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42-900: Coordinates : 55°45′59″N 37°33′13″E / 55.76639°N 37.55361°E / 55.76639; 37.55361 Cemetery in Moscow Moscow Armenian Cemetery Армянское Ваганьковское кладбище Մոսկվայի Հայկական Գերեզմանատուն [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Details Established 1805 Location Moscow Country Russia Coordinates 55°45′59″N 37°33′13″E / 55.76639°N 37.55361°E / 55.76639; 37.55361 Size 17 hectares (42 acres) No. of graves 10,000 + The Armenian Cemetery of Moscow ( Armenian : Մոսկվայի Հայկական Գերեզմանատուն , Russian : Армя́нское Вага́ньковское кла́дбище , Armyanskoe Vagan'kovskoe kladbishche )
84-505: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
126-460: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
168-587: A "tiny wizened figure" and a "deaf old bore with her thoughts on Lenin and Goethe , and her discovery of a direct relationship between a miner's lamp, the useful activities of Faust , and the famous plan for electrification " - was unusual in that she made a "terrible fuss" if any suspected police spy came near her, when most soviet citizens simply put up with them, but Mandelstam suspected that she sometimes deliberately screamed at people whom she knew were not informers, to deter genuine spies. "Why am I always harping on this woman?" Mandelstam added, finally. "The point
210-1289: A Grave [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Armenian_Cemetery&oldid=1254871645 " Categories : Cemeteries in Moscow Christianity in Moscow Armenian diaspora in Russia Armenian cemeteries Armenian Apostolic cemeteries Armenian churches in Russia Churches in Moscow 1804 establishments in the Russian Empire Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Armenian-language text Articles containing Russian-language text Misplaced Pages articles needing clarification from September 2020 Commons category link
252-608: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
294-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
336-479: A signed half page article in Pravda in which she claimed that prisoners now known to have been forced to make false confessions under torture were doing so voluntarily out of a sense of responsibility to soviet society. She is also reputed to have complained about fellow writers that "Just because a few people have been arrested, they make all this fuss!" In August 1938, the first part of her novel A History Exam -
378-752: A writer. In February 1912 Shaginyan wrote to the composer Sergei Rachmaninoff , signing herself "Re". This was the first of many letters written between them over the next 5 years, many quoted in Bertensson & Leyda. Later in 1912, Rachmaninoff asked her to suggest poems he could set as songs. Many of her suggestions appeared in his Op. 34 set of that year (list of titles in Bertensson & Leyda). The first group, from Pushkin 's poem "The Muse" of 1828, he dedicated to her. In 1913 she dedicated her first set of published poems, "Orientalia", to him. Rachmaninoff left Russia in 1917, never to return, and their correspondence ceased at that point. Shaginyan wrote
420-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
462-480: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
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#1732797437311504-522: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
546-598: Is an Armenian historical cemetery in Moscow , Russia It is located in the Krasnaya Presnya (Красная Пресня) district, not far from Vagankovo Cemetery . The cemetery was established in 1804 by the initiative of Minas Lazarev, the leader of Moscow’s Armenian community, who also initiated the construction of the Surb Harutyun Armenian church (1808–1815). The Lazarev family crypt is located under
588-456: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
630-475: Is on Wikidata Pages using the Kartographer extension Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms
672-419: Is that she was a typical figure of our times, and furthermore she blurted out things on which others were silent." Marietta's daughter Mireille Shaginian was a painter, who was married to Victor Tsigal , a Russian painter and sculptor. Their son Serega Tsigal is an artist in Moscow. His wife was Lyubov Polishchuk a Russian actress. Serega's daughter Marietta Tsigal followed her mother's steps into acting. She
714-771: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Marietta Shaginyan Marietta Sergeevna Shaginyan ( Russian : Мариэ́тта Серге́евна Шагиня́н ; Armenian : Մարիետա Սերգեյի Շահինյան , April 2, 1888 – March 20, 1982)
756-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
798-579: The Great Purge , she was conspicuously loyal to Stalin personally. In 1934, evidently aware of the tension between Stalin and Russia' most renowned living writer, and the nominal head of the Soviet Writers' Union, Maxim Gorky , in private conversation she denounced Gorky as an "anarchist" and "a petit bourgeois populist." During the mass arrests when Nikolai Yezhov was chief of the NKVD , she had
840-481: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
882-640: The Lenin Prize in 1972. Shaginian spent much of her time in Koktebel , Crimea , where she had bought a summer house for her family. The Russian bohemian elite gathered in Koktebel every summer and stayed there until September, spending time at the Voloshin house. She died in Moscow at the age of 94. There is a scathing portrayal of Shaginyan in the memoirs of Nadezhda Mandelstam . She alleged that in
