117-519: MacArthur Park (originally Westlake Park ) is a park dating back to the late 19th century in the Westlake neighborhood of Los Angeles . In the early 1940s, it was renamed after General Douglas MacArthur , and later designated City of Los Angeles Historic Cultural Monument #100. The lake in MacArthur Park is fed by natural springs (although an artificial bottom to the lake was laid during
234-404: A verdict of insanity . 1922. On February 2, the body of motion picture director William Desmond Taylor was found on the floor of the living room of his bungalow at 404 Alvarado Street. He had been shot. The killer was never found. 1948. Joyce Corbley or Corbly, age given as either 22 or 38, died after shooting herself in the head on June 26 when she played a game of Russian roulette in
351-604: A visa ). For example, most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in Canada (perhaps as high as 500,000) are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been expelled from the country. Another example is formed by children of foreigners born in countries observing jus soli ("right of territory"), such as was the case in France until 1994 and in Ireland until 2005. In these countries, it
468-401: A "tax" to the gang in exchange for being left alone. In 2021, multiple attacks on transgender sex workers in the park had led to increased police presence and were widely reported. MacArthur Park has been used as a filming location numerous times. In Hard Luck (1921), Buster Keaton eludes the police by posing with a statue in the park. In A Woman of Paris (1923), Charlie Chaplin uses
585-444: A 1,600-foot zone around Westlake Park where drilling was forbidden (later modified to 1,000 feet), but the legality of that ordinance was under attack by oilmen such as W.E. de Groot . Even City Attorney Walter F. Haas thought the law was invalid, although he had to defend it as part of his duty. Nevertheless, a Superior Court judge, in the case of People v. Richard Green and others, held the city law to be valid. By 1900, however, it
702-529: A Guatemalan construction worker who spoke no English and very little Spanish, at Sixth Street and Union Avenue on September 5. Police said Jaminez had threatened a woman with a knife, which he refused to drop. 2010. The mummified remains of a still-born baby and an infant, brother and sister, were discovered in August, wrapped in newspapers from the 1930s and hidden inside a trunk in the basement of an apartment building near MacArthur Park. They were identified as
819-510: A POE is considered unlawful, but not a criminal offence, or a civil offence under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , SC 2001, c 27. Regulations under IRPA require that a person seeking to enter Canada outside a POE should "appear without delay" at the nearest entry point. Section 33 of the IRPA requires that any legal charges against a migrant be stayed while an entrant's asylum claim
936-662: A changing cast of owners suck out profits, fail to make repairs and leave tenants in miserable conditions." City officials closed its entrances with plywood and metal bars, but homeless people broke through and made it their home. On November 21, 1994, it took 186 firefighters from three companies to quell a massive blaze that all but destroyed the place. Finally, the City Council ordered the old hotel razed as an irreparable hazard. Burlington Avenue, 1993. Nine people, mostly immigrants from Latin America, and two fetuses died as
1053-540: A country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, fraud , or deception to obtain and transport people. Types of notorious human smugglers include Snakehead gangs present in mainland China (especially in Fujian ) that smuggle laborers into Pacific Rim states (making Chinatowns frequent centers of illegal immigration) and "coyotes", who smuggle undocumented immigrants to
1170-606: A destination state legally, but these visas may be limited in number and subject to yearly quotas. This may result in family members entering illegally to reunify. From studying Mexican migration patterns, Douglas Massey finds that the likelihood that a Mexican national will emigrate illegally to the US increases dramatically if they have one or more family members already residing in the United States, legally or illegally. Unauthorised arrival into another country may be prompted by
1287-507: A fugitive for two years. In 1993, in the wake of a deadly fire at 330 South Burlington Avenue (see Notable fires, below), major reforms proposed to help avert similar tragedies had not been implemented, and serious fire safety violations persisted in the Westlake and Pico-Union areas. Plans for new fees, a fire inspection task force and a computerized record-keeping system were stalled. But fire officials said that budget constraints and
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#17327806980211404-585: A grim area "where heroin addicts and youthful gang members control the public alleyways and clamber across people's rooftops to elude police." Some alleys had become refuges for the homeless, with no toilets, and piles of garbage were accumulating. The neighborhood was replete with sidewalk vendors in 1993, from whom sometimes gang members, called cholos , were demanding "rent" to use the public sidewalks, which were bustling with refugees from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and other Latin American countries. It
1521-466: A high probability of being denied. This has led some authors to suggest that the ideal of asylum has eroded in recent years in the Global North . If victims of forced displacement apply for asylum in the country they fled to and are granted refugee status they have the right to remain permanently. If asylum seekers are not granted some kind of legal protection status, then they may have to leave
1638-494: A jury convicted a landlord of 23 counts of having slum conditions at a building he owned at 737 South Westlake Avenue in Los Angeles. Devanand Sharma failed to provide tenants with heat, did not repair broken windows, fire doors and smoke detectors , and kept walls, ceilings and plumbing in a deteriorated condition. His brother was dubbed the city's "worst slumlord " after a 1987 conviction for slum conditions and had been
1755-724: A matter of debate. It is nevertheless commonly used in formal contexts in some countries, including the United States. Title 8 of the US Code is the portion of United States law that contains legislation on citizenship , nationality , and immigration . Defining the legal term alien as "any person, not a citizen or national of the United States," The terminology used in Title 8 includes illegal alien (33 times), unauthorized alien (21 times), undocumented alien (18 times), illegal immigrant (6 times), undocumented person (2 times), and others. An analysis by PolitiFact , however, concluded that
