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62-408: Mafia Commission may refer to: Sicilian Mafia Commission The Commission (American Mafia) Mafia Commission Trial Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mafia Commission . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

124-463: A Commission, except Messina, Siracusa and Ragusa. Initially the idea was that the family bosses would not sit on the Commission, but in order to prevent imbalances of power some other prominent member would be appointed instead. However, that rule was not obeyed from the start. According to the pentito Tommaso Buscetta , the Commission first came into being "to settle disputes between members of

186-519: A leaked report of the intelligence service SISDE. Riina and Bagarella felt betrayed by political allies in Rome, who had promised to help pass laws to ease prison conditions and reduce sentences for its jailed members in exchange for Mafia support at the polls. The SISDE report says they believed that hits on either of the two embattled members of Berlusconi's Forza Italia party — each under separate criminal indictments — would have been less likely to provoke

248-581: A lower-level Mafioso – revealed the existence of the Commission, but his revelations were discarded at the time and Vitale judged insane. The existence of the Commission was first established by a court of law during the Maxi Trial in 1986–87. The groundwork for the Maxi Trial was done at the preliminary investigative phase by Palermo's Antimafia Pool , created by judge Rocco Chinnici in which

310-699: A popular Italian pejorative expression for a police officer – when Provenzano entered the cell block. The pentito Antonino Giuffrè has said in October 2005 that there had been rumours within Cosa Nostra that Provenzano was an informer for the Carabinieri while he was on the run. After the arrest of Bernardo Provenzano on April 11, 2006 – on the same day as Romano Prodi 's victory in the 2006 Italian general election against Silvio Berlusconi – several mafiosi were mentioned as Provenzano's successor. Among

372-754: A purely formal value … the decisions were taken before … and the Commission was nothing but the faithful executor of orders." Meanwhile, new mandamenti were formed in 1983, whose members entered the Commission: Raffaele Ganci for the Noce mandamento, Giuseppe Giacomo Gambino for the San Lorenzo mandamento, Matteo Motisi for the Pagliarelli mandamento and Salvatore Buscemi for the Passo di Ragano-Boccadifalco mandamento. In 1986-87

434-482: A rift within Cosa Nostra became clear. On the one hand there were the hardline "Corleonesi" in jail – led by Totò Riina and Leoluca Bagarella – and on the other the more moderate "Palermitani" – led by Provenzano and Antonino Giuffrè , Salvatore Lo Piccolo and Matteo Messina Denaro . Apparently the arrest of Giuffrè in April 2002 was made possible by an anonymous phone call that seems to have been made by loyalists to

496-478: A series of revenge killings because of the Supreme Court sentence. The Mafia had counted on the politicians Salvo Lima and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti to appoint Corrado Carnevale to review the sentence. Carnevale had overturned many Mafia convictions on the slenderest of technicalities previously. Carnevale, however, had to withdraw due to pressure from the public and from Giovanni Falcone – who at

558-722: A soldier of Giuseppe Di Cristina 's family on the other end of Sicily, in Riesi. The crackdown on the Mafia resulted in a period of relative peace – a " pax mafiosa " – while many mafiosi were held in jail or were banished internally. The verdict of the Trial of the 114 against the Mafia in Catanzaro in December 1968 resulted in many acquittals or short sentences for criminal association. The vast majority of mafiosi had to be released given

620-429: A way that the suspicion fell on their rivals in the Commission. In 1979, Pino Greco from Ciaculli also known as Scarpuzzedda and Riina's favourite hit man entered the Commission as well. Instead of avoiding conflict, the Commission increasingly became an instrument in the unfolding power struggle that eventually led to the quasi-dictatorship of Totò Riina . Members of the Commission were no longer freely selected by

682-606: Is an Italian judge, and former president of the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation . Born in Licata , Sicily in 1930, he graduated " cum laude " from the University of Palermo at the age of 21 and came first in the competitive exam for a post of uditore Giudiziario , which he took up on 17 December 1953. At the age of 55, he became the youngest ever president of the Supreme Court of Cassation. Carnevale

