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84-553: Despite its small size relative to the Hudson, it has been a major influence on the topography of eastern central Orange County. Its 187.2-square-mile (485 km) watershed , including not only both its parent streams but Woodbury Creek as well, reaches as far inland as Warwick as well as 21 other area communities. Near Salisbury Mills it is crossed by the Moodna Viaduct , the longest actively used railroad trestle east of

168-476: A lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called

252-462: A nationwide pollution crisis . Although state officials acknowledged that a paper mill on the creek was largely responsible for the pollution, state and federal officials proved ineffective at remedying the situation for years due to bureaucratic entanglements. In 1970, the state gave the Town of New Windsor a $ 333,037 grant (equivalent to $ 2,612,928 in 2023) to build wastewater treatment facilities on

336-484: A sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of

420-414: A watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as

504-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

588-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

672-553: A large range, covering 9,670,000 km (3,730,000 sq mi) in just Africa and the Americas, and has a large global population estimated at 460,000 individuals. Although global population trends have not been quantified, the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and for these reasons,

756-437: A short time after independence , the creek formed part of the boundary between Orange and Ulster counties. In 1798, however, Rockland County was created, and the line was adjusted northward, giving Orange the current towns of Newburgh , Montgomery and Crawford as compensation for the lost territory. In 1909, the Moodna Viaduct , under which the creek passes, opened. It is the longest and highest railroad trestle east of

840-589: A significantly higher mortality rate during migration seasons than during stationary periods, with more than half of the total annual mortality occurring during migration. These deaths can also be categorized into spatial patterns: Spring mortality occurs mainly in Africa, which can be traced to crossing the Sahara desert . Mortality can also occur through mishaps with human utilities, such as nesting near overhead electric cables or collisions with aircraft. The osprey has

924-518: A specific genus. Another Pandionidae claw fossil was recovered from Early Oligocene deposits in the Mainz basin, Germany, and was described in 2006 by Gerald Mayr . The genus name Pandion derives from Pandíōn Πανδίων , the mythical Greek king of Athens and grandfather of Theseus , Pandion II . The species name haliaetus ( Latin : haliaeetus ) comes from Greek ἁλιάετος haliáetos "sea-eagle" (also ἁλιαίετος haliaietos ) from

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1008-419: A vision that is well adapted to detecting underwater objects from the air. Prey is first sighted when the osprey is 10–40 m (33–131 ft) above the water, after which the bird hovers momentarily and then plunges feet first into the water. They catch fish by diving into a body of water, oftentimes completely submerging their entire bodies. As an osprey dives it adjusts the angle of its flight to account for

1092-417: Is a diurnal , fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range . It is a large raptor , reaching more than 60 cm (24 in) in length and 180 cm (71 in) across the wings. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts. The osprey tolerates a wide variety of habitats , nesting in any location near a body of water providing an adequate food supply. It

1176-503: Is also common among sports teams. The Seattle Seahawks , a professional American football team in the National Football League , received their identity from a naming contest, defeating 1,740 others. According to team general manager John Thompson , the name "shows aggressiveness, reflects our soaring Northwest heritage and belongs to no other major league team." So-called "osprey" plumes were an important item in

1260-578: Is found in the Bismarck Islands , Solomon Islands and New Caledonia , and fossil remains of adults and juveniles have been found in Tonga , where it probably was wiped out by arriving humans. It is possible it may once have ranged across Vanuatu and Fiji as well. It is an uncommon to fairly common winter visitor to all parts of South Asia, and Southeast Asia from Myanmar through to Indochina and southern China, Indonesia , Malaysia, and

1344-503: Is found on all continents except Antarctica, although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding migrant . As its other common names suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It possesses specialised physical characteristics and unique behaviour in hunting its prey . Because of its unique characteristics it is classified in its own taxonomic genus , Pandion , and family , Pandionidae. The osprey

1428-649: Is mainly sedentary and found patchily around the coastline, though it is a non-breeding visitor to eastern Victoria and Tasmania . There is a 1,000 km (620 mi) gap, corresponding with the coast of the Nullarbor Plain , between its westernmost breeding site in South Australia and the nearest breeding sites to the west in Western Australia . In the islands of the Pacific it