1872-725: A recreation center operated by the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks. The bandshell was once home to many organizations and events, such as Jugaremos en Familia (a live event hosted by Memo Flores for the Hispanic community). Public artworks installed in the park have included the MacArthur Monument , Entry Arch , General Harrison Gray Otis , the Hungarian Freedom Fighters Memorial, MacArthur Park Singularity , Mine Was
1989-430: A result of a fire that ravaged an apartment building at 330 Burlington Avenue on May 5. More than forty were injured. Some residents escaped by jumping from or, in the case of children, being thrown from upper floors into the arms of rescuers, but others died when they were trapped on stairways. Members of the 18th Street Gang joined in the rescue effort. More than a hundred shocked survivors were given emergency shelter in
2106-543: A room at the Ansonia Apartments, 2205 West Sixth Street. 1996. On March 29, Linda Morimoto, a noted physician of the Japanese American community, was found bludgeoned to death on the floor of her ransacked home in the 400 block of Lafayette Park Place. No arrests were made. 2010. Two nights of violent protests troubled the Westlake neighborhood after a policeman fatally shot Manuel Jaminez,
2223-766: A room on the fifth floor of his own six-story, 96-unit building at 744 South Beacon Avenue The owner had to remain there from 7 p.m. until 7 a.m. for 45 consecutive days. During the other hours he was allowed to supervise repairs to the building. The landlord had been found guilty of 12 code violations on the building, including broken fire doors, fire escape drop-ladders that did not work, blocked fire-sprinkler controls, broken windows, broken and missing smoke detectors and exposed live electrical wiring. He had to pay US$ 1,774 in fines and perform 100 hours of community service. Other legal action followed against other slum building owners. Multiple sources outline different boundaries for Westlake. The Westlake Community Plan area (CPA) of
2340-522: A statewide precedent. Authorities alleged the bank knowingly helped finance purchases in Westlake, Echo Park , Hollywood , South-Central , Koreatown and Pico-Union by buyers who had no means and no intention of keeping the structures in repair. Slum conditions were cleaned up after the suit was filed, and, in a 1996 settlement, the bank agreed to pay US$ 1.4 million to tenants, to the city and to public-interest attorneys. In 1999 Judge Leland Harris sentenced another landlord, Ronald J. Olenczuk, to live in
2457-789: A visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas like the United States–Mexico border , the Mona Channel between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico , the Strait of Gibraltar , Fuerteventura , and the Strait of Otranto . Because these methods are illegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants have been known to suffocate in shipping containers , boxcars , and trucks, sink in shipwrecks caused by unseaworthy vessels, die of dehydration or exposure during long walks without water. An official estimate puts
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#17327806980212574-422: Is a crime; specifically a misdemeanor on the first offense. Illegal reentry after deportation is a felony offense. This is the distinction between the larger group referred to as unauthorized immigrants and the smaller subgroup referred to as criminal immigrants. Democratic Senator and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer has spoken out against the term "undocumented", stating that "Illegal immigration
2691-567: Is assumed that the willingness to take undesirable jobs is what gives undocumented immigrants their employment. Evidence for this may be seen in the average wages of illegal day laborers in California, which was between $ 10 and $ 12 per hour according to a 2005 study, and the fact that this was higher than many entry-level white-collar or service jobs. Entry-level white-collar and service jobs offer advancement opportunities only for people with work permits and citizenship. Research indicates that
2808-619: Is being processed. The Government of Canada and the Immigration and Refugee Board use the term "irregular" to refer to these crossings. The Liberal Party of Canada and the New Democratic Party typically use the term "irregular", while the Conservative Party of Canada typically uses the term "illegal". The use of the term "undocumented" is increasingly prevalent among individual MPs and MLAs in Canada, and
2925-548: Is contracted into for purely immigration advantage by a couple who are not in a genuine relationship. Common reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration (i.e., immigration fraud), residency, work, or citizenship rights for one or both of the spouses or other benefits. In the United Kingdom, those who arrange, participate in, or officiate over a sham marriage may be charged with several offenses, including assisting unlawful immigration and conspiracy to facilitate
3042-628: Is patrolled by the Rampart Division of the Los Angeles Police Department, 1401 West 6th Street at Valencia Street, within the Westlake neighborhood. 1906. On August 16, 1906, Annie Sanderson, 45, was slashed to death by her husband, Edward H. Sanderson, president of the California Truck Company, in their residence at 1336 Westlake Avenue. He then committed suicide by cutting his throat with
3159-465: Is required. Some people and organizations advocate an extension of the freedom of movement to include a freedom of movement – or migration – between the countries as well as within the countries. From this point of view, the proximal cause for migration-related issues are the immigration law themselves, that criminalize a victimless crime . Some examples do show that increases in poverty, especially when associated with immediate crises, can increase
3276-425: Is today Little Tokyo and Bunker Hill, some of which remain in parts of Westlake and nearby neighborhoods like Echo Park, Silver Lake, and East Hollywood. In 1899, newly drilled oil wells in the area, with their unsightly derricks, were said to cause pollution and runoff in the streets "at every hard rain," and residents of the neighborhood were "indignant that nothing was done for their relief." The city had declared
3393-522: Is wrong – plain and simple" and that proponents of the term were "not serious" about combatting illegal immigration. In Canada, as in the US, "illegal immigrant" is a commonly used term. However, there is confusion and deep dissent among many about what the term means under the law and what circumstances, and what it implies socially. "Irregular" is a term used by government authorities to refer to migrants who enter Canada outside of official border crossings ("points of entry"). Entrance into Canada outside of