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744-524: The Bagheria mandamento, were or became members as well. ) During these years, tensions between different coalitions within the Commission increased. In this period, the Commission was increasingly dominated by the coalition led by Totò Riina and Bernardo Provenzano that was opposed by Gaetano Badalamenti and Stefano Bontade . Riina and Provenzano secretly formed an alliance of mafiosi in different families, cutting across clan divisions, in defiance of

806-474: The Carabinieri of May 28, 1963, where a confidential informant revealed the existence of a commission composed of fifteen persons – six from Palermo city and the rest from towns in the province – "each with the rank of boss of either a group or a Mafia family." Judge Terranova did not believe that the existence of a commission meant that the Mafia was a tightly unified structure. In 1973, Leonardo Vitale –

868-484: The pentito Leonardo Messina , the Regional Commission in 1992 was made up by Salvatore Riina for the province of Palermo, Nitto Santapaola for the province of Catania, Salvatore Saitta for the province of Enna, Giuseppe "Piddu" Madonia for the province of Caltanissetta, Antonio Ferro for the province of Agrigento and Mariano Agate for the province of Trapani. According to Tommaso Buscetta ,

930-590: The 1930s, in an effort to reduce infighting within the organization. The meeting came at the tail end of a violent Mafia war in Palermo over the fruit and vegetable wholesale market that was moved from the Zisa area to Acquasanta near the port in January 1955, disturbing the delicate power balances within Cosa Nostra. The Sicilians agreed with their suggestion and Buscetta, Gaetano Badalamenti and Salvatore Greco set

992-830: The 1970s, while the pentito Antonino Calderone claims that there had been a rappresentante regionale in the 1950s even before the Commissions and the capi mandamento were created. The rappresentante regionale in those days was a certain Andrea Fazio from Trapani. The Interprovincional or Regional Commission was probably set up in February 1975 on the instigation of Giuseppe Calderone from Catania who became its first "secretary". The other members were Gaetano Badalamenti for Palermo, Giuseppe Settecasi (Agrigento), Cola Buccellato (Trapani), Angelo Mongiovì (Enna) and Giuseppe Di Cristina (Caltanissetta). According to

1054-545: The Buscetta theorem. That vision of Cosa Nostra was not immediately recognized. Other magistrates, in particular Corrado Carnevale – also known as the Sentence Killer – of the Supreme Court (Corte di Cassazione), sustained that Mafia associations are autonomous groups, not connected amongst themselves, and therefore, the collective responsibility for the Commission members did not exist. Carnevale's view prevailed at

1116-486: The Commission that decided to kill the politician and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ’s right-hand man on Sicily Salvo Lima and the judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino was composed of: Provenzano proposed a new less violent Mafia strategy instead of the terrorist bombing campaign in 1993 against the state to get them to back off in their crackdown against the Mafia after the murders of anti-mafia prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino . Following

1178-483: The Commission's competencies were often disregarded due to its collegial character and the wide autonomy for the family bosses. Only when Totò Riina , Bernardo Provenzano and the Corleonesi imposed their rule, the Commission became a central leadership body. The Commission in fact lost its autonomy and became a mere enforcement body that endorsed the decisions made by Riina and Provenzano. According to Buscetta,

1240-406: The Commission. That rule was, however, not applied universally due to the opposition of some family-bosses who threatened to abandon the project from the start. The Commission had two main competencies. The first was to settle conflicts among Mafia families and single members, and to enforce the most serious violations of the normative codes of Cosa Nostra. Second, the Commission was entrusted with

1302-615: The Interprovincial Commission - the Corleonesi coalition was able to increase its power within the Commission. Their rivals were overwhelmed and lost any power to strike back. Beside using violence, the Corleonesi also imposed their supremacy by shrewdly exploiting a competence of the Commission: the power to suspend leaders of a family and to name a reggente , a temporary boss. In 1978, Gaetano Badalamenti