1512-513: Is no evidence of any such murder actually having taken place. Writer Nathaniel Parker Willis , while living in Cornwall , near the creek's mouth, in the mid-19th century, popularized the name "Moodna." He claimed that the "Murderers' Creek" name was a corruption of the name of a chief, likely Maringamus of the Waoraneck, who lived near its banks. By the dawn of the 20th century, "Moodna Creek"

1596-465: Is pale blue. The bill is black, with a blue cere , and the feet are white with black talons. On the underside of the wings the wrists are black, which serves as a field mark . A short tail and long, narrow wings with four long, finger-like feathers, and a shorter fifth, give it a very distinctive appearance. The sexes appear fairly similar, but the adult male can be distinguished from the female by its slimmer body and narrower wings. The breast band of

1680-633: Is particularly helpful when they grab slippery fish. The osprey is 0.9–2.1 kg (2.0–4.6 lb) in weight and 50–66 cm (20–26 in) in length with a 127–180 cm (50–71 in) wingspan. It is, thus, of similar size to the largest members of the Buteo or Falco genera. The subspecies are fairly close in size, with the nominate subspecies averaging 1.53 kg (3.4 lb), P. h. carolinensis averaging 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) and P. h. cristatus averaging 1.25 kg (2.8 lb). The wing chord measures 38 to 52 cm (15 to 20 in),

1764-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

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1848-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

1932-413: Is the sole member of the family Pandionidae. The species has always presented a riddle to taxonomists, but here it is treated as the sole living member of the family Pandionidae, and the family listed in its traditional place as part of the order Accipitriformes . Other schemes place it alongside the hawks and eagles in the family Accipitridae . The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy has placed it together with

2016-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

2100-613: The Black Meadow creek , in the Orange-County-owned Glenmere Lake reservoir lands. While the water quality in that area remains generally good, there is effluent from the Town of New Windsor's sewage treatment plant. In November 2003 the Riverkeeper environmental organization sued the town over discharge into the creek leaking from two manholes into the creek. It was settled in 2005 when

2184-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,

2268-538: The Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island are vulnerable to unmanaged coastal recreation and encroaching urban development. I think he'll be to Rome As is the osprey to the fish, who takes it By sovereignty of nature. Some sports clubs are named after the osprey such as the University of North Florida 's North Florida Ospreys and Missoula Osprey baseball team. "Seahawks", another term for osprey,

2352-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains

2436-684: The Thruway and leaving the Route 94 corridor. It descends into the narrower valley, forming the eastern boundary of Storm King Art Center . Here the already wide creek gets even wider with the addition of Woodbury Creek just after it tumbles over a small dam . Immediately afterwards NY 32 crosses between Vails Gate and Mountainville . The wide, rocky stream curves between steep, wooded hills to enter New Windsor and cross Old Forge Hill Road just below Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site , receiving its only major northern tributary, Silver Stream , in

2520-404: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Osprey Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758 The osprey ( / ˈ ɒ s p r i , - p r eɪ / ; Pandion haliaetus ), historically known as sea hawk , river hawk , and fish hawk ,

2604-793: The organization Citizens United to Protect the Maurice River and Its Tributaries, Inc. has become the official design of the State of New Jersey , U.S. The nesting platform plans and materials list, available online, have been utilized by people from a number of different geographical regions. There is a global site for mapping osprey nest locations and logging observations on reproductive success. Ospreys usually mate for life. Rarely, polyandry has been recorded. The breeding season varies according to latitude: spring (September–October) in southern Australia, April to July in northern Australia, and winter (June–August) in southern Queensland. In spring,

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2688-640: The peregrine falcon , and is one of only six land-birds with a worldwide distribution. It is found in temperate and tropical regions of all continents, except Antarctica . In North America it breeds from Alaska and Newfoundland south to the Gulf Coast and Florida , wintering further south from the southern United States through to Argentina. It is found in summer throughout Europe north into Ireland, Scandinavia, Finland and Great Britain though not Iceland, and winters in North Africa . In Australia it

2772-504: The plume trade of the late 19th century and used in hats including those used as part of the army uniform. Despite their name, these plumes were actually obtained from egrets . During the 2017 regular session of the Oregon Legislature , there was a short-lived controversy over the western meadowlark 's status as the state bird versus the osprey. The sometimes-spirited debate included state representative Rich Vial playing