3510-709: The Belmont High School gymnasium. It was the fourth-deadliest fire in the city's history. Fire officials said the owners failed to correct a faulty alarm system, amid other fire code violations. Some fire doors had been illegally propped open. Four hundred mourners were at a special eulogy at the Church of the Immaculate Conception on Ninth Street (later James M. Wood Boulevard) in Westlake, where Cardinal Roger M. Mahony called upon city authorities to work toward improving apartment safety. Among
3627-533: The Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM) launched its international "Words Matter" campaign in 2014 to promote the use of the terms undocumented or irregular migrants instead of illegal . Depending on jurisdiction, culture, or context, alternatives to illegal aliens or illegal immigrants can include irregular migrants , undocumented immigrants , undocumented persons , and unauthorized immigrants . In some contexts
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3744-489: The Southwestern United States and have been known to abuse or even kill their passengers. Sometimes undocumented immigrants are abandoned by their human traffickers if there are difficulties, often dying in the process. Others may be victims of intentional killing. Many undocumented immigrants are migrants who originally arrive in a country lawfully but overstay their authorized residence (overstaying
3861-565: The Westlake District , is a residential and commercial neighborhood in Central Los Angeles , California, United States. It was developed in the 1920s. Many of its elegant mansions have been turned into apartments and many new multiple-occupancy buildings have been constructed. Westlake is a high-density area, with a young and heavily Latino population. It contains many primary and secondary schools. In 1887, Westlake
3978-526: The carrying capacity of an area or environment results in overpopulation . Some "illegal" immigrants seek to live with loved ones who already live in a country that they are not allowed to enter, such as a spouse or other family members. Having a family who has immigrated or being from a community with many immigrants is a much better predictor of one's choice to immigrate than poverty. Family reunification visas may be applied for by legal residents or naturalized citizens to bring their family members into
4095-512: The 1951 Refugee Convention or do not attempt to follow its guidelines are likely to consider refugees and asylum seekers as illegal immigrants. In a 2012 news story, the CSM reported, "The estimated 750,000 Rohingya , one of the most miserable and oppressed minorities in the world, are deeply resentful of their almost complete absence of civil rights in Myanmar . In 1982, the military junta stripped
4212-466: The 1980s the neighborhood was infused with refugees from Central American countries like El Salvador , where a civil war had displaced a million people. In time, young Salvadorans formed a gang called Mara Salvatrucha , meaning, roughly, Gang of the Salvadoran Guy; for short, it was labeled MS-13. In time, the gang had spread to 33 other states and five countries. By 1990 Westlake had become
4329-444: The 67.6% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole. The median age for residents was 27, considered young for both the city and the county. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $ 26,757, a low figure for Los Angeles, and a high percentage of households earned $ 20,000 or less. The percentages of never-married men and women, 47% and 36.4%, respectively, were among
4446-621: The Better Punch, But It Didn't Win the Wristwatch , and Prometheus Bringing Fire to Earth . Previously, the statue of Charles III of Spain was installed in the park. The park, originally named Westlake Park, was built in the 1880s, along with a similar Eastlake Park, whose lake is artificial, in Los Angeles. Westlake Park was renamed May 7, 1942; Eastlake Park was renamed Lincoln Park . Both Westlake and Eastlake (as well as Echo Park) were built as drinking water reservoirs connected to
4563-663: The Hollywood Freeway. The 2000 U.S. census counted 108,839 residents in the 2.72-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 38,214 people per square mile, the second-highest density of any community in Los Angeles County , after Koreatown . In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 117,756. It was estimated in 1993 that 85,000 people lived within a mile of the Alvarado/MacArthur Park Red Line station and that
4680-732: The Immigration Policy Center, there are currently about nine million illegal immigrants in the U.S. There are about half a million more illegal immigrants every year. In addition, The United States spends about $ 3.8 billion on border enforcement each year. Research on the economic effects of illegal immigration is scant, but existing studies suggest that the effects can be positive for the native population, and for public coffers. One 2015 study states that "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets, increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases
4797-613: The International Refugee Convention . The European Court of Human Rights , referring to the European Convention on Human Rights , has shown in a number of indicative judgments that there are enforcement barriers to expulsion to certain countries, for example, due to the risk of torture. The terminology surrounding illegal immigration is often controversial. In particular, describing people who immigrated illegally as illegal immigrants has been
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4914-480: The Rohingya of their Myanmar citizenship, classing them as illegal immigrants and rendering them stateless ." In some countries, people born on national territory (henceforth not "immigrants") do not automatically obtain the nationality of their birthplace, and may have no legal title of residency. Families want to have better lives for their children and to succeed. The article "Learning to be Illegal" discusses
5031-429: The U.S. Census Bureau, undocumented immigrants in the United States often work in dangerous industries such as agriculture and construction. A recent study suggests that the complex web of consequences resulting from illegal immigrant status limits illegal workers' ability to stay safe at work. In addition to physical danger at work, the choice to immigrate for work often entails work-induced lifestyle factors which impact
5148-789: The US, only 12% of the labor force has less than a high school education, but 70% of illegal workers from Mexico lack a high school degree. The majority of new blue-collar jobs qualify as Massey's "underclass" work and suffer from unreliability, subservient roles and, critically, a lack of potential for advancement. These "underclass" jobs, which have a disproportionate number of undocumented immigrants, include harvesting crops, unskilled labor in landscaping and construction, house-cleaning, and maid and busboy work in hotels and restaurants. However, as even these "underclass" jobs have higher relative wages than those in home countries they are still attractive for undocumented immigrants and since many undocumented immigrants often anticipate working only temporarily in
