Beach, thereafter known as Lancashire Landing, the Lancashires were able to overwhelm the defenders despite the loss of 600 casualties from 1,000 men . Six awards of the Victoria Cross were made among the Lancashires at "W" Beach. A further six Victoria Crosses were awarded among the infantry and sailors at the "V" Beach landing and three more were awarded

12250-495: The ridges. There was disagreement as to where the Entente would land and where to concentrate forces. Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and forecast that Cape Helles (the southern tip of the peninsula) and Gaba Tepe were the likely areas for landing. Mustafa Kemal believed that the British would use their naval power to command

12375-482: The soldiers ashore to improve morale. Stoker was ordered to "generally run amok" and, with no enemies in sight, he sailed into the Sea of Marmara, where AE2 cruised for five days to give the impression of greater numbers and made several attacks against Ottoman ships, which failed because of mechanical problems with the torpedoes. The Helles landing was made by the 29th Division ( Major General Aylmer Hunter-Weston ). The division landed on five beaches in an arc about

12500-490: The straits; a third of the 5th Army was assembled there. Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the north end of the Gallipoli peninsula, to protect supply and communication lines to the defences further down the peninsula. The 19th Division (Kemal) and the 9th Division were placed along the Aegean coast and at Cape Helles on the tip of the peninsula. Sanders kept the bulk of the Ottoman forces inland in reserve, leaving

12625-793: The strong currents. After the failure of the naval attacks, troops were assembled to eliminate the Ottoman mobile artillery, which was preventing the Entente minesweepers from clearing the way for the larger vessels. Kitchener appointed General Sir Ian Hamilton to command the 78,000 men of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF). Soldiers from the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) were encamped in Egypt , undergoing training prior to being sent to France. The Australian and New Zealand troops were formed into

12750-417: The submarine, puncturing the pressure hull. Stoker ordered the company to abandon ship, scuttled the submarine and the crew was taken prisoner. AE2 ' s achievements showed that it was possible to force the Straits and soon Ottoman communications were badly disrupted by British and French submarine operations. On 27 April, HMS  E14 (Lieutenant Commander Edward Boyle ), entered the Sea of Marmara on

12875-417: The success of AE2 and E14 , the French submarine Joule attempted the passage on 1 May but struck a mine and was lost with all hands. (Several weeks earlier another French boat, Saphir , had been lost after running aground near Nagara Point.) On 5 May, the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division was dispatched from Egypt. Believing Anzac to be secure, Hamilton moved the Australian 2nd Infantry Brigade and

13000-599: The tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir . The ANZACs, with the 3rd Australian Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault, were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast, from where they could advance across the peninsula, cut off the Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir and stop reinforcements from reaching Cape Helles. This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as ANZAC;

13125-477: The tip of the peninsula, named "S", "V", "W"', "X" and "Y" Beaches from east to west. On 1 May, the 29th Indian Brigade (including 1/6th Gurkha Rifles ) landed, took and secured Sari Bair above the landing beaches and was joined by 1/5th Gurkha Rifles and 2/10th Gurkha Rifles ; the Zion Mule Corps landed at Helles on 27 April. At "Y" Beach, during the first engagement, the First Battle of Krithia ,

13250-414: The verge of defeat, began moving troops forward through Wire Gulley, near the 400 Plateau and Lone Pine. Eight battalions of reinforcements were dispatched from Istanbul a day later and that afternoon, Ottoman troops counter-attacked at Helles and Anzac. The Ottomans briefly broke through in the French sector but the attacks were repulsed by massed Entente machine-gun fire, which inflicted many casualties on

13375-652: Was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France . He is with Kwame Nkrumah one of the founders of the African Union , and the Guinean Diallo Telli was the first general secretary of the African Union. Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of

13500-611: Was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021) is the prominent icon in the independence and unification of Zambia . He served as first President from 1964 to 1991. However, there are important personalities like Simon Kapwepwe and Harry Nkumbula (1916–18) that fairly deserve recognition. Together, in their different capacities, they led

13625-652: Was abandoned because militarily it would have required more resources than France could allocate and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence, a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912. By late 1914, on the Western Front , the Franco–British counter-offensive of the First Battle of the Marne had ended and the Belgians, British and French had suffered many casualties in

13750-527: Was conceived, the British had planned to conduct an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean, an idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914. This plan was made by the Secretary of State for War , Field Marshal Earl Kitchener , to sever the Ottoman capital from Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Alexandretta was an area with a Christian population and was the strategic centre of

13875-571: Was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951. The first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. The 'Alawi dynasty , which rules the country to this day, was established by Sharif bin Ali in 1631. Sultan Mohammed V , who secured Moroccan independence in 1956, declared himself

14000-413: Was established near Gallipoli. The Entente planned to land and secure the northern shore, capture the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries for a naval force to advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Istanbul. Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather, landings were to be made at five beaches on the peninsula. The 29th Division was to land at Helles on