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1364-477: The Italian Parliament, with the support of Forza Italia , subsequently prolonged the enforcement of 41 bis, which was to expire in 2002, for another four years and extended it to other crimes such as terrorism. However, according to one of Italy's leading magazines, L’Espresso , 119 mafiosi – one-fifth of those incarcerated under the 41-bis regime – have been released on an individual basis. In 2002

1426-514: The Mafia hardliners Riina and Bagarella. The purpose was to send a message to Provenzano. The incarcerated bosses wanted something to be done about the harsh prison conditions (in particular the relaxation of the 41-bis incarceration regime) – and were believed to be orchestrating a return to violence while serving multiple life sentences. Targets were to have been Marcello Dell'Utri and former Defence Minister Cesare Previti , both close advisors of then Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi , according to

1488-684: The Mafia, a boss has to be one step above the others otherwise it all falls apart. It all depends on if he can manage consensus and if the others agree or rebel." Provenzano "guaranteed a measure of stability because he had the authority to quash internal disputes." Among the members of the directorate were Salvatore Lo Piccolo ; Antonino Giuffrè from Caccamo ; Benedetto Spera from Belmonte Mezzagno; Salvatore Rinella from Trabia ; Giuseppe Balsano from Monreale ; Matteo Messina Denaro from Castelvetrano ; Vincenzo Virga from Trapani ; and Andrea Manciaracina from Mazara del Vallo . Corrado Carnevale Corrado Carnevale (born 9 May 1930)

1550-503: The Santa Maria di Gesù mandamento (the former fiefdom of Stefano Bontade ) was reinstated, represented by Pietro Aglieri . Since the arrests as a result of the revelations of pentiti such as Tommaso Buscetta , Salvatore Contorno , Francesco Marino Mannoia and Antonino Calderone , and the Maxi Trial in the 1980s many Commission members ended up in jail. They were substituted by a so-called sostituto or reggente . In 1992

1612-470: The appeal of the Maxi Trial , but at the theorem was confirmed upheld by the final sentence of the Supreme Court in January 1992. (Carnevale did not preside the court that did the ruling.) In the meantime, the Antimafia Pool of Palermo was dismantled and judge Rocco Chinnici had been murdered in 1983. Many Mafia bosses were condemned to life in prison and Cosa Nostra reacted furiously and started

1674-567: The dictatorship of the Corleonesi. According to Brusca, Provenzano "sold" Riina in exchange for the valuable archive of compromising material that Riina held in his apartment in Via Bernini 52 in Palermo. The Sicilian Mafia had been divided between those bosses who support a hard line against the Italian state – mainly bosses who are in prison such as Salvatore 'Totò' Riina (deceased since 2017) and Leoluca Bagarella – and those who support

1736-549: The dispute, the Commission became part of the internal conflict. On June 30, 1963, a car bomb exploded near Greco's house in Ciaculli, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it after an anonymous phone call. The outrage over the Ciaculli massacre changed the Mafia war into a war against the Mafia. It prompted the first concerted anti-mafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy. The Sicilian Mafia Commission

1798-427: The first Commission numbered "not many more than ten" and the number was variable. Among the members of the first Commission in the province of Palermo were: The Commission, however, was not able to prevent the outbreak of a violent Mafia War in 1963. Casus belli was a heroin deal gone wrong, and the subsequent killing of Calcedonio Di Pisa on December 26, 1962, who was held responsible. Instead of settling

1860-623: The first Sicilian Mafia Commission for the province of Palermo was formed after a series of meetings between top American and Sicilian mafiosi that took place in Palermo between October 12–16, 1957, in the hotel Delle Palme and the Spanò seafood restaurant. US gangsters Joseph Bonanno and Lucky Luciano suggested their Sicilian counterparts to form a Commission, following the example of the American Mafia that had formed their Commission in