5265-438: The US, youths brought into the country illegally are granted access to public K-12 education and benefits regardless of citizenship status; therefore the youths are not entirely undocumented, since they are documented for educational purposes. In the United States, while overstaying a visa is a civil violation handled by the immigration court , entering (including re-entering) the US without approval from an immigration officer
5382-542: The United States. Some workers are smuggled into the United States and Canada by human traffickers. People have been kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers, after entering the country, for example in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as undocumented immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. For example, Burmese women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak
5499-604: The Westlake CPA are as follows: Westlake North, Westlake South, MacArthur Park (partly), Rampart Village (partly), Pico–Union (partly), Echo Park (partly), and Downtown Los Angeles (partly). In the Los Angeles Times' Mapping L.A. project, the street boundaries of Westlake are the Hollywood Freeway on the north, Glendale Boulevard and Second Street on the east, Beaudry Avenue and the Harbor Freeway on
5616-411: The advantage to firms employing undocumented immigrants increases as more firms in the industry do so, further increases with the breadth of a firm's market, and also with the labor intensity of the firm's production process. However, the advantage decreases with the skill level of the firm's workers, meaning that illegal immigrants do not provide as much competitive advantage when a high-skilled workforce
5733-481: The alternative term, undocumented immigrant. For example, the Associated Press continues to use the term illegal immigration , whereby illegal describes the action rather than the person. On the other hand, The New York Times said described undocumented immigrant as a "term preferred by many immigrants and their advocates, but it has a flavor of euphemism and should be used with caution outside
5850-678: The area suffers from overcrowded housing conditions and absentee landlords. — Roberto Lovato , executive director of the Central American Refugee Center , who paid a visit to the temporary shelter for Burlington Avenue fire victims (below) The neighborhood is home to many large apartment complexes built during its heyday in the early 20th century. The old housing stock and very large population of low-income, immigrant renters has attracted many absentee landlords with reputations for neglecting building maintenance and subjecting tenants to hazardous conditions. In 1990
5967-438: The area. In 1993 it was said to be one of the busiest fire stations in the country. Hotel Coronado, 1905. An early-morning fire destroyed the massive and popular Hotel Coronado at 667 Coronado Street on December 4, 1905, after a delay in communicating by telephone with the fire department. The blaze spread rapidly, and more than eighty guests had to flee, some in their nightclothes . Sarah and Helen Mathewson were lessees of
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#17327806980216084-469: The artwork was featured in the book Spraycan Art by Henry Chalfant and Jim Prigoff. The lakeside portion of the park closed for 10 weeks in October 2021. The area surrounding MacArthur Park, one of the poorest areas of Los Angeles, has widely reported crime rates. Considered to be MS-13 territory, many poorer locals of the area, especially those doing illicit business in the park, are forced to pay
6201-434: The average household size of three people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 94.9% of the housing units, and house or apartment owners just 5.1% Heavily Latino, Westlake was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically. The breakdown was Latinos , 73.4%; Asians , 16.5%; whites , 4.5%; blacks , 3.9%, and others, 1.7%. Mexico (36.8%) and El Salvador (17.2%) were the most common places of birth for
6318-774: The buildings in North Sinai. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain , Western Europe is being confronted with a serious problem related to the sexual exploitation of undocumented immigrants (especially from Eastern Europe ), for prostitution. In the United States, human trafficking victims often pass through the porous border with Mexico. To curb the spread of sex slavery and other predation on unauthorized immigrants, then California Attorney General Kamala Harris and Mexico Attorney General Marisela Morales Ibáñez signed an accord in 2012 to expand prosecutions of criminals typically members of transnational gangs who engage in
6435-405: The children of Janet Mann Barrie, who had lived in the building and who died in Canada at age 97 in 1994. 2012. Pedro Martinez, a 26-year-old gang member, was sentenced to 100 years to life in prison for killing Andres Ordonez, 25, a church deacon who was trying to stop a woman from spray-painting, or tagging, an outside wall at Iglesia Principe de Paz Church on Beverly Boulevard . Ordonez
6552-484: The city bureaucracy thwarted their plans. Nevertheless, in that year an appeals court said that a trial could go ahead against Highland Federal Bank, even though it was not an actual owner; it was accused of operating a network of slum buildings in Los Angeles, for one of which, the Cameo Hotel at 504 South Bonnie Brae Street in Westlake, the owner was listed as "Teluce Black," a Labrador retriever . That decision set
6669-556: The city for a park. In the mid-19th century the area was a swampland; by the 1890s, it was a vacation destination, surrounded by luxury hotels. In the early part of the 20th century, the Westlake neighborhood became known as the Champs-Élysées of Los Angeles. Wilshire Boulevard formerly ended at the lake, but in 1934 a berm was built for it to cross and link up with the existing Orange Street (which ran from Alvarado to Figueroa Streets ) into downtown Los Angeles. Orange Street
6786-581: The city of Los Angeles is bounded by Temple Street on the north, the Harbor Freeway on the east, the Santa Monica Freeway on the south, Washington Boulevard on the southwest, and an irregular line along Hoover Street on the west. Los Angeles City Planning notes that the Westlake CPA "includes the neighborhoods of Historic Filipinotown, Pico-Union, Rampart Village, and Westlake, among others." Neighborhood councils that fall within
6903-420: The city's system, Zanja Madre . When the city abandoned the non-pressurized zanja system for a pressurized pipe system, these smaller, shallow reservoirs located at low points no longer provided much benefit and were converted into parks. The park was named for Henricus Wallace Westlake , a Canadian physician who had moved to Los Angeles around 1888, settled in the area and donated a portion of his property to