2856-495: The 1950s and 1960s; this appeared to be in part due to the toxic effects of insecticides such as DDT on reproduction. The pesticide interfered with the bird's calcium metabolism which resulted in thin-shelled, easily broken or infertile eggs. Possibly because of the banning of DDT in many countries in the early 1970s, together with reduced persecution, the osprey, as well as other affected bird of prey species, have made significant recoveries. In South Australia, nesting sites on

2940-658: The Black Meadow Creek. Two herpetofaunal species listed by the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation occur along the Moodna. One, the Northern Cricket Frog ( Acris c. crepitans ) occurs along the length of the Black Meadow creek , which runs from Warwick, NY into Chester, NY . The Northern Cricket Frog, NY's only endangered frog species, occurs in its most numerous population along

3024-456: The Elder . However, this term referred to the bearded vulture . The osprey differs in several respects from other diurnal birds of prey. Its toes are of equal length, its tarsi are reticulate , and its talons are rounded, rather than grooved. The osprey and owls are the only raptors whose outer toe is reversible, allowing them to grasp their prey with two toes in front and two behind. This

3108-586: The Mississippi . Before European contact, the creek was known as Waoraneck , which was also the name of a tribe in the area . Most early records name the creek Murderer's Creek . One theory holds that "Moodna" is a corruption of the Dutch word moordenaars , meaning "murderers." Local lore has it that the name came from the massacre of the Stacys, an early family of settlers, along its banks. However, there

3192-476: The Mississippi River as of December 2019 and is still in use. In 1935, a Newburgh waitress named Dorothy Sherwood admitted to drowning her two-year-old son, Jimmy, in the Moodna. She was initially sentenced to death but, on appeal, was allowed to plead guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to between six and fifteen years in prison. The case received national press attention. By 1965, the Moodna

3276-510: The Moodna is the scene of a skirmish between Patriots and Loyalists, where Patriots try to the stop the excessive distribution of Continental Currency by the Loyalists designed to increase inflation in the United States and cause economic turmoil. Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as

3360-530: The Philippines. The osprey is piscivorous , with fish making up 99% of its diet. It typically takes live fish weighing 150–300 g (5.3–10.6 oz) and about 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) in length, but virtually any type of fish from 50 g (1.8 oz) to 2 kg (4.4 lb) can be taken. Even larger 2.8 kg (6.2 lb) northern pike ( Esox lucius ) has been taken in Russia . The species rarely scavenges dead or dying fish. Ospreys have

3444-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

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3528-469: The age of three to four, though in some regions with high osprey densities, such as Chesapeake Bay in the United States, they may not start breeding until five to seven years old, and there may be a shortage of suitable tall structures. If there are no nesting sites available, young ospreys may be forced to delay breeding. To ease this problem, posts are sometimes erected to provide more sites suitable for nest building. The nesting platform design developed by

3612-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

3696-583: The coast of Western Australia , where there are 14 or so similar nesting sites of which five to seven are used in any one year. Many are renovated each season, and some have been used for 70 years. The nest is a large heap of sticks, driftwood, turf, or seaweed built in forks of trees, rocky outcrops, utility poles, artificial platforms, or offshore islets. As wide as 2 meters and weighing about 135 kg (298 lb), large nests on utility poles may be fire hazards and have caused power outages . Generally, ospreys reach sexual maturity and begin breeding around

3780-672: The combining form ἁλι- hali- of ἅλς hals "sea" and ἀετός aetos , "eagle". The origins of osprey are obscure; the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the Anglo-French ospriet and the Medieval Latin avis prede "bird of prey," from the Latin avis praedae though the Oxford English Dictionary notes a connection with the Latin ossifraga or "bone breaker" of Pliny

3864-498: The creek to swell, coming nearly to the platform of the 9W bridge, and washing out an area at the Forge Hill Road bridge. This caused the closing of part of Butternut Drive, and all of Forge Hill Rd, except the easternmost 640 feet, from Route 9W to Staples Lane. The portion east of Staples Lane remains open to local traffic, until the east end of the bridge, which is unstable. One house on Butternut Lane has been condemned, and