1922-402: The first among equals. Initially, the secretary had very little power. His task was simply to organize the meetings. Before that time, the Mafia families were not connected by a collective structure. According to judge Cesare Terranova , they "were a mosaic of small republics with topographical borders marked by tradition." In the days before the Commission, coordination inside Cosa Nostra

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1984-463: The ground rules. Sometime in early 1958, the Sicilian Mafia formed its first Mafia Commission. It was formed among Mafia families in the province of Palermo , which had the highest concentration of cosche (Mafia families), approximately 46. Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco was appointed as its first segretario (secretary) or rappresentante regionale , essentially a primus inter pares –

2046-411: The group Bontade, Inzerillo and Pizzuto. A third group, Michele Greco, Riccobono and Salamone were not hostile to the group of Bontade but were against Gaetano Badalamenti. While the more established Mafia families in the city of Palermo refrained from openly killing authorities because that would attract too much police attention, the Corleonesi deliberately killed to intimidate the authorities in such

2108-612: The independence of Mafia families was superseded by the authoritarian rule of Riina. Nor did the killing end when the main rivals of the Corleonesi were defeated. Whoever could challenge Riina or had lost their usefulness was eliminated. Rosario Riccobono and a dozen men of his clan were killed in November 1982. Sometime in September 1985, Pino Greco was murdered in his home, shot to death by his two fellow Mafiosi and supposed friends, Vincenzo Puccio and Giuseppe Lucchese , although

2170-430: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Commission&oldid=978895943 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sicilian Mafia Commission The Commission is not the supreme command of the Sicilian Mafia. "Contrary to

2232-534: The judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino worked as well. It was Tommaso Buscetta who definitively revealed the existence and workings of the Commission, when he became a state witness and started to give evidence to judge Giovanni Falcone in 1984. It enabled Falcone to argue that Cosa Nostra was a unified hierarchical structure ruled by a Commission and that its leaders – who normally would not dirty their hands with criminal acts – could be held responsible for criminal activities that were committed to benefit

2294-450: The kind of public outrage and police crackdown that followed the 1992 murders of the widely admired Sicilian prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino . According to press reports, when Provenzano was moved to the high security prison in Terni , Totò Riina's son Giovanni Riina , who has been sentenced to life imprisonment for three murders, yelled that Provenzano was a "sbirro" –

2356-581: The mid-1950s. Cavataio killed Di Pisa in the knowledge that the La Barberas would be blamed by the Grecos and a war would be the result. He kept fuelling the war through other bomb attacks and killings. Cavataio was backed by other Mafia families who resented the growing power of the Mafia Commission to the detriment of individual Mafia families. Cavataio was killed on December 10, 1969, in

2418-839: The months after Riina's arrest in January 1993, there were a series of bombings by the Corleonesi against several tourist spots on the Italian mainland – the Via dei Georgofili in Florence , in Milan and the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano and Via San Teodoro in Rome , which left 10 people dead and 93 injured as well as severe damage to centres of cultural heritage such as the Uffizi Gallery. Leoluca Bagarella , Riina's successor,

2480-500: The more moderate strategy of Provenzano. The incarcerated bosses are currently subjected to harsh controls on their contact with the outside world, limiting their ability to run their operations from behind bars under the article 41-bis prison regime . Antonino Giuffrè – a close confidant of Provenzano, turned pentito shortly after his capture in April 2002 – alleges that in 1993, Cosa Nostra had direct contact with representatives of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi while he

2542-457: The old Mafia rules that had been abolished by Totò Riina , together with Riina and Leoluca Bagarella , he was ruling the Corleonesi faction. Giovanni Brusca – one of Riina's hitmen who personally detonated the bomb that killed Falcone, and later became an informant after his 1996 arrest – has offered a controversial version of the capture of Totò Riina : a secret deal between Carabinieri officers, secret agents and Cosa Nostra bosses tired of