7020-548: The commanding officer was demoted, seventeen other officers faced penalties, and the LAPD paid more than $ 13 million in damages. Beginning in 2002, the Los Angeles Police Department and business and community leaders led a redevelopment effort that has led to the installation of surveillance cameras, the opening of a recreation center, increased business, early-morning drink vendors, a new Metro station ,
7137-499: The construction of the Red Line , opened in 1993). In the past, a fountain with a reflecting pool on the northern end was also fed by the springs. The Westlake/MacArthur Park B and D Line station is across the street. The park is divided in two by Wilshire Boulevard . The southern portion primarily consists of a lake, while the northern half includes an amphitheatre , bandshell , soccer fields, and children's playground, along with
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#17327806980217254-403: The country or stay as illegal immigrants. According to the 1951 Refugee Convention refugees should be exempted from immigration laws and should expect protection from the country they entered. It is, however, up to the countries involved to decide if a particular immigrant is a refugee or not, and hence whether they are subject to immigration controls. Furthermore, countries that did not sign
7371-493: The county's highest. The 2000 census found 5,325 families headed by single parents, a high rate for both the city and the county. There were 2,591 military veterans in 2000, or 3.5%, a low figure for Los Angeles. These were the ten neighborhoods or cities in Los Angeles County with the highest population densities, according to the 2000 census, with the population per square mile: Public transportation in Westlake
7488-477: The crowd, then ordered the crowd to disperse. Some people began throwing plastic bottles and rocks at officers. Members of the Los Angeles Police Department then used batons and rubber bullets in a manner later found by the LAPD's own investigation, as well as by the courts, to be excessive. After community mobilization, pressure from the Mayor, and an extensive internal review, LAPD Chief William Bratton apologized,
7605-657: The decline of real wages of US workers without a high school degree by 9% between 1980 and 2000 due to increased competition. Other economists, such as Gordon Hanson , criticized these findings. Douglas Massey argues that developed countries need unskilled immigrant labor to fill undesirable jobs, which citizens do not seek regardless of wages. Massey argues that this may refute claims that undocumented immigrants are "lowering wages" or stealing jobs from native-born workers and that it instead shows that undocumented immigrants "take jobs that no one else wants." A paper by Spanish economists found that, upon granting work permits to
7722-491: The density of this neighborhood rivaled that of Manhattan in New York City. Another report the same year said that at 147 people per acre Westlake had four times the average density of Manhattan and that "The vast majority of units are occupied by more than one family. Firefighters often find babies sleeping in dresser drawers, and children in closets that serve as their bedrooms." Nevertheless, census takers found that
7839-403: The destination country, the lack of opportunity for advancement is seen by many as less of a problem. Support for this claim can be seen in a Pew Hispanic Center poll of over 3,000 undocumented immigrants from Mexico in the US, which found that 79% would voluntarily join a temporary worker program that allowed them to work legally for several years but then required them to leave. From this, it
7956-584: The finest in the city. Sparks dropping on the dry roofs... caused small blazes in many places. The occupants of the buildings in danger succeeded in extinguishing the blazing embers... . The costly furnishings of a number of fine houses were removed to places of safety outside the zone of danger," and neighbors gave shelter to hotel guests who had fled. The Mathewson sisters were overcome by smoke, but they survived; their pet dog died. Helen Mathewson later asserted charges of negligence against Chief Lips, which he denied. Hotel Californian, 1961–1994. Flames engulfed
8073-529: The first areas of Los Angeles west of Figueroa Street to see residential development, Westlake came to have a significant Jewish population. Wealthy businessmen commuted to downtown, Wilshire Center (now Koreatown), Hollywood, and the Miracle Mile from the district's Spanish Revival and Art Deco mansions. Around the 1940s the district's northwestern blocks fringed the home of Los Angeles' early working class Filipino population who were shifted from what
8190-543: The franchise, the two men offered to donate $ 10,000 to the city. The railway ran to the southeastern corner of Westlake Park . Westlake/MacArthur Park station of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system serves the neighborhood. Its entrance is across Alvarado Street from MacArthur Park. The station is served by both the B and D lines, and is the location of a city-sanctioned sidewalk market where vendors are permitted to set up on designated days. Westlake
8307-452: The highest rates of Fentanyl overdoses in the city. The massive increase in the homeless population, along with the introduction of extremely potent synthetic opioids, has led to a public health crisis in the neighborhood. In many areas surrounding the park, especially in the alleys behind Alvarado Street, public drug use has become a constant reality, and individual locations frequently see multiple overdoses every single day. Everyone knows
8424-479: The hotel, which was owned by M.N. Russ Avery and Superior Judge Walter Bordwell . The tourist hotel was one of the most expensive in the city, "being patronized by wealthy persons to whom the cost was not a consideration." By the time firefighters led by Chief Walter Lips arrived about an hour after the blaze was discovered, the hotel was already in ruins, and the men turned their efforts to saving nearby buildings. Close by were "scores of mansions, some of them among
8541-556: The incomes of illegal immigrants by a quarter (increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $ 1.4 trillion over a 10-years); a 2016 study found that "legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20%, to 3.6% of private-sector GDP;" and a 2019 working paper by the University of Cyprus found that "all types of immigrants generate a larger surplus to US firms than natives do". According to economist George Borjas , immigrants may have caused
8658-523: The installation of surveillance cameras in 2004. A business improvement district was formed. In January 2012, the city launched a campaign under a new city ordinance dealing with illegal street vendors throughout Los Angeles, but with principal effect in Westlake and the Venice neighborhood . The ordinance outlawed the sale of items with "utilitarian value," like socks and T-shirts but allowed vendors to sell art objects. A city-sponsored weekend market