3948-408: The creek's estuary , between Route 9W and the Hudson, are home to several rare plants and natural communities. Anadromous fish species, such as striped bass , spawn there as well. This fish supply has been attractive not only to human anglers but to predatory bird species as well: bald eagles and ospreys have been seen feeding in the Moodna's marshes Bald Eagles have been confirmed nesting on

4032-456: The creek. Heavy rains during the April 2007 Nor'easter caused the creek to flood extensively in its upper course in and around Washingtonville. Route 94 was blocked in both directions, and Route 208 from the south, leaving only northern access to the village available. Almost a hundred residents had to leave their homes for temporary shelter at a local elementary school. Hurricane Irene caused

4116-686: The day, they sometimes fly in the dark hours, particularly in crossings over water and cover on average 260–280 km (160–170 mi) per day with a maximum of 431 km (268 mi) per day. European birds may also winter in South Asia, as indicated by an osprey tagged in Norway being monitored in western India. In the Mediterranean, ospreys show partial migratory behaviour with some individuals remaining resident, whilst others undertake relatively short migration trips. Swedish ospreys have

4200-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

4284-603: The distortion of the fish's image caused by refraction . Ospreys will typically eat on a nearby perch but have also been known to carry fish for longer distances. Occasionally, the osprey may prey on rodents , rabbits , hares , other mammals , snakes , turtles , frogs , birds , salamanders , conchs , and crustaceans . Reports of ospreys feeding on carrion are rare. They have been observed eating dead white-tailed deer and Virginia opossums . The osprey has several adaptations that suit its piscivorous lifestyle. These include reversible outer toes, sharp spicules on

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4368-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

4452-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

4536-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain

4620-498: The few subspecies are not unequivocally separable. There are four generally recognised subspecies, although differences are small, and ITIS lists only the first three. Two extinct species were named from the fossil record. Pandion homalopteron described by Stuart L. Warter in 1976 was found in marine Middle Miocene deposits of the Barstovian age in the southern part of California . The second species Pandion lovensis

4704-583: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,

4788-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

4872-781: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

4956-439: The island or returned at maturity to join the breeding population. When food is scarce, the first chicks to hatch are most likely to survive. The typical lifespan is 7–10 years, though rarely individuals can grow to as old as 20–25 years. The oldest European wild osprey on record lived to be over thirty years of age. European breeders winter in Africa. American and Canadian breeders winter in South America, although some stay in

5040-639: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of

5124-410: The male is also weaker than that of the female or is non-existent, and the underwing coverts of the male are more uniformly pale. It is straightforward to determine the sex in a breeding pair, but harder with individual birds. The juvenile osprey may be identified by buff fringes to the plumage of the upperparts, a buff tone to the underparts, and streaked feathers on the head. During spring, barring on

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5208-514: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

5292-414: The other diurnal raptors in a greatly enlarged Ciconiiformes , but this results in an unnatural paraphyletic classification. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has found that the family Pandionidae is sister to the family Accipitridae. It is estimated that the two families diverged around 50.8 million years ago. The osprey is unusual in that it is a sole living species that occurs nearly worldwide. Even

5376-799: The pair begins a five-month period of partnership to raise their young. The female lays two to four eggs within a month and relies on the size of the nest to conserve heat. The eggs are whitish with bold splotches of reddish-brown and are about 6.2 cm × 4.5 cm (2.4 in × 1.8 in) and weigh about 65 g (2.3 oz). The eggs are incubated for about 35–43 days to hatching. The newly hatched chicks weigh only 50–60 g (1.8–2.1 oz), but fledge in 8–10 weeks. A study on Kangaroo Island , South Australia, had an average time between hatching and fledging of 69 days. The same study found an average of 0.66 young fledged per year per occupied territory, and 0.92 young fledged per year per active nest. Some 22% of surviving young either remained on

5460-435: The process. Following Old Forge Hill briefly, it passes its last road crossing at US 9W , site of a small hamlet referred to once as Moodna Village and location of a small cottage once occupied by James and Ellen Gaffney, then bends southwards back into Cornwall to empty into the Hudson amid tidal marshes. The CSX Hudson River Subdivision freight line crosses right at its mouth. The 75 acres (30 ha) of tidal marsh in