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2604-411: The orders came from Riina, who felt Greco was getting too ambitious and too independently minded for his liking. The Commission in fact lost its autonomy and became a mere enforcement body that enforced the decisions made by Riina and Provenzano and their close group of allies. According to Buscetta: "With the power gained by the Corleonesi and their allies the traditional organizational structures had

2666-493: The organisation. The existence and functioning of the Commission was confirmed by the first degree conviction. The Mafia was identified with the Cosa Nostra organization, and defined a unique, pyramidal and apex type organization, provincially directed by a Commission or Cupola and regionally by an interprovincial organism, in which the head of the Palermo Commission has a hegemonic role. This premise became known as

2728-637: The power to nominate a successor, which is not unanimously accepted among Mafia observers. "The Mafia today is more of a federation and less of an authoritarian state," according to anti-Mafia prosecutor Antonio Ingroia of the Direzione distrettuale antimafia (DDA) of Palermo, referring to the previous period of authoritarian rule under Salvatore Riina . Provenzano "established a kind of directorate of about four to seven people who met very infrequently, only when necessary, when there were strategic decisions to make." According to Ingroia "in an organization like

2790-438: The provinces but were chosen on the basis of their allegiance to Riina's faction, and eventually were only called to legitimize decisions that had already been made elsewhere. The Second Mafia War raged from 1981 to 1983. On April 23, 1981, Bontade was machine-gunned to death in his car in Palermo. Bontade's close ally, Salvatore Inzerillo , was killed three weeks later with the same Kalashnikov . The Corleonesi slaughtered

2852-413: The regulation of the use of violence. It had exclusive authority to order murder of police officials, prosecutors and judges, politicians, journalists and lawyers, because these killings could provoke retaliation by law enforcement. To limit internal conflicts, it was agreed that each family boss had to ask the Commission's authorisation before killing any member of another family. Until the early 1980s,

2914-526: The rivals were Matteo Messina Denaro (from Castelvetrano and the province of Trapani), Salvatore Lo Piccolo (boss of Tommaso Natale area and the mandamento of San Lorenzo in Palermo), and Domenico Raccuglia from Altofonte . Provenzano allegedly nominated Messina Denaro in one of his pizzini – small slips of paper used to communicate with other mafiosi to avoid phone conversations, found at Provenzano's hide out. This presupposes that Provenzano has

2976-438: The rules concerning loyalty in Cosa Nostra. This secretive inter-family group became known as the Corleonesi . The wing headed by Badalamenti and Bontade defended the existing balance of power between the single Mafia families and the Commission. Thanks to a shrewd manipulation of the rules and elimination of its most powerful rivals - in particular, the 1978 killings of Giuseppe Calderone and Giuseppe Di Cristina , members of

3038-465: The ruling families of the Palermo Mafia to take control of the organisation while waging a parallel war against Italian authorities and law enforcement to intimidate and prevent effective investigations and prosecutions. More than 200 mafiosi were killed and many simply disappeared. In 1982, the Commission members were: The Commission was now dominated by Riina and Provenzano. More and more,

3100-417: The so-called Viale Lazio massacre in Palermo as retaliation for the events in 1963. According to Buscetta and Grado, the composition of the hit squad was a clear indication that the killing had been sanctioned collectively by all the major Sicilian Mafia families: not only did it include Calogero Bagarella and Bernardo Provenzano from Corleone, and members of Stefano Bontade 's family in Palermo, but also

3162-525: The time had moved to the Ministry of Justice. Falcone was backed by the Minister of Justice Claudio Martelli despite the fact that he served under Prime Minister Andreotti. In March 1992, Lima was killed, followed by Falcone and Paolo Borsellino later that year. Beyond the provincial level, details are vague. According to the pentito Tommaso Buscetta , an Interprovincial Commission was created in

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3224-496: The time they had already spent in captivity while awaiting trial. Under these circumstances, the Sicilian Mafia Commission was revived in 1970. It eventually consisted of ten members but initially it was ruled by a triumvirate consisting of Gaetano Badalamenti , Stefano Bontade and the Corleonesi boss Luciano Leggio , although it was Salvatore Riina who represented the Corleonesi, substituting Leggio who