8775-557: The language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their undocumented immigrant status. In some regions, people that are still en route to their destination country are also sometimes kidnapped, for example for ransom . In some instances, they are also tortured , raped , and killed if the requested ransom does not arrive. One case in point is the Eritrean migrants that are en route to Israel. A large number of them are captured in North Sinai (Egypt) and Eastern Sudan and held in
8892-994: The likelihood of illegal migration. The 1994 economic crisis in Mexico , after the start of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was associated with widespread poverty and a lower valuation for the peso relative to the dollar. It also marked the start of a massive swell in Mexican immigration, in which net illegal migration to the US increased every year from the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s. There are also examples where natural disasters and population growth can amplify poverty -driven migration flows. Many leave their country fleeing gender-based violence , such as honor crime or forced marriage , especially from conflicts area. Women in illegal situations are especially at risk of sexual exploitation or rape . Population growth that exceeds
9009-428: The mourners were elementary school classmates of two of the dead children and a Fire Department honor guard of about two dozen firefighters, dressed in formal black uniforms. In all, the caskets at the funeral Mass contained the remains of 11, including three mothers (two of them pregnant), two fetuses and six children. The two fetuses were placed with their mothers in the caskets. A 15-month-old child of Guatemalan parents
9126-472: The need to escape civil war or repression in the country of origin. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights upheld by the United Nations guarantees the right of asylum, and as such, asylum seekers are typically treated differently from undocumented immigrants. In practice, however, many asylum seekers are subjected to exceedingly long waiting periods, isolated and unsafe detention facilities, and
9243-541: The north side of the park and the Ansonia in two scenes. MacArthur Park/Westlake Park and its boats figure prominently as the scene of a murder in the 1949 film noir Killer Bait (also known as Too Late for Tears ) with Lizabeth Scott, Don DeFore, Dan Duryea and Arthur Kennedy. In 1973 The Phantom of Herald Square an episode of the TV horror anthology series Circle of Fear included a significant number of scenes filmed within
9360-517: The northeast and east, Downtown to the southeast, Pico-Union to the south and southwest and Koreatown to the west. Westlake touches East Hollywood on the northwest. Google Maps draws the following boundaries for Westlake: The Hollywood Freeway on the north, the Harbor Freeway and Lucas Street on the east, the Santa Monica Freeway on the south. The boundary on the west is Hoover Street to Wilshire Boulevard, and Virgil Avenue to
9477-399: The northward." The neighborhood was named for Westlake Park , the land for which had been donated by Henricus Wallace Westlake , a Canadian physician who moved to Los Angeles around 1888. He built his house on Burlington Avenue in the district that later bore his name; the residence was the first to rise in the rolling hills west of the more settled and built-up part of the town. One of
9594-471: The number of people who died in illegal crossings across the U.S.–Mexican border between 1998 and 2004 at 1,954 (see immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border ). Human smuggling is the practice of intermediaries aiding undocumented immigrants in crossing over international borders for financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from but is sometimes associated with human trafficking . A human smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into
9711-410: The occasional rumored drowning became commonplace, with as many as 30 murders in 1990. When the lake was drained in 1973 and 1978, hundreds of handguns and other firearms were found disposed of in the lake. Two May Day rallies calling for US citizenship for undocumented immigrants were held at MacArthur Park on May 1, 2007. When the protest overflowed onto city streets, police drove motorcycles through
9828-554: The park superintendent, these were the first swans born in the park in over a decade. For many years, Filipino World War II veterans protested in the park named after their former commander regarding promises made when they enlisted that the United States had reneged on. In 2009 as part of the stimulus package , Congress awarded lump-sum payments of $ 15,000 to Filipino veterans who are American citizens and $ 9,000 to those who are noncitizens. MacArthur Park became known for violence after 1985 when prostitution, drug dealing, shoot-outs, and
9945-726: The park, as well as "The Bank Examiner Swindle" (season 9, episode 6 of Dragnet ) and The Amazing Spider-Man (1977), and "72 Hours", an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , wherein Carlton plans to conduct illegal sales of counterfeit merchandise in the park, hoping to prove his street cred to Will and his friends. It is also featured in the Gym Class Heroes music video for Cupid's Chokehold (the As Cruel as School Children version) and Lorde 's 2017 music video for Green Light . The movie In MacArthur Park (1976)
10062-587: The physical, mental and social health of immigrants and their families. Each year there are several hundred deaths along the U.S.–Mexico border of immigrants crossing the border illegally. Death by exposure occurs in the deserts of Southwestern United States during the hot summer season. In 2016 there were approximately 8,000 migrant deaths, with about 63% of deaths occurring within the Mediterranean. Immigrants from countries that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for
10179-611: The quotation." Newsweek questions the use of the phrase undocumented immigrants as a method of euphemistic framing , namely, "a psychological technique that can influence the perception of social phenomena." Newsweek also suggests that persons who enter a country unlawfully cannot be entirely "undocumented," as they "just lack the certain specific documents for legal residency and employment," while "[m]any have driver's licences, debit cards, library cards, and school identifications which are useful documents in specific contexts but not nearly so much for immigration." For example, in