14125-556: Was forced to leave the area but ignorant of this, the Entente withdrew most of their warships to Imbros, where they were "protectively tethered" between sorties, which greatly reduced Entente naval firepower, particularly in the Helles sector. The submarine HMS  E11 (Lieutenant Commander Martin Nasmith , later awarded a Victoria Cross) passed through the Dardanelles on 18 May and sank or disabled eleven ships, including three on 23 May, before entering Constantinople Harbour, firing on

14250-496: Was heightened by the interception of a German wireless message that revealed the Ottoman Dardanelles forts were running out of ammunition. When the message was relayed to Carden, it was agreed the main attack would be launched on or around 17 March. Carden, suffering from stress, was placed on the sick list by the medical officer and command was taken over by Admiral John de Robeck . On the morning of 18 March 1915,

14375-409: Was impossible, Hamilton ordered the troops to dig in instead. The Ottoman counter-attack was eventually repulsed and the Australians established a perimeter roughly from Walker's Ridge in the north to Shell Green in the south. ANZAC casualties on the first day numbered around 2,000 men killed or wounded. The failure to secure the high ground led to a tactical stalemate, with the landings contained by

14500-532: Was no water for them. GHQ MEF was unhappy that the ANZAC force would be immobilised on the beachhead, but they would have been no use. Some of the thousands of men and horses remained on board ship for up to a month. Birdwood signalled on 17 May that 17 transports would be returning to Alexandria to offload 5,251 horses accompanied by 3,217 men. GHQ MEF insisted that some of the men remain in Alexandria to look after

14625-427: Was opposed by Ottoman commanders, including Kemal, who believed that the defenders were too widely dispersed to defeat the invasion on the beaches. Kemal thought Sanders' classic strategy was suitable when there was strategic depth to the front but Gallipoli did not offer that. His commander Esat Passa was not forceful enough in making the objection. Sanders was certain that a rigid system of defence would fail and that

14750-438: Was shelled by a Ottoman fort, killing its commander, Lieutenant Commander Theodore S. Brodie and six of his crew; the survivors were forced to surrender. The Entente fleet and British and French troops assembled at Mudros, ready for the landings but poor weather from 19 March grounded Entente aircraft for nine days and on 24 days only a partial programme of reconnaissance flights was possible. The Ottoman force prepared to repel

14875-432: Was subsequently placed under Hamilton's command. Over the following month, Hamilton prepared his plan and the British and French divisions joined the Australians in Egypt. Hamilton chose to concentrate on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula at Cape Helles and Seddülbahir, where an unopposed landing was expected. The Entente initially discounted the fighting ability of the Ottoman soldiers. The naïveté of

15000-630: Was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state. The Founder of Independent Egypt, Saad Zaghloul (1859–1927), was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government , and was imprisoned by the British government in Malta , but returned to Egypt to participate in the revolution of 1919 . Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince

15125-435: Was sunk, with most of her crew rescued; Inflexible was badly damaged and withdrawn. There was confusion during the battle about the cause of the damage; some participants blaming torpedoes. HMS  Ocean was sent to rescue Irresistible but was disabled by a shell, struck a mine and was abandoned, eventually sinking. The French battleships Suffren and Gaulois sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by

15250-489: Was the first Upper Voltese premier of French Upper Volta , being appointed in 1958 and became the first president of the Republic of Upper Volta from 1960 to 1966. Yaméogo was politically disenfranchised and all of his titles were denounced in 1970 under the orders of Sangoulé Lamizana before being rehabilitated in 1991 by Blaise Compaoré as the national founder. In 1984, president of Upper Volta, Thomas Sankara as apart of his socialist and anti-french reforms renamed

15375-484: Was the founder and first prime minister of Somaliland. Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was the President of South Africa , in office from 1994 to 1999. He led the negotiations, together with F. W. de Klerk , to racially integrate and unite the country. Other anti-apartheid activists include: Being the first President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere was the main figure involved in achieving Tanzania's independence. He

15500-460: Was to come ashore and form up to advance across the peninsula. The force was to assemble at night and land at dawn to surprise the defenders and on the evening of 24 April, the covering force embarked on battleships and destroyers, with the follow on forces in on transports. The troops would disembark from the transports into ships' boats and be towed close to the shore by steamboats and then row ashore. At around 2:00 a.m., an Ottoman observer on

15625-455: Was to land and advance inland to cut the lines of communication to the Ottoman forces in the south. The 1st Australian Division would land first, with the 3rd Infantry Brigade leading as a covering force moving inland to establish positions on Gun Ridge. The 2nd Infantry Brigade was to follow and to capture the higher ground on Sari Bair. The 1st Infantry Brigade would land last as the divisional reserve. The New Zealand and Australian Division

#701298