3286-483: The various families and their bosses" in order to discipline members of each family. Only later did its function expand to "the regulation of the activities of all families in a province." The first time the existence of such a Commission filtered out to the rest of the world was in 1965 during the inquiry into the First Mafia War by judge Cesare Terranova . Terranova based himself on a confidential report of

3348-449: The wide-spread image presented by the media, these superordinate bodies of coordination cannot be compared with the executive boards of major legal firms. Their power is intentionally limited [and] it would be entirely wrong to see in the Cosa Nostra a centrally managed, internationally active Mafia holding company," according to criminologist Letizia Paoli . The jurisdiction extends over a province; each province of Sicily has some kind of

3410-459: Was captured on June 24, 1995, Bagarella was arrested, having been a fugitive for four years. Provenzano then took the reins, establishing new guidelines: patience, compartmentalisation, coexistence with state institutions, and systematic infiltration of public finance. The diplomatic Provenzano tried to stem the flow of pentiti by not targeting their families, only using violence in case of absolute necessity. Provenzano reportedly re-established

3472-535: Was dissolved and of those mafiosi who had escaped arrest, many went abroad. "Ciaschiteddu" Greco fled to Caracas in Venezuela. According to Tommaso Buscetta, it was Michele Cavataio , the boss of the Acquasanta quarter of Palermo, who was responsible for the Ciaculli bomb, and possibly the murder of boss Calcedonio Di Pisa in late 1962. Cavataio had lost out to the Grecos in a war of the wholesale market in

3534-484: Was ensured by informal meetings among the most influential members of the most powerful families. In fact, the decision to form a Commission was a formalisation of these occasional meetings into a permanent, collegial body. Originally, to avoid excessive concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals, it was decided that only "men of honour" holding no leadership position within their own family – in other words, simple "soldiers" – could be appointed as members of

3596-428: Was expelled from the Commission and as head of his Family. Michele Greco replaced him as the secretary of the Commission. Badalamenti's removal marked the end of a period of relative peace and signified a major change in the Mafia itself. In 1978, the Commission was composed by: The Commission was divided between the Corleonesi (Riina, Calò, Madonia, Brusca, Geraci, Greco, Motisi and probably Scaglione as well) and

3658-504: Was nicknamed l'ammazzasentenze (the sentence-slayer) because of the many convictions of Mafiosi he overturned on appeal. During the Maxi Trial in the mid 1980s, Carnevale was the president of the first criminal section of the Court of Cassation, however because he was suspected of colluding with the Mafia, he was not appointed as prosecutor and the final decision on the Maxi Trial, as he was replaced with judge Arnaldo Valente. Carnevale

3720-512: Was on the run until his arrest in 1974. In 1974, the “full” Commission was restored under the leadership of Gaetano Badalamenti. Among the members were: (Several pentiti , such as Salvatore Cancemi , Francesco Di Carlo and Giovanni Brusca say that Giuseppe Farinella , for the Gangi - San Mauro Castelverde mandamento, Francesco Intile for the Caccamo mandamento and Antonio Mineo for

3782-642: Was planning the birth of Forza Italia . The deal that he says was alleged to have been made was a repeal of 41 bis, among other anti-Mafia laws in return for delivering electoral gains in Sicily. Giuffrè's declarations have not been confirmed. During a court appearance in July 2002, Leoluca Bagarella suggested unnamed politicians had failed to maintain agreements with the Mafia over prison conditions. "We are tired of being exploited, humiliated, harassed and used as merchandise by political factions," he said. Nevertheless,

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3844-543: Was suspended from his magisterial duties in March 1993. On 29 June 2001, he was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for external competition in mafia association , but was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 30 October 2002. A provision of the law of 30 July 2007 n. 111 (approved in the Prodi II government) provided that those who had been reinstated, could not take top positions beyond 75 years instead this rule

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