10296-680: The return of the paddle boats and the fountain, and large community festivals attracting thousands. Along with determined campaigns to improve community relations between the neighborhood and the police, crime rates went down through the mid-2000s. In 2007, Levitt Pavilion Los Angeles opened, offering 50 free concerts each summer and attracting a wide range of audiences from around the country and globally. Currently programmed & produced (as of 2017) by local resident Matthew Himes, notable acts that have performed include Celso Pina , Fishbone , Bomba Estereo , La Sonora Dinamita , Jimmy Webb , Kinky , La Resistencia , Nortec Collective and many more. In
10413-694: The right to health and access to healthcare is fundamental and independent of a person's legal status. However, on a domestic level, many States in Europe have established the right to health as a welfare right, making it subject to citizenship or other administrative requirements. Whether it's due to the danger behind disclosing their status or because of the inherently unfair social infrastructures, these barriers are present in all types of services, from social security to health. Research at San Diego State University estimates that there are 2.4 million victims of human trafficking among illegal Mexican immigrants in
10530-428: The risk of detention , deportation , and other imposed sanctions. Asylum seekers who are denied asylum may face impediment to expulsion if the home country refuses to receive the person or if new asylum evidence emerges after the decision. In some cases, these people are considered illegal aliens. In others, they may receive a temporary residence permit, for example regarding the principle of non-refoulement in
10647-400: The risk of having to disclose their status. In other words, undocumented migrants are not protected by labour standards and regulations as people with legal status are. Where the minimum wage is several times the prevailing wage in the home country, employers sometimes pay less than the legal minimum wage or have unsafe working conditions, relying on the reluctance of illegal workers to report
10764-507: The safety the children have in K-12 schooling. The children are guaranteed education in a safe environment. Aside from the possibility that they may be intercepted and deported, illegal immigrants also face other problems. Illegal immigrants usually have no or very limited access to public health systems, proper housing, education and banks . For instance, the current international human rights framework stipulates in various documents that
10881-630: The same knife. 1908. Wielding a sharpened ax, Henry J. Dufty, 56, slew his sleeping 24-year-old son, Fred Dufty, a machinist, in the son's bungalow at 247 North Mountain View Avenue on August 13, then walked uphill to nearby 453 North Westlake Avenue, where he used the same instrument to decapitate his pregnant daughter, Zaidah La Com. He returned to his home, where he cut his own throat, attempting suicide. He had previously purchased gravestones for himself and his two children, which had already been laid at Evergreen Cemetery . A jury trial resulted in
10998-522: The same year, the paddle boats returned. They were available for rent on the weekends in 2009. By early 2010, the boathouse was closed. Eventually, the paddle boats were removed. The boathouse was demolished in 2014. The MacArthur Park bandshell was painted by local artists and graffiti artists under the direction of Otis Parsons. Some of the artists involved were: Robert Williams, Skill, John "Zender" Estrada, Hector "Hex" Rios, Geo, Exit, Trip, Hate Prime, Relic, Galo "MAKE" Canote , RickOne and others. Some of
11115-554: The site in the affected Lazard tract, the promoters said they wanted to build in the Lakewood District because they could not get the kind of women workers they sought if they built in the city's industrial district , with its associated smoke and dust. They promised the employment of 1,000 workers, mostly women, as well as a school to teach "the finer grades of needlework" and a permanent exhibition space devoted to showing how garments are made. A "mammoth petition of protest"
11232-423: The southeast, West Olympic Boulevard on the southeast and south, Westmoreland Avenue, Wilshire Place and Virgil Avenue on the west, and Temple Street and Hoover Street on the northwest. The Times notes that its entry on Westlake includes the neighborhoods of Historic Filipinotown, Lafayette Park, MacArthur Park and Temple–Beaudry. In Mapping L.A., Westlake is flanked by Silver Lake to the north, Echo Park to
11349-490: The term illegal immigrant, except in quotations. These organizations presently include the Associated Press (US), Press Association (UK), European Journalism Observatory , European Journalism Centre , Association of European Journalists , Australian Press Council , and Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance (AU). Related terms that describe actions are not similarly discouraged. Most commonly they use
11466-414: The term illegal alien "occurs scarcely, often undefined or part of an introductory title or limited to apply to certain individuals convicted of felonies." Some campaigns discourage the use of the term illegal immigrant , generally based on the argument that the act of immigrating illegally does not make the people themselves illegal, but rather they are "people who have immigrated illegally." In Europe,
11583-488: The term illegal immigrants is shortened, often pejoratively , to illegals . Irregular migration is a related term that is sometimes used, e.g. by the International Organization for Migration ; however, because of the word migration , this term describes a somewhat wider concept, including illegal emigration . Some news associations have in their style guide discontinued or discouraged
11700-672: The trafficking of human beings between the two countries. Most countries have laws requiring workers to have proper documentation, often intended to prevent or minimize the employment of undocumented immigrants. However, the penalties against employers are often small and the acceptable identification requirements are vague, ill-defined and seldom checked or enforced, making it easy for employers to hire illegal labor, although repeat offenders may receive harsher punishment. Additionally, if an employer does not maintain proper safety standards, refuses to pay, or creates overall precarious working conditions, looking for remedies or redress would also mean
11817-560: The undocumented immigrant population in Spain , the fiscal revenues increased by around €4,189 per newly legalized immigrant. The paper found that the wages of the immigrants increased after receiving work permits. At the same time, some low-skilled natives had worse labor market outcomes and high-skilled natives had improved labor market outcomes. Since the decline of working-class blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and industry, younger native-born generations have acquired higher education. In
11934-413: The unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native." This is because the presence of illegal immigrants reduces the labor costs of employers, providing them more opportunities to create more jobs. A 2013 study by the liberal think tank Center for American Progress found that granting citizenship to people who immigrated illegally would boost the U.S. economy: doing so would raise