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#1732797437311924-420: The 1920s, Shaginyan made a habit of kissing the hand of Anna Akhmatova whenever they met. "This always put Akhmatova in a frenzy, and at the mere sight of Shaginyan, she fled or dived into the nearest doorway." But after Akhmatova had been denounced by Stalin's culture chief Andrei Zhdanov in 1948, Shaginyan visited the provinces to explain that Akhmatova was "decadent." Mandelstam also claimed that Shaginyan -
966-526: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
1008-506: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
1050-729: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
1092-536: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
1134-520: The Ulyanov Family , a fictional account of the early life of Lenin was published in the magazine Krasnaya Nov . It had been read and approved by Lenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya , and his brother Dmitri Ulyanov, but caused a scandal because it revealed that Lenin was part Kalmyk . On 5 August, the novel was banned, by order of the Politburo , Shaganyan and Krupskaya were reprimanded, and
1176-532: The basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for
1218-577: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
1260-399: The church. The cemetery and the church are under state protection. Among the state-protected monuments are the obelisk on A.A. Loris-Melikov's tomb (1844), Ananov's tombs (constructed by medieval Armenian canons) , khachkar on D.S. Melik-Beglyarov's tomb (1913), and the modernist gravestone for Nikolai Tarasov sculpted by Nikolai Andreev . The Armenian Cemetery is also the resting place for
1302-649: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
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1344-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
1386-466: The editor responsible, Vladimir Yermilov , was sacked. For the next 18 years, she was forced to stop writing in this genre and turned to essay writing. This resolution was overturned by the Central Committee as "erroneous and fundamentally wrong" on 11 October 1956, after which a revised version of the novel was published, and a sequel, The First All-Russian in 1965. The two books won her
1428-474: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
1470-781: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
1512-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
1554-595: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
1596-463: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
1638-503: The novels Mess Mend: Yankees in Petrograd (1923), Three Looms (1929), Hydrocentral (1930–31). In 1931, she wrote to Joseph Stalin asking him to write a foreword to Hydrocentral , and received a reply, dated 20 May, in which Stalin apologised, saying he would have liked to have written one, but was too busy to do so. Reputedly, she carried the note, wrapped in cellophane, in the handbag she always kept with her. Before and during
1680-1880: The remains of people who were not of Armenian descent. Burials at Armenian Cemetery of Moscow [ edit ] [REDACTED] Tigran Petrosian's Grave [REDACTED] Andrei Platonov's grave at Armenian Cemetery Sergey Aslamazian (1897–1978), cellist, composer Hamo Beknazarian (1891–1965), film director Mikhail Chailakhyan (1901–1991), botanist Zara Dolukhanova (1918–2007), opera singer Alexey Dushkin (1904–1977), architect Ivan Lazarev (1820–1879), lieutenant general Pavel Lisitsian (1911–2004), opera singer Koryun Nahapetyan (1926–1999), painter-nonconformist and public activist Stepanos Nazarian (1812–1879), publisher, historian of literature and orientalist Kerope Patkanov (1833–1889), orientalist, researcher, professor Tigran Petrosian (1929–1984), World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969 Andrei Platonov (1899–1951), Russian writer Leonid Ramzin (1887–1948), Russian thermal engineer Nadezhda Rumyantseva (1930–2008), theatrical and cinema actress Marietta Shaginyan (1888–1982), Russian writer Smbat Shahaziz (1840–1908), Armenian poet, educator, writer Mikael Tariverdiev (1931–1996), composer Boris Tchaikovsky (1925–1996), composer Books [ edit ] (in Russian) Памятники архитектуры Москвы. Окрестности старой Москвы (северо-западная и северная часть территории). М., "Искусство XXI век", 2004, ISBN 5-98051-011-7 , с. 71 External links [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armenian Cemetery (Moscow) . Armenian cemetery official website Search ancestors: Armenian cemetery in Moscow Moscow Armenian Cemetery at Find
1722-512: The same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
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1764-553: Was a Soviet writer , historian and activist of Armenian descent. She was one of the "fellow travelers" of the 1920s led by the Serapion Brotherhood and became one of the most prolific communist writers experimenting in satirico-fantastic fiction. Shaginyan was born in Moscow. Her father was a doctor. She received a private education, and in 1912 obtained a degree in History and Philosophy, and began her career as
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