5544-570: The property fenced off, due to the dangerous dropoff on the property. The six miles (10 km) between Woodbury Creek and Old Forge Hill Road in Cornwall have become a popular place for whitewater kayaking . Section ratings on the International Scale of River Difficulty range from Class II to Class IV. Anglers, too, have taken advantage of the stream above the salt marshes. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation keeps Moodna Creek regularly stocked with brown and rainbow trout . In season three of Turn: Washington's Spies ,

5628-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

5712-572: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

5796-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

5880-435: The southernmost U.S. states such as Florida and California . Some ospreys from Florida migrate to South America. Australasian ospreys tend not to migrate . Studies of Swedish ospreys showed that females tend to migrate to Africa earlier than males. More stopovers are made during their autumn migration. The variation of timing and duration in autumn was more variable than in spring. Although migrating predominantly during

5964-454: The species is evaluated as Least Concern . There is evidence for regional decline in South Australia where former territories at locations in the Spencer Gulf and along the lower Murray River have been vacant for decades. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the main threats to osprey populations were egg collectors and hunting of the adults along with other birds of prey, but osprey populations declined drastically in many areas in

6048-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

6132-421: The tail measures 16.5 to 24 cm (6.5 to 9.4 in) and the tarsus is 5.2–6.6 cm (2.0–2.6 in). The upperparts are a deep, glossy brown, while the breast is white, sometimes streaked with brown, and the underparts are pure white. The head is white with a dark mask across the eyes, reaching to the sides of the neck. The irises of the eyes are golden to brown, and the transparent nictitating membrane

6216-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

6300-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

6384-495: The town agreed to repair the manholes, remediate the area and provide public access to the water. A group of 25 Scotch Presbyterian families became the first European settlers in what would become Orange County when they settled at the mouth of the Moodna in 1685. The creek served as an important transportation route for soldiers during the American Revolutionary War . During colonial times , and for

6468-463: The underside of the toes, closable nostrils to keep out water during dives, backward-facing scales on the talons which act as barbs to help hold its catch and dense plumage which is oily and prevents its feathers from getting waterlogged. The osprey breeds near freshwater lakes and rivers, and sometimes on coastal brackish waters. Rocky outcrops just offshore are used in Rottnest Island off

6552-439: The underwings and flight feathers is a better indicator of a young bird, due to wear on the upperparts. In flight, the osprey has arched wings and drooping "hands", giving it a gull-like appearance. The call is a series of sharp whistles, described as cheep, cheep, or yewk, yewk . If disturbed by activity near the nest, the call is a frenzied cheereek ! The osprey is the second most widely distributed raptor species, after

6636-455: The village, Route 94 and the creek enter first the Town of Blooming Grove and then Cornwall . They run close together at first, then further apart as the Moodna valley opens up just to the north of Schunemunk Mountain . At Salisbury Mills the viaduct crosses 193 feet (59 m) overhead. After that point, the Moodna turns southward slightly, following the curve of Schunemunk's north end under

6720-673: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and

6804-413: Was commonly used on maps although the older name persisted. From the confluence, just off NY 208 , the Moodna flows through woods and field alongside the highway for a short distance, then veers southwestward to where it crosses NY 94 . The creek and Route 94 will keep close company for several miles as it turns eastward again into Washingtonville , where it crosses under 208 just south of downtown. Past

6888-820: Was described by Jonathan J. Becker in 1985 and found in Florida ; it dates to the Late Clarendonian and possibly represents a separate lineage from that of P. homalopteron and P. haliaetus . A number of claw fossils have been recovered from Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in Florida and South Carolina . The oldest recognized family Pandionidae fossils were recovered from the Oligocene age Jebel Qatrani Formation in Faiyum Governorate , Egypt . However, they are not complete enough to assign to

6972-524: Was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus under the name Falco haliaetus in his landmark tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe, but in 1761 he restricted the locality to Sweden. The osprey is the only species placed in the genus Pandion that was introduced by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny in 1809. The genus

7056-520: Was so heavily polluted that, according to Lee Mailler , he had seen the water run "green, pink, cream and blue" but that it usually looked "like curdled milk." A Mountainville resident told the Daily News that the smell from the Moodna was "so bad, so strong that it [could] awaken you from sleep." Joseph Martin and Douglas Sefton wrote in the News that the Moodna's pollution problem was emblematic of

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