12051-412: The upper two floors of the five-story Hotel Californian at 1907 West Sixth Street on August 2, 1961. Firemen were threatened with injury when a water hydrant burst and a hose flailed about viciously before water was turned off. Scores of television aerials on the roof of the hotel hampered the men before the flames were brought under control. The hotel reopened, but became "a classic slum building where
12168-554: The vast majority of the residents just wanting to make an honest living. Seventeen years later, crime had dropped and Westlake was on a road to gentrification . As rentals and property values in Downtown Los Angeles and nearby Koreatown rose, artists and other creative people moved into Westlake. "Swanky nightclubs, organic tamale co-ops and art galleries" followed. The change was traced to intensive anti-crime and cleanup efforts in MacArthur Park, particularly since
12285-413: The violations to the authorities. Undocumented employees' ability to work legally no longer exists, which makes it easier for corporations to take advantage of their services. Unfair and unjust, the exploitation of undocumented immigrants' labor goes unpunished because they are not considered legal immigrants. The search for employment is central to illegal international migration. According to data from
12402-507: Was also used in a NDP policy document as well as by Ontario NDP leader Andrea Horwath in a 2018 platform document. Conservative MP Dave Epp referred to "undocumented workers" in a 2020 interview with the CBC wherein he called for an end to the use of contract migrant labour by Canadian agriculture businesses, in part because many such workers are undocumented and therefore vulnerable to exploitation and unsafe working conditions. Based on data from
12519-517: Was buried earlier in Calvary Cemetery . The other remains were returned to Mexico and Guatemala. Illegal immigration Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a country in violation of that country's immigration laws , or the continuous residence in a country without the legal right to do so. Illegal immigration tends to be financially upward, from poorer to richer countries. Illegal residence in another country creates
12636-574: Was first proposed in 1887 by railroad entrepreneurs Herman Silver and J.F. Crank as a double-track street cable railroad with the western terminus at Seventh and Alvarado streets and the eastern at "the proposed union depot of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company near the western extremity of the First Street Bridge," later amended to continue the road along First Street to Aliso Avenue and Chicago Street. In return for
12753-481: Was found that oil production in Westlake had been, in effect, "pumped dry," and the situation ceased to make news. Residents were alarmed in May 1919 by a petition being circulated by entrepreneur Arthur Evans to build a "high-class," six-story building on the southwest corner of Westlake Avenue and Orange Street "for the manufacture of women's apparel." Supposedly having the backing of 85% of property owners adjoining
12870-541: Was possible to obtain French or Irish nationality (respectively) solely by being born in France before 1994 or in Ireland before 2005 (respectively). At present, a French born child of foreign parents does not automatically obtain French nationality until residency duration conditions are met. Since 1 January 2005, a child born in Ireland does not automatically acquire Irish nationality unless certain conditions are met. Some people enter into sham marriages , whereby marriage
12987-597: Was presented to a City Council committee on June 12 by a throng of opponents and the applicant, identified as the Brownstein-Lewis Company, withdrew the plan and never resubmitted it. In its early years, Westlake was considered one of the most desirable residential areas in the city – "the new gathering place for the city's carriage trade," as one observer recalled in 1997. With time, though, as another put it, "The white gentry fled to Encino and Westwood , leaving their ghost buildings behind them." In
13104-467: Was referred to as the "southwest quarter" of Los Angeles. The Westlake hills were already "dotted with fine residences, and it is plainly to be seen that the development of this quarter is in its infancy. The Bonnie Brae, Westlake Park and other tracts in the neighborhood have been almost wholly disposed of by the subdividers , and many of the lots have passed into second and third hands, at advancing prices. The Baptist College, now well under way, looms up to
13221-520: Was renamed Wilshire and extended east of Figueroa Street to Grand Avenue. This divided the lake into two halves; the northern one was subsequently drained. From the 1940s, the lake featured the rental of electric boats, with the names of comic book animal characters. According to a Los Angeles Times news story from 1956, two swans, named Rudie and Susie, hatched their five new cygnets on the island in MacArthur Park Lake, and according to
13338-406: Was said that trepidation, or fear, was "the price of living and working in the Westlake district." People lived on the underground economy , strictly cash, and the district was infested with "some of the city's largest and most menacing street gangs," with police and residents complaining of drug dealing, prostitution, thievery and extortion. Yet there was an air of economic energy and potential, with
13455-560: Was set up, which required vendors to undergo training and licensing. Enforcement of this ordinance has been very sporadic, and sidewalk vending remains very common throughout the areas surrounding MacArthur Park, especially along Alvarado Street. In the years since the COVID-19 pandemic , MacArthur Park and the surrounding blocks have become a major epicenter of the opioid epidemic in the United States . The area, which has long struggled with public drug dealing and drug use, has seen some of
13572-423: Was slain on November 4, 2012, when he and a fellow parishioner exited the church to stop the woman's vandalism; Martinez stepped from a nearby vehicle and opened fire, killing one and wounding the other. Nearby residents said that gang members had threatened violence against those who complained about or painted over graffiti . The woman was arrested and faces trial. Los Angeles Fire Department Station 11 serves
13689-408: Was written and directed by Bruce Schwartz. The 1968 hit song MacArthur Park , written by Jimmy Webb and originally recorded by Richard Harris and later famously covered by Donna Summer , was inspired by this location. In an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm , the park is humorously suggested as a place to visit by a hotel concierge. Westlake, Los Angeles Westlake , also